PCB自动光学检测中Gerber文件的解析研究

为了在PCB自动光学检测中使用Gerber文件建立标准图像,提出了一种解析Gerber文件的方法.该方法在对Gerber文件的数据结构进行语法分析的基础上,采用正则表达式匹配,进行自上而下分析从而提取出所需信息,用Map内嵌链表的数据结构存储数据;然后计算出Gerber文件所描述的图像并通过图形设备接口绘制;最后将各层图像进行腐蚀膨胀等处理并合成适用于PCB自动光学检测建标的图像.实验结果表明,该方法能快速准确地解析Gerber文件.     

基于树莓派的元器件检测系统设计

针对PCB元器件在贴装过程中出现贴装错误的问题,设计了基于树莓派(Rasspberry Pi)的元器件检测系统。系统采用树莓派作为硬件平台,采集PCB电路板图像,对图像进行预处理,读取PCB坐标文件、完成模板库的制作;并通过手动添加蒙版的方法提高运行效率,使用霍夫变换检测图像定位点对PCB图像进行定位,进而通过检测算法得出PCB元器件的正误,另外采用图像分割的方法对电容表面文字进行提取然后识别。在检测的过程中,如果被测板的图像能够和模板图像匹配,则说明元器件存在而且型号正确,并且能自动识别出电容表面的字符。经过多次测试,实现了电子元器件正误的自动检测。     

基于机器视觉PCB裸板缺陷自动检测研究

运用参考比较法对机器视觉PCB裸板缺陷检测进行了研究。在相机摄像头下同一位置采集多幅标准PCB图像累加求平均值得到标准电路板图像,运用Harris角点算法进行标准电路板图像和待测电路板图像的配准,分别对标准电路板图像和待测电路板图像进行灰度变换、中值滤波、二值化、异或等图像处理检测出缺陷区域,然后通过形态学消除伪缺陷,实验证明,该检测方法有较高的准确率。     

基于视觉传感器的PCB缺陷检测系统的研究与实现

为了实现PCB缺陷的在线自动检测,设计了一种PCB缺陷自动检测系统,该系统主要由机器臂、电气控制系统以及视觉传感器系统等组成。通过可编程控制的图像采集系统获取高质量的原始视觉图像,利用图像处理实现对缺陷目标的自动检测及识别。实验结果验证了该系统检测PCB板缺陷的高效性和实时性。     

基于计算机图像处理的电路印刷板缺陷检测

针对人工目检等传统PCB检测方法高成本、低效率问题,通过提出一种基于计算机图像处理的PCB板计算机视觉混合检测方法,完成了实现快速稳定可靠的PCB缺陷智能在线检测的目的;建立了系统的软硬件结构,研究出结合图像分模块处理,改进的极小值分割、快速模板匹配、图像对比、形态后处理等措施的混合智能检测算法;实验结果证明,该方法解决了海量数据与实时性处理的矛盾以及噪声干扰等问题,能准确检测PCB常规缺陷,并保证了自动在线检测的实时性、可靠性和低成本.     

一种IC芯片管脚焊接缺陷频域检测算法的研究

针对PCB中IC芯片的管脚焊接的在线检测问题,提出一种IC芯片管脚图像的定位、分割和焊接缺陷的频域检测算法及其实现技术。理论分析和实验结果表明,这种算法对PCB中IC芯片的管脚焊接缺陷检测的识别正确率高,误检率小,具有很好的鲁棒性。     

提高检测效率导向下自动化测试技术在电子元器件测试中的应用

随着电子制造业的快速发展,电子产品的更新速度越来越快,电子元器件的检测难度日益增大。AOI技术作为一种自动化测试技术不仅满足了快速交付和持续集成的需求,还能够提高检测效率。为研究自动化测试技术在电子元器件测试中的应用,本文以AOI技术检测PCB缺陷为例,进行了基于AOI技术的PCB缺陷检测系统设计,从图像采集、图像预处理、图像定位以及识别缺陷等方面详细介绍了自动化检测技术在电子元器件测试中的应用,证明了自动化检测技术对提高电子元器件的检测效率具有重要的现实意义,以期促进电子制造业的发展。     

如何将天线ADS版图转换成Protel的PCB图

采用先进的射频仿真软件ADS(Advanced Design System)可以方便有效地设计诸如微带天线之类的平面结构天线。完成ADS版图设计后,由于大多数PCB产家并不能直接根据ADS版图制版,需要把ADS版图转换到Protel PCB图,这是个难点。经过探索总结,可将ADS版图转换成Gerber文件,再用Protel将Gerber文件导入到PCB后,再铺铜。对于简单天线图案可手工铺铜,但对于复杂图案就比较难手工铺铜了。经过大量实践总结了一套方法可以实现复杂天线图案的自动铺铜。     

基于区域填充算法的PCB网络提取

随着电子技术的迅速发展,用于PCB行业的设备与技术也突飞猛进。飞针测试机作为判定PCB板的电气连接是否良好的PcB检测设备,可以准确无误地检测出PCB板上各点之间的开短路情况,从而发现PCB板上出现开短路错误的位置。而要对PCB板的物理通断进行电气测量,首先必须知道PCB板正确的物理连接（即PCB的网络分布）情况。文章将主要讲述如何利用一种图形区域填充的算法,从用于绘制PCB板的GERBER文件中获取PCB板的正确网络分布。     

新型高密度电路板的自动光学检测系统设计

为提高自动光学检测系统(AOI)的缺陷检出率,研究了一种采用多色光源照明,利用机器视觉获取被测高密度印刷电路板(HDI型PCB)图像,通过图像处理快速准确地识别出各种缺陷的新型AOI。实验装置由主控计算机、电气控制系统、精密机械运动装置、多色光源照明和图像采集系统等组成。图像处理及识别软件基于OPENCV和VisualStudio2005开发,模块化设计,包括光源控制、图像采集、图像拼接、图像定位、路径规划、缺陷检测和缺陷统计等模块。实验结果表明,新型AOI系统可检出加载HDI型PCB的各种缺陷,缺陷的检出率可达99.9%,误报率只有0.3%。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。