制冷系统水平管降膜蒸发器换热性能的影响因素分析

在理论上对制冷系统中降膜蒸发器进行基本分析,介绍降膜蒸发器的发展背景、发展进程以及工作原理和结构,分析降膜蒸发器的蒸发管上方制冷剂分布器的分配效果和结构、液膜流动特性、制冷剂流量、蒸发器内部的管阵布置方式、蒸发管的表面特性、管束规格和几何排列、气流扰动情况和润滑油等影响因素对降膜蒸发器传热性能的影响,比较降膜蒸发器与其他蒸发器的特点,介绍降膜蒸发的某些技术难题。     

制冷用水平管降膜蒸发研究进展及一种新型布液器

水平管降膜蒸发器广泛应用在现代工业的诸多领域,其优化设计和高效应用对于节能和环保具有重要意义.介绍了水平管降膜蒸发的基本原理,对水平管外液膜厚度分布、新型强化管换热性能及布液器结构的最新研究进展进行了综述,回顾了水平管降膜蒸发的研究成果.布液器是系统的关键部件,其性能优劣在很大程度上影响系统的稳定性和效率.在此基础上提出了一种新型布液器的设计方案,为降膜蒸发器的进一步研究和设计提供了参考.     

水平管降膜蒸发器管外液体流动研究及膜厚的模拟计算

针对应用于空调和制冷系统的水平管降膜式蒸发器,建立了FLUENT数值模拟计算的物理模型。以制冷剂R134a为研究对象,对不同流量、不同布液器开孔孔径、不同管束结构下管外制冷剂液体的流动情况进行了模拟计算;并实现了绕管周方向不同角度液膜厚度的读取。     

水平管降膜蒸发器的全三维数值模拟

针对水平管降膜蒸发器运行和优化设计中存在的流动与传热问题,建立了水平管降膜蒸发器实体的三维分布参数模型,采用数值模拟方法对蒸发器内海水流场、温度场等特性进行了深入研究,获得了相应热力参数分布的详细信息,直观地刻画了蒸发器内部的工作过程以及复杂流动与换热现象。通过数值解与实际值的比较,对模型进行了验证,结果表明:第1、2管程蒸汽进口区总传热系数最大,海水表现出喷淋密度上高下低、盐度上小下大等细观规律;供入海水流量在280～370 t/h范围内变化对二次蒸汽与加热蒸汽的温差影响较大,而对二次蒸汽产量没有明显的影响,说明海水流量偏离设计值会造成整个海水淡化系统无法正常运行。     

平面叶栅中湿蒸汽两相凝结与流动问题的数值分析

汽轮机末级中存在大量汽液两相混合流动现象。通过对湿蒸汽流动过程的分析,以经典成核理论为基础,对平面叶栅中的湿蒸汽流动进行了模拟。计算结果显示了蒸汽凝结主要发生的区域及在整个流场中湿蒸汽的流动特征。通过对流场的分析及与实验数据的对比,表明所用计算模型及方法可以正确模拟湿蒸汽流动过程,为优化设计和减小冲击损害提供依据。     

转角正方形管束有降膜流动时的压降实验

为了深入研究大型海水淡化装置中流动阻力对装置性能的影响,建立了大型水平管束降膜流动特性实验台,模拟了水平管降膜蒸发器内蒸汽的流动过程,分析了饱和蒸汽温度和喷淋密度对管束流动阻力的影响,引入新的参数(喷淋雷诺数)对实验数据进行了拟合,得出蒸汽横掠有降膜流动的转角正方形管束的压降系数公式.结果表明:在相同的蒸汽质量流量和喷淋密度下,压降随饱和蒸汽温度的升高而降低;压差预测值与实验值的误差小于±15％.     

入口压力和空气流速对喷嘴成膜特性的影响

为了研究冷却水入口压力和空气流速对喷嘴成膜特性的影响,以喷射式凝汽器喷嘴为研究对象,采用可视化实验方法对凝汽器喷嘴出口液膜的流动形态进行了拍摄,采用数字图像处理手段提取了液膜面积与喷射长度,并与数值模拟中不同的湍流模型的计算结果进行了对比,最终选取了Realizable k-ε湍流模型。基于Fluent求解器,耦合Realizable k-ε湍流模型与VOF方法,数值计算了凝汽器内部的流场。结果表明：当喷嘴入口压力从3 kPa升高到25 kPa时,布液板近壁面的速度随入口压力的升高逐渐增加,且液膜厚度也呈逐渐减小的趋势。对于DN15和DN13喷嘴,空气从静止状态变化到30 m/s流速时液膜面积略微减小,空气流速从30 m/s提高到150 m/s时液膜面积迅速减小。     

MED海水淡化蒸发器布水系统模拟与分析

低温多效海水淡化系统中,液体分布器结构直接影响水平降膜蒸发效率.本文以喷嘴式布液器为研究对象,建立数学模型,采用CFX软件模拟分析分布器内的流动状态,并着重分析了不同结构液体分布器内的流态.结果表明:喷嘴式布液器进水管口处流量不稳定,且非均匀开孔分布器流量分配偏差小于均匀开孔分布器.     

气液两相流在蒸汽空气预热器中的应用

文中使用ANSYS FLUENT软件对蒸汽空预器中的U型管气液两相流进行了不同汽水体积含量、蒸汽速度对U型管速度与压力分布的模拟分析,使用SOLIDWORKS软件对蒸汽空预器进行三维建模,运用ANSYS FLUENT中的VOF模型,对进入空预器的U型管中水含量10％、20％、30％和40％的蒸汽进行速度与温度场的流场模...     

在高蒸汽含量下蒸燃联合装置余热锅炉低压蒸发器侵蚀性-腐蚀性磨损的特点

据《Теплоэнергетика》2013年12月刊报道,全俄热工研究所的专家研究并分析了在高蒸汽含量下蒸燃联合装置余热锅炉低压蒸发器内侵蚀性-腐蚀性磨损的特点。分析表明,在蒸发器内工质的压力小于1 MPa并且质量含汽量x≈0.5时,体积含汽量接近1,在蒸发器出口几乎是干饱和蒸汽流动并且没形成液膜。在这种情况下,盘管式蒸发器出口段磨损具有如下侵蚀特性。     

沿垂直壁面气-液降膜流动传质过程的数值研究

在考虑气-液两相间质量源项和能量源项的条件下,基于VOF算法,建立了水和空气沿竖直平板壁面两相降膜流动传热传质的CFD模型。利用该模型研究了水和空气两相间的传质特性,分析了液膜波动、进气进液速度以及温度对传质的影响,计算结果表明:一定程度的液膜波动、进气速度和进液速度的提高、气-液之间的温差的增加,都能强化气-液之间的传质过程。     

Cross Vapor Stream Effect on Falling Film Evaporation in Horizontal Tube Bundle Using R134a

The falling film evaporation of R134a with nucleate boiling outside a triangular-pitch (2-3-2-3) tube bundle is experimentally investigated, and the effects of saturation temperature, film flow rate and heat flux on heat transfer performance are studied. To study the effect of cross vapor stream on the falling film evaporation, a novel test section is designed, including the tube bundle, liquid and extra vapor distributors. The measurements without extra vapor are conducted at the saturation temperature of 6, 10 and 16°C, film Reynolds number of 220 to 2650, and heat flux of 20 to 60 kWm^?2. Cross vapor stream effect experiments are operated at three heat fluxes 20, 30, and 40 kWm^?2 and two film flow rates of 0.035 and 0.07 kgm^?1s^?1, and the vapor velocity at the smallest clearance in the tube bundle varies from 0 to 2.4 ms^?1. The results indicate that: film flow rate, heat flux and saturation temperature significantly influence the heat transfer; the cross vapor stream either promote or inhibit the falling film evaporation, depending on the tube position, film flow rate, heat flux and vapor velocity.     

A study on flow and heat transfer characteristics for saturated falling-film evaporation of liquid oxygen in a vertical channel

In this study, a mathematical model for the laminar falling film is presented in order to simulate the evaporation heat transfer characteristics in falling liquid oxygen films. The model takes into account the effect of the interfacial shear. The values of the film thickness, the heat transfer coefficient as well as the interfacial shear are obtained under given conditions by solving the model with an iteration method. The influences of the inlet Reynolds number, channel length and the interfacial shear on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the falling film evaporation are analyzed in detail. Effects of key factors on the circulation ratio of the inlet fluid mass flow rate to the generated vapor mass flow rate, an important design parameter for reboilers/condensers, are particularly analyzed. In addition, the variations of the average vapor velocity and interfacial film velocity are also discussed. The analysis results could provide theoretical guidance for the simulation and design of downflow reboilers/condensers applied in air separation units.     

海水淡化系统水平管降膜蒸发器传热系数研究

针对海水淡化系统水平管降膜蒸发器,总结和分析管内冷凝侧与管外蒸发侧的换热系数关联式,比较管内径、入口蒸汽流速、蒸汽冷凝温度、出口蒸汽干度对管内蒸汽冷凝侧换热系数的影响;研究传热温差以及喷淋密度对管外蒸发侧换热系数的影响。结合不同的污垢系数,进行了总传热系数的影响因素分析,为海水淡化系统的工程设计提供依据。     

Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Falling Film Flow under Low Reynolds Number

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a new two-dimensional simulation model was developed for the falling film flow under low Reynolds number (below 20). The phase-field multiphase lattice Boltzmann model was developed to simulate the flow pattern of the two-phase falling film with high density ratio. The approaches to treating the liquid-gas interface with high density ratio (up to 775), surface tension, gravity, inlet and outlet open boundary conditions as well as solid-liquid interface considering contact angle were developed firstly, and then implemented in the model. The dynamic characteristics of the film flow, including the development of the liquid-gas interface and the film thickness, were simulated under the Reynolds numbers between 1.0 and 20. The results show that the film is fully laminar under low Reynolds numbers. The falling film flow model developed in this study lays the foundation for the study of heat and mass transfer in the falling film based liquid desiccant dehumidifier.     

气液降膜流动传热传质研究的综述

气液降膜是工业中常见的传热传质过程,在很多领域中有着广泛的应用,在湿空气透平（HAT）循环的主要部件饱和器中,也有着重要的意义。本文回顾了降膜分别在气体剪切力下以及由界面相变引起的热非平衡状态下的流动稳定性及传热传质的发展现状和研究进展,总结了气液降膜流动已有的理论和实验结果,并展望了气液降膜流动技术的发展前景。     

Influence of condensation on the stability of a liquid film moving under the effect of gravity and turbulent vapor flow

The linear stability of condensate film flowing on an inclined isothermal plate under action of gravity and turbulent vapor flow was the subject of study. The cases of cocurrent and countercurrent flow of two phases were considered at an arbitrary inclination of the plane. The first part of this work deals with stationary film flow. The impact of vapor flow on the film is described by a given shear stress on the interface with account for the transverse mass flux due to phase transition. The integral method gives the analytical solution for distribution of film thickness along the plane (with and without account for film inertia) at different inclination angles. The second part of paper deals with linear stability of stationary film flow. The fluctuation of shear stress on the surface was calculated using the quasilaminar model. The two-wave equation for film thickness with phase transition and dispersion formulas were derived. The results of effect of condensation on film stability are presented for a wide range of flow parameters.     

Absorption of water vapour in the falling film of water–lithium bromide inside a vertical tube at air-cooling thermal conditions

In the absorbers of air-cooled water–lithium bromide absorption chillers, the absorption process usually takes place inside vertical tubes with external fins. In this paper we have carried out an experimental study of the absorption of water vapour over a wavy laminar falling film of water–lithium bromide on the inner wall of a smooth vertical tube. The control variables for the experimental study were; absorber pressure, solution mass flow rate, solution concentration and cooling water temperature. Relatively high cooling water temperatures were selected to simulate air-cooling thermal conditions. The parameters considered to assess the performance of the absorber were; the mass absorption flux, the outlet solution degree of subcooling and the falling film heat transfer coefficient. The results indicate that in water cooling thermal conditions the mass absorption fluxes are in the range 0.001–0.0015 kg·m⁻²·s⁻¹, whereas in air-cooling thermal conditions the range of mass absorption values decreases to 0.00030–0.00075 kg·m⁻²·s⁻¹.     

Numerical Simulation of Laminar Film Condensation in a Horizontal Minitube with and Without Non-Condensable Gas by the VOF Method

Based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method, a steady three-dimensional numerical simulation of laminar film condensation of water vapor in a horizontal minitube, with and without non-condensable gas, has been conducted. A user-defined function defining the phase change is interpreted and the interface temperature is correspondingly assumed to be the saturation temperature. An annular flow pattern is to be expected according to a generally accepted flow regime map. The heat-transfer coefficient increases with higher saturation temperature and a smaller temperature difference between the saturation and wall temperatures, but varies little with different mass flux and degree of superheat. The existence of a non-condensable gas will lead to the generation of a gas layer between vapor and liquid, resulting in a lower mass-transfer rate near the interface and higher vapor quality at the outlet. In consequence, the heat-transfer coefficient of condensation with a non-condensable gas drops sharply compared with that of pure vapor condensation. Meanwhile, the non-condensable gas with a smaller thermal conductivity would cause a stronger negative effect on heat flux as a result of a higher thermal resistance of heat conduction in the non-condensable gas layer.     

Effects of radius and heat transfer on the profile of evaporating thin liquid film and meniscus in capillary tubes

The physical and mathematical models are established to account for the formation of evaporating thin liquid film and meniscus in capillary tubes. The core vapor flow is due to gradient of vapor pressure, which is mainly contributed by the shear stress at vapor-liquid interface. The liquid film flow is owing to gradients of capillary pressure and disjoining pressure. The heat transfer is composed of liquid film conduction and evaporation at vapor-liquid interface. The mass balance of vapor flow is considered to obtain the vapor velocity, this can evade directly solving the rarefied gas velocity field.In regard to the capillary tubes of micron scale, the calculation results show that, the bigger the inner radius or the smaller the heat flow, the longer the evaporating interfacial region will be. There only exists meniscus near the wall, and nearby the axial center is flat interface. While as to the capillary tubes of scale about 100 μm, the evaporating interfacial region will increase with heat flux. Compared with capillaries of micron scale, the meniscus region will extend to the center of capillary axis. These can be tentatively explained as strong influence of the thin liquid film.For the capillary tubes of radius about 100 μm, the experimental results indicate that the apparent contact angles and meniscus profiles can almost coincide with those of the theoretical values.