Questioning premorbid dissociative symptomatology in dissociative identity disorder: Comment on Gleaves, Hernandez and Warner (1999).

Comments on an article by D. H. Gleaves et al (see record 1999-03012-003) which purported to refute the sociocognitive model (SCM) of dissociative identity disorder by showing that many of the symptoms associated with dissociative identity disorder are displayed by patients before entering therapy or prior to diagnosis. The present authors argue that Gleaves et al's results do not refute the SCM and are in fact supportive of that model. The present authors also argue that the Gleaves et al study suffers from several deficiencies, including a misunderstanding of the SCM and its predictions concerning iatrogenesis, deficiencies in the manner in which the survey was conducted, and a failure to note some disturbing trends in the results that were obtained. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The locus of orthographic-phonological facilitation: Reply to Roelofs, Meyer, and Levelt (1996).

In their comment, A. Roelofs, A. S. Meyer, and W. J. M. Levelt (see record 1997-06337-001) argued that serial-access language production models predict an interaction between semantic and orthographic-phonological variables in picture–word tasks. In this reply, the authors first show that this position conflicts with Roelofs et al.'s previous work and conclude that the model presented in the comment is a modification of Roelofs' (1992a, 1992b) original model. Next, they present 3 arguments against this new model. First, Roelofs et al. did not provide independent empirical evidence in favor of their modification. Second, contrary to Roelofs et al.'s prediction, the reduction of semantic interference appears to be independent of the percentage of shared orthography. Third, Roelofs et al.'s model predicts early phonological effects of spoken-word distractors, a prediction that is refuted by time-course data reported by H. Schriefers, A. S. Meyer, and W. J. M. Levelt (see record 1990-16319-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Yes, cavalier attitudes can have pernicious consequences.

Responds to the comments by J. J. Krueger, K. D. Vohs, and R. F. Baumeister (see record 2007-19520-015) on the current authors' original article, "Do people's self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life" (see record 2007-01685-002). Krueger et al brought up many points with which the current authors agree. Nevertheless, as Krueger et al noted these points of agreement, the current authors focus instead on several points of continued disagreement. In addition, the current authors comment on a few new twists that Krueger et al have added to their argument. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assumptions and Consequences of Treating Providers in Therapy Studies as Fixed Versus Random Effects: Reply to Crits-Christoph, Tu, and Gallop (2003) and Serlin, Wampold, and Levin (2003).

In their comments on the authors' article (see record 2003-10163-009), R. C. Serlin, B. E. Wampold, and J. R. Levin (see record 2003-10163-011) and P. Crits-Christoph, X. Tu, and R. Gallop (see record 2003-10163-010) took issue with the authors' suggestion to evaluate therapy studies with nested providers with a fixed model approach. In this rejoinder, the authors' comment on Serlin et al's critique by showing that their arguments do not apply, are based on misconceptions about the purpose and nature of statistical inference, or are based on flawed reasoning. The authors also comment on Crits-Christoph et al's critique by showing that the proposed approach is very similar to, but less inclusive than, their own suggestion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder: A reexamination of the evidence.

According to the sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder (DID; formerly, multiple personality disorder), DID is not a valid psychiatric disorder of posttraumatic origin; rather, it is a creation of psychotherapy and the media. Support for the model was recently presented by N. P. Spanos (see record 1994-41224-001). In this article, the author reexamines the evidence for the model and concludes that it is based on numerous false assumptions about the psychopathology, assessment, and treatment of DID. Most recent research on the dissociative disorders does not support (and in fact disconfirms) the sociocognitive model, and many inferences drawn from previous research appear unwarranted. No reason exists to doubt the connection between DID and childhood trauma. Treatment recommendations that follow from the sociocognitive model may be harmful because they involve ignoring the posttraumatic symptomatology of persons with DID. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity of the salience asymmetry account of the Implicit Association Test: Reply to Greenwald, Nosek, Banaji, and Klauer (2005).

In their comment on K. Rothermund and D. Wentura (see record 2004-14313-001), A. G. Greenwald, B. A. Nosek, M. R. Banaji, and K. C. Klauer (see record 2005-09704-008) agreed that salience asymmetries can be a source of Implicit Association Test (IAT) effects. The authors applaud this conclusion but point to problems with the other points that Greenwald et al. made. The authors have difficulties understanding the nominal feature account that Greenwald et al. put forward and have doubts about the usefulness of their broad conception of the concept association. The authors also argue that existing evidence concerning the construct validity of the IAT does not allow one to discriminate between the association and the salience accounts. In addition, the new studies that were presented by Greenwald et al. do not provide insights into what the IAT measures because they are either irrelevant for a decision between the different accounts or contain methodological problems that prevent a meaningful interpretation in terms of the models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Why recent researchers have not assessed the capacity of neuropsychologists to detect malingering.

Comments on the original article, "Neuropsychologists' capacity to detect adolescent malingerers" (see record 1989-09946-001) by D. Faust, K. Hart, T. J. Guilmette, and H. R. Arkes, in which Faust et al raised doubts about neuropsychologists' ability to detect malingering. In their study, Faust et al presented neuropsychologists with actual test results, a fabricated history, but neither collateral reports nor direct client contact during the assessment. In this comment, Schmidt asserts that this represented insufficient data on which to base a neuropsychological diagnosis; therefore, it was not surprising to him that neuropsychologists experienced great difficulty in detecting malingering. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward nature WITH nurture.

Responds to the comments of D. C. Rowe (see record 2001-00159-006), J. C. Loehlin (see record 2001-00159-007), A. Reifman (see record 2001-00159-008), and S. McGuire (see record 2001-00159-009), which comment on the A. W. Collins et al discussion (see record 2000-13816-002) on behavioral genetics and the parenting theory. Collins et al respond to each of the criticisms in turn. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to Glassgold et al. (2002).

Replies to comments by J. M. Glassgold et al (see record 2003-06066-010) on the current authors' original article (see record 2002-13988-007) which identified the ethical issues in efforts to ban reorientation therapies. Glassgold et al commented that the original article failed to represent the issues accurately and comprehensively. The current authors elaborate on the context in which their article was written and then comment on a couple of the points of criticism served by Glassgold et al. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response bias and the process-dissociation procedure.

Two different approaches for treating response bias in the process-dissociation procedure were assessed: a multinomial approach proposed by A. Buchner et al (see record 1995-31816-001) and a dual-process, signal-detection approach proposed by A. P. Yonelinas et al (see record 1996-29360-001). The authors examined data presented by Buchner et al and found that, although the signal-detection-based model worked slightly better than the multinomial model, the data did not provide a strong test of either model. However, an examination of other recognition data showed that the multinomial model produced distorted estimates of recollection and familiarity, and it was unable to account for observed receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). In contrast, the dual-process, signal detection model produced unbiased estimates and was able to account for the observed ROCs. The authors also provide an overview of the general controversy surrounding the process-dissociation approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to Garfield.

Responds to S. L. Garfield's (see record 1978-02320-001) comment on the authors' (1975) article, with specific reference to the adequacy of the measure of social class used in previous studies and to the interpretation of the data offered by Garfield. Several specific questions that Garfield asks about the Stern et al article are answered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Evolution Drive in Contemporary Psychoanalysis: A Reply to Gill (1995).

Replies to M. Gill's (see record 1995-33111-001) comment on the J. L. Bachant et al (see record 1995-33102-001) article concerning relational theories of psychoanalysis. Bachant et al explain how drives are viewed within contemporary classical theory and discuss 2 issues (dynamic unconscious and biopsychosocial forces) that distinguish classical and relational models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Substance use and AIDS: A reply to Fisher (1993).

Replies to the comment by D. G. Fisher (see record 1993-39094-001) on the authors' original article (see record 1992-36889-001) concerning the neglect of the substance abuse field by health care practitioners. H. J. Shaffer et al point out that nothing in their original article should be misconstrued as condoning or encouraging the use of psychoactive drugs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing the belief bias effect with ROCs: Reply to Dube, Rotello, and Heit (2010).

Comments on an article by Dube, Rotello, and Heit (see record 2010-14834-005). The authors argued (a) that the so-called receiver operating characteristic is nonlinear for data on belief bias in syllogistic reasoning; (b) that their data are inconsistent with Klauer, Musch, and Naumer's (see record 2000-02818-008) model of belief bias; (c) that their data are inconsistent with any of the existing accounts of belief bias and only consistent with a theory provided by signal detection theory; and (d) that in fact, belief bias is a response bias effect. In this reply, we present reanalyses of Dube et al.'s data and of old data suggesting (a) that the receiver operating characteristic is linear for binary “valid” versus “invalid” responses, as employed by the bulk of research in this field; (b) that Klauer et al.'s model describes the old data significantly better than does Dube et al.'s model and that it describes Dube et al.'s data somewhat better than does Dube et al.'s model; (c) that Dube et al.'s data are consistent with the account of belief bias by misinterpreted necessity, whereas Dube et al.'s signal detection model does not fit their data; and (d) that belief bias is more than a response bias effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stress and adaptational outcomes: The problem of confounded measures.

Notes that confounding is a major source of uneasiness among many who do research on the relationship between stress and adaptational outcomes such as psychological symptoms and somatic health. A commonly proposed solution, illustrated by B. S. Dohrenwend et al (see record 1984-22172-001), is to purify the independent variable, stress, by focusing on its environmental aspects and by making it independent of psychological response variables such as perceptions or appraisals. It is argued that such a solution, however, is neither possible nor desirable, and it obviates relational, cognitive theories of psychological stress. The present authors examine the problem of confounding and circularity in stress research and reanalyze data obtained by A. D. Kanner et al (1981) and the 2nd author et al (see record 1983-05622-001) in light of the Dohrenwend et al findings. It is concluded that the appraisal process should not and cannot be removed in the measurement of psychological stress, and therefore some confounding is inevitable. (50 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Parenting in a broader context: A reply to Emery, Fincham, and Cummings (1992).

In their comment on the authors' (see record 1992-43921-001) discussion of the role of the family in child psychotherapy, R. E. Emery et al (see record 1993-14493-001) took issue with the emphasis on the mediational role of parenting practices and the importance of parenting as a focus of treatment. In response, it is emphasized that the aim was not to offer a comprehensive analysis of etiological factors in child psychopathology but rather to provide some practical research-based guidelines for child therapists. In addition, an attempt is made to clarify some areas of possible confusion, including the meaning of contextual variables, parenting as the appropriate focus of treatment, assumptions about what is meant by parenting, and differences in conceptualizations of intervention in family process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On Saccuzzo's reply.

Comments that D. P. Saccuzzo's (1981) reply to a comment by the present authors (1981) on the article by Saccuzzo et al (see record 1979-33941-001) displays considerable misunderstanding regarding several points raised in that comment. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clarifying confidentiality with the ethical practice model.

Replies to comments (see record 2008-14338-012) on the author's original article Protecting confidentiality rights: The need for an ethical practice model (see record 2007-19520-001). The important issues raised by Pipes, Blevens, and Kluck illustrate the complications that can arise in discussing confidentiality and making decisions about it: First, they noted that the term client consent is used by psychologists to mean two quite different things about confidentiality: (a) acknowledgement of its limits and (b) consent to disclose specific information. Second, Pipes et al made several comments about laws, one of which referred to Behnke's (2004) "doors" model. Third, Pipes et al elicited my personal thoughts about the current APA Ethics Code (APA, 2002). Finally, Pipes et al expect the ethical practice model to be used in psychology training programs. The current author hopes it will provide the next generation of psychologists with a clear ethical framework for considering confidentiality issues. Meanwhile, as in this exchange, it can facilitate conversation among colleagues not only about ethical and legal questions but also about cultural issues, personal values, and professional standards that affect our approach to confidentiality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Plausible models of alphabetic search: Reply to Scharroo, Leeuwenberg, Stalmeier, and Vos (1994).

D. Klahr et al (see record 1984-05777-001) proposed a model of the cognitive processes involved in alphabetic retrieval in terms of a 2-level hierarchy of forward-linked associations. J. Scharroo et al (see record 1994-24216-001) attempt to demonstrate that a simple associative model is more plausible, more parsimonious, and a better fit to the data than is the Klahr et al model. In this commentary the author argues that Scharroo et al misrepresent the way in which Klahr et al evaluated their model and that they fail to demonstrate the superiority of a simple associative model. In addition, it is suggested that a composite model that integrates the distinctive features of both models would advance understanding of the process of alphabetic retrieval. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)