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1.
"Using microdata sources available from the U.S. Census Bureau and Statistics Canada, this paper contrasts primary, return and onward migration in the two countries. These classifications are based on information on the region (state or province) of birth and region of residence at the start and end of the census period. To study the propensities to make a primary, return or onward migration, rates are calculated...and compared with previous census periods. Analysis reveals that both countries have experienced similar temporal patterns, and that primary, return and onward migration patterns tend to be similar. Analysis using a nested logit model further reveals that return and onward migration in both countries can be similarly explained." Data are from the Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) for the United States and the Public Use Micro File (PUMF) for Canada.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract.  Long and Boertlein's (1990 ) measure of repeat migration can be used to infer the effects of repeat migration with data sets that did not specifically ask questions about such migration. While recent work by Rogers et al. (2003 ) evaluated how well this synthetic measure matched empirical fixed-interval measures, the role of spatial scale remains unclear, particularly since scale influences migration levels, spatial structure, and the representation of the primary, return, and onward migration components within the overall flow. Motivated by the implementation of the American Community Survey and the concurrent need to adjust data from one to five-year formats, and using the 1996 Canadian Public Use Microdata File and a custom tabulation from the 1996 Canadian census, the accuracy of the index is evaluated. In particular, the effects of spatial scale upon measures of primary, return and onward migration are described and evaluated, with the Long-Boertlein measure contrasted with fixed-interval measures of return and onward migration. Results show that the measure is sensitive to spatial scale.  相似文献   

3.
During the last decade Brazil has seen an astonishing reversal in the original north-east-to-south-east direction of migration. Within a framework of human capital and self-selection theory we try to identify the individual characteristics and motivations linked to the migration pattern. The overall results of this procedure suggest that there is a key difference between NE T{\Rightarrow } SE movers and SE T{\Rightarrow } NE movers. (1) SE T{\Rightarrow } NE movers were adverse self-selected in terms of observable education characteristics. (2) No self-selection could be observed among migrants in the NE T{\Rightarrow } SE direction. In general the North-East seems less attractive to highly skilled people. (3) Labor market segmentation with respect to sector occupation is likely. (4) There are clear differences in income determinants between movers and non movers. The majority of migrants except for migrants with higher education cannot expect to realize a return to education comparable to the average in the region of departure or destination. However, in the context of the Borjas selection model the returns to education analysis would predict a different pattern of migrant selectivity than the one observed in Brazil. Apart from soft characteristics connected to the regions we believe, that the large share of the non formal labor market is likely to indicate a surplus labor leading to a migration pattern different than expected from selection theory.  相似文献   

4.
While traditional migration theory suggests that the rate of migration is negatively related to income at the origin, many empirical studies of aggregate migration yield a non-significant or even a positive relation. This paper utilizes a simplified model of migration to demonstrate that one possible reason for such results is the imperfect capital market facing migrants. Higher average income at the origin may imply a higher number of individuals who have the cash resources to finance migration, thus generating a positive relation between regional income and migration. The conclusions suggest the use of non-linear specifications in empirical migration studies.The views expressed in this paper are the author's; they do not represent those of the World Bank or its affiliated institutions.  相似文献   

5.
"This article uses event history data to specify a model of employment returns to initial migration, onward migration, and return migration among newly married persons in the U.S. Husbands are more likely to be full-time employed than wives, and being a parent reduces the employment odds among married women. Employment returns to repeated migration differ by gender, with more husbands full-time employed after onward migration and more wives full-time employed after return migration events. We interpret these empirical findings in the context of family migration theory, segmented labor market theory, and gender-based responsibilities." Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1979 to 1991.  相似文献   

6.
A large literature has emerged dealing with the economic and non-economic determinants of migration. Among the economic determinants of migration are income levels and rates of change in income in different areas. These variables are designed to measure labor market opportunities both currently and in the future. Invariably, studies which attempt to explain migration utilizenominal measures of income and change in income, notreal measures. Yet assuming that individuals are not subject to money illusion, they would be interested in cost of living information as well as in information regarding nominal income and change in income. This paper examines this issue empirically. We demonstrate that some cost of living variables, when included in a migration equation, enter with the expected sign and are statistically significant. We also demonstrate the failure to include such variables in a regression results in misspecification and bias involving some of the variables in the regression.They wish to thank Professor Mark Fabrycy for helpful suggestions. They also thank their graduate research assistants, Bobbie Sheperd, Alison Zatik and John Breivogel, for data collection and computational assistance. They authors alone are responsible for any remaining shortcomings.  相似文献   

7.
A parametric failure time model of international return migration   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
International return migration is conceptualized and modeled as the outcome of two opposing forces: assimilation into the host society and attachment to the home country. Assimilation is a cumulative learning process that, over time, lowers the tendency to return; attachment levels are less predictable: they might decrease, increase, or remain constant over time. From this proposition, we derive a generalized gamma function for the probability density function of the duration of stay, allowing for increasing, decreasing, and constant hazards of return. The applicability of the model is explored using the case of foreign migrants returning to their home countries from West Germany.  相似文献   

8.
The thrust of this study is to describe and contrast the determinants and outcomes of African-American interstate migration. We examine two types of migration outcomes – individual return to employment probability and household level return to poverty status. We investigate these motivations and outcomes based on a new typology of migration through the lens of household change that accompanies migration. We specify a pairwise two-stage probit model incorporating individual and state-level variables using Public Use Micro Sample data and various ecological data in the US. We show that independent migrants move to other states envisioning economic models of migration with migration as a derived response to opportunities, pressures, and constraints imposed by spatial inequalities in socioeconomic development. On the other hand, we demonstrate that linked migrants move to other states also for their economic need, but via kinship. In this case, the linked migrants' path does not follow the general pattern of economic circumstances. We show that household composition is an important factor that influences the destination choice for African Americans. While independent migrants are more concerned with diverse economic conditions at destinations, kinship, other ties and household structure at destinations are more significant factors for linked migrants. Received: June 2000/Accepted: June 2001  相似文献   

9.
Ma Z 《环境与规划A辑》1999,31(5):783-802
"A new approach to migration in developing countries is used in this paper, which integrates into the migration process the experiences of moving to cities, working in urban areas, and returning to the countryside. As a result, rural labor migration is directly linked to rural development through remittances, as well as through physical and human capital brought back by return migrants. Migration information is mainly drawn from China's 1995 1% National Population Survey.... It has been found that patterns of temporary migration are mainly shaped by the magnetic force of the growth-pole region. Job opportunities created there in labor-intensive industries have attracted large numbers of migrants, first from the surrounding rural areas and then from the peripheral regions, enhancing migration propensity in both areas."  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT: Continuing immigration of low wage and low skill workers to more developed countries from less developed regions of the world has become an issue of policy debate. Host countries which do not view themselves as countries of immigration are eager to develop incentives which forestall migrants from becoming permanent residents. This paper reports that return migrants with savings have a higher probability of settling in birthplace regions, which tend to be lagging and less developed regions. Policies which encourage savings among migrants are likely to encourage return migration which is spread across regions of outmigration rather than concentrated in major urban areas. Without savings, the rate of return to less developed regions would be extremely low, demonstrating the importance of savings to a pattern of balanced return migration.  相似文献   

11.
Using quantitative data and ethnographic fieldwork carried out in Johannesburg and Maputo between 2005 and 2007, this article explores the meaning of city life for Southern Mozambican migrants in Johannesburg. First, I analyze the trajectories of migrants in Maputo and Johannesburg, before and after migration to South Africa. Second, I propose an explanation of the absence of political organization and the weakness of social links among Mozambican migrants, probably the major characteristic that distinguishes them from other African migrants in Johannesburg. Third, I focus on Mozambicans' everyday life in Johannesburg to illustrate the nature and extent of adaptation and transformation within the city. In focusing on differences linked to workplace and residence, I show how a foreigner moves from being a total outsider to becoming part of the metropolis by learning to cope with the city, establishing good relationships with his neighbors, and building a minimal level of trust with his work mates.  相似文献   

12.
This article examines how changing patterns of migration in Ireland affected housing markets. It identifies a dramatic migration turnaround in the Republic of Ireland as net migration loss was replaced by high levels of net inward migration after 1996. The migration turnaround comprised less outward migration and a strong inflow, including return migrants (first and second generation) and overseas-born non-citizen immigrants. The migration turnaround resulted in greater ethnic diversity and, combined with other economic and demographic changes, boosted already-growing housing demand. Northern Ireland, by way of contrast, had net migration loss during the 1990s and lower growth in housing demand.  相似文献   

13.
The school-to-work transition comprises a critical period of human capital development for young people. As school-to-work pathways become increasingly diverse and complex, there is growing evidence that transitions during this period significantly influence individual career trajectories and long-term earning capacities. For non-metropolitan youth, this period of the life course often involves migration to urban centres in the search for better educational and employment opportunities. Drawing on longitudinal data, this paper examines the influence of migration and school-to-work pathways on entry-level wages for non-metropolitan youth in Australia. Our results highlight that migration from non-metropolitan communities to urban centres leads to higher entry-level wages, but these wage gains are not immediate, rather they are realised at a period 3 years post-migration. Individuals remaining in non-metropolitan communities were found to experience pathways that lead to lower wage returns. Furthermore, unobserved attributes, such as motivation and aspirations, were found to be a major factor explaining the higher wage returns achieved by non-metropolitan migrants. Findings have important consequences for policy in their potential to contribute to new evidenced-based policy designed to entice the return of young people to non-metropolitan communities and ameliorate the long-standing net loss of young population from regional areas.  相似文献   

14.
《Journal of Urbanism》2013,6(1):19-38
This paper compares neighborhoods with more traditional features in two very different cities. As expected, in Portland the majority are socially diverse and in Atlanta they are low‐income. However, in both cities about a quarter are high‐income. In Atlanta the latter are located in older neighborhoods, whereas in Portland they are also in areas combining newer and older housing. A return to valuing a more traditional urbanism may explain the signs of revitalized central cities in both places. Our findings, however, indicate it may be accompanied by the relocation of low‐income neighborhoods to areas where activities are not readily accessible.  相似文献   

15.
Migrants’ constructions of their domestic spaces, and their struggle to feel at home in both receiving and sending societies, are an emerging focus of research in migration studies. Housing issues are also a privileged observatory on their transnational social engagement, as well as on the changing boundaries of their membership and belonging. This article addresses the everyday bases of their home-making and house-building practices, drawing on a multi-sited ethnography of Ecuadorian migration to Italy. What can be inferred from the ways in which migrants inhabit their houses “here”, while typically investing in better housing arrangements “there”, as to their alignment towards either society? What do their housing-related practises suggest about the potential to feel locally and transnationally at home, given the structural constraints they are subject to? By tracing the meanings, enactments and locations of migrants’ home, I aim to advance the debate on home and migration in two respects: the persistent materiality which underlies the home experience, and the significance of migrants’ houses, particularly in sending societies, as a window on the mixed social consequences of migration.  相似文献   

16.
The paper uses existing human capital theory to provide a unified explanation of the education, age, race, and income characteristics of migrants. The hypothesis is formulated that the better educated, the younger, and the middle-income groups are more mobile than the less educated, the older and the very lowor very high-income groups respectively. Nonwhites are expected to be less mobile than whites during periods of high unemployment in the economy. Empirical evidence concerning migrants to and from 93 SMSA's of the United States supports the theoretical hypotheses.This paper is an extract from the author's Ph. D. dissertation written at Wayne State University. The idea originated while the author was a Human Resource Fellow at O. E. C. D. in Paris working on a project for Norway. She thanks Professors Wilbur R. Thompson, John Mattila and Mark Kahn for valuable suggestions during the writing of the dissertation.  相似文献   

17.
This article provides a contemporary spatial perspective of patterns and trends in migration to the Western Cape during the period 2001 to 2011 and contributes an important new perspective on one of the dominant migration streams in South Africa. It applies the concepts of mainstream and substream migration from the differential urbanisation model to analyse characteristics and patterns normally hidden by aggregated migration data. The findings confirm the continuation of strong primary migration streams between the Eastern Cape and municipalities in the Western Cape driven mainly by productionism. These migrants are mostly unmarried, young (25–29 years), mostly unemployed or not economically active, with low incomes. A significant proportion (31.3 %) end up living in informal dwellings in backyards or informal settlements largely concentrated in the provincial primary city, Cape Town. A smaller but prominent substream of migrants to the province consists of affluent, highly skilled, mostly married migrants from other metropolitan cities in South Africa, many from Gauteng. These migrants are driven by environmentalism, and favour Cape Town and adjacent municipalities as their destination—particularly those areas along the south coast of the province containing intermediate-size cities. These identified migration patterns and characteristics hold important development implications at both provincial and municipal levels.  相似文献   

18.
A series of proportional hazards models are used to study the relationship between migration history and migration behavior for a sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The results support the argument that migration is a selective process. College educated young adults have a greater hazard rate of making an initial migration but a lower hazard rate of re-migration, suggesting they have less need of corrective geographic behavior. Individuals who have moved two or more times are less responsive to national unemployment conditions than first time migrants. Migration is related to the timing of unemployment within a sojourn. The findings suggest that migrant stock is an important determinant of how labor markets function.  相似文献   

19.
"Information flows in models of migration are emphasized. In particular, migrants are assumed to react to two types of information about job vacancies. 'Interaction information' may be defined as interpersonal communication between recent migrants and their former neighbors or friends, and 'source information' represents a direct flow of information from employers or agencies to individuals. Models are developed that investigate the effects of various communication rates and information retention levels on vacancy rates and labor-force population trajectories. It is found that attempts by planners to reduce regional inequities in vacancy rates through controlled advertising may be successful, but at the possible cost of increasing temporal fluctuations of regional vacancy rates."  相似文献   

20.
In a recent issue of this journal, Greenwood and Thomas (G-T) estimated determinants of intercounty migration in England and Wales for 1861, using regression analysis. Coincidently, we performed a similar analysis using 1851 data. As with G-T, we conclude that migrants were sensitive to economic considerations in making their locational choice. Both sets of results are remarkably similar with respect to the pronounced sensitivity of migrants to movement costs, as measured by distance. Unlike G-T, however, we generally observe significantly positive relationships between migration and wage levels in the destination county. Also, our results suggest that migrants were less responsive to job opportunity considerations than those of G-T. Furthermore, we conclude that migrants,ceteris paribus, tended to move to sunnier counties and to be somewhat responsive to public assistance payment levels in making their locational choice. Finally, our results suggest that migrants improved their economic status and contributed to British economic growth by their behavioral patterns.All computations were performed by Ohio University Computer Services.  相似文献   

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