Spatial scale, return and onward migration, and the Long-Boertlein index of repeat migration

Abstract.  Long and Boertlein's (1990 ) measure of repeat migration can be used to infer the effects of repeat migration with data sets that did not specifically ask questions about such migration. While recent work by Rogers et al. (2003 ) evaluated how well this synthetic measure matched empirical fixed-interval measures, the role of spatial scale remains unclear, particularly since scale influences migration levels, spatial structure, and the representation of the primary, return, and onward migration components within the overall flow. Motivated by the implementation of the American Community Survey and the concurrent need to adjust data from one to five-year formats, and using the 1996 Canadian Public Use Microdata File and a custom tabulation from the 1996 Canadian census, the accuracy of the index is evaluated. In particular, the effects of spatial scale upon measures of primary, return and onward migration are described and evaluated, with the Long-Boertlein measure contrasted with fixed-interval measures of return and onward migration. Results show that the measure is sensitive to spatial scale.     

Interregional migration,self-selection and the returns to education in Brazil

During the last decade Brazil has seen an astonishing reversal in the original north-east-to-south-east direction of migration. Within a framework of human capital and self-selection theory we try to identify the individual characteristics and motivations linked to the migration pattern. The overall results of this procedure suggest that there is a key difference between NE T{Rightarrow } SE movers and SE T{Rightarrow } NE movers. (1) SE T{Rightarrow } NE movers were adverse self-selected in terms of observable education characteristics. (2) No self-selection could be observed among migrants in the NE T{Rightarrow } SE direction. In general the North-East seems less attractive to highly skilled people. (3) Labor market segmentation with respect to sector occupation is likely. (4) There are clear differences in income determinants between movers and non movers. The majority of migrants except for migrants with higher education cannot expect to realize a return to education comparable to the average in the region of departure or destination. However, in the context of the Borjas selection model the returns to education analysis would predict a different pattern of migrant selectivity than the one observed in Brazil. Apart from soft characteristics connected to the regions we believe, that the large share of the non formal labor market is likely to indicate a surplus labor leading to a migration pattern different than expected from selection theory.     

Regional adjustment and migration flows in Canada, 1971 to 1981

The primary purpose of this paper is to consider and test for various interlinkages between migration flows, and also between migration and employment change. Three types of migration flows are distinguished: domestic in-migration and outmigration, and net international migration. The three migration equations are embedded in a model of regional adjustment that also includes regional employment and wage changes as endogenous variables. The data base utilizes Canadian census statistics for 1971 and 1981 in a cross-section analysis with 183 regions represented by counties, or theri equavalents. The empirical performance of the various interlinkages is broadly in line with expectations, but the results raise some important questions about interpretation.     

Independent and linked migration: Individual return of employment opportunity and household return of poverty status to African American interstate migration

The thrust of this study is to describe and contrast the determinants and outcomes of African-American interstate migration. We examine two types of migration outcomes – individual return to employment probability and household level return to poverty status. We investigate these motivations and outcomes based on a new typology of migration through the lens of household change that accompanies migration. We specify a pairwise two-stage probit model incorporating individual and state-level variables using Public Use Micro Sample data and various ecological data in the US. We show that independent migrants move to other states envisioning economic models of migration with migration as a derived response to opportunities, pressures, and constraints imposed by spatial inequalities in socioeconomic development. On the other hand, we demonstrate that linked migrants move to other states also for their economic need, but via kinship. In this case, the linked migrants' path does not follow the general pattern of economic circumstances. We show that household composition is an important factor that influences the destination choice for African Americans. While independent migrants are more concerned with diverse economic conditions at destinations, kinship, other ties and household structure at destinations are more significant factors for linked migrants. Received: June 2000/Accepted: June 2001     

Self-selectivity problems in interregional and interindustry migration in Canada

This study is concerned with the role that inter-industry mobility plays in the decision to migrate in Canada, and also with the joint impact on earnings of inter-industry and interregional migration, corrected for selectivity bias. The data, for the period 1970-1971, are from a one percent random sample of a micro data base established by the Unemployment Insurance Commission. "Contrary to the commonly held belief that a migrant's decision to change his location is independent of his decision to change his industry of employment, this paper provides evidence that these movements are in fact interrelated."     

加拿大多伦多市低收入者住房保障政策

加拿大多伦多市具有较多的低收入者,加拿大为解决这些居民的住房问题,制定了一系列住房保障政策。文章详述了加拿大多伦多市的几种建房援助计划,以供我国政府解决低收入者的住房问题提供参考。     

Modelling migration flows of immigrant groups in Canada

"In this paper, the authors briefly review the findings of an earlier study on the patterns of both regional and metropolitan redistribution of immigrant groups in Canada. Against this backdrop, a hierarchical model of migration for immigrant groups for the period 1981-86 is developed and estimated. The internal redistribution of immigrants through postarrival migration has continued to be focused on metropolitan areas in general and on Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal in particular. The distribution of previous immigrants plays a significant role over and above that of economic circumstances both in retaining immigrants in a particular city and in attracting members of immigrant groups from other cities."     

Income convergence in the United States: a tale of migration and urbanization

We use nonparametric distribution dynamics techniques to reassess the convergence of per capita personal income (PCPI) across U.S. states and across metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) portions of states for the period 1969–2005. The long-run distribution of PCPI is bimodal for both states and metro/nonmetro portions. Furthermore, the high-income mode of the distribution across metro and nonmetro portions corresponds to the single mode of the long-run distribution across metro portions only. These results (polarization or club-convergence) are reversed when weighting by population. The long-run distributions across people are consistent with convergence. Migration and urbanization are the forces behind convergence.     

Searching,matching and migration

This paper is devoted to an analysis of migration and economic growth in the framework of a search equilibrium model with steady state analysis as well as with dynamic transition analysis. We define and characterize the properties of steady-state equilibrium with several conditions that we assumed in the migration process between rural and urban sectors. The main implication indicates that in the absence of urban–rural migration, the urban sector may have a higher unemployment rate with higher a productivity differential between urban and rural sector. We also analyze and define the properties of dynamic wage patterns, matching rates, and the unemployment rate in the search market.     

Heterogeneity,nonstationarity, and duration-of-stay effects in migration

"This paper briefly outlines the theoretical problem of the identification of duration-of-stay effects in migration. The empirical studies are critically reviewed with particular emphasis upon their treatment of heterogeneity and nonstationarity. New statistical tests developed by the authors are applied to Wisconsin migration data. These tests suggest that although heterogeneity and nonstationarity are strongly present within the data, duration-of-stay effects appear weak."     

Knowledge-based spatial differences in economic activity,job related migration and housing related migration

This paper analyzes the mutual effects of growth of cities and migration between cities. A model in which cities manufacture goods in a traditional sector and in a technological sector, and each city exhibits independently learning-by-doing in the latter sector is presented. The possibility that the development of one city prevents the development of the other is demonstrated. The higher wage in the developed city attracts the talented residents of the less developed city, to which less talented residents migrate in search of lower housing prices, thus creating bi-directional migration that reinforces the above result. An empirical analysis of the differences between job-related migration and housing-related migration in the U.S. is conducted, finding that these two streams are indeed in-line with the model’s prediction. Implications for regional development policies are discussed.     

Free trade agreements and interregional labor migration: the case of the U.S. and Canada

This paper focuses on the different effects that trade policy have on distinctive regions within a country by modeling the subnational impact of the Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada using an applied general equilibrium model. This study incorporates interregional labor mobility into the model and, by comparing the new results to those measured in the absence of labor migration, shows the importance of allowing for interregional labor mobility when modeling at the subnational level the effects of nationality of internationally designed policies.A longer version of this paper was presented and received the 8Th Annual Charles M. Tiebout Prize at the Western Regional Science Association Annual Meetings, Tucson, Arizona, February 1994. I would like to thank Geoffrey Hewings, Earl Grinols, Werner Baer, Chris Horak, and three anonymous referees for useful comments. I gratefully acknowledge the support of the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce and the Canadian Embassy in the early stages of this research project. I am solely responsible for any remaining errors in this paper.     

Aggregate resources inventory in Ontario,Canada

Ontario has an abundance of aggregate resources; however, their location is fixed by nature and they are not always found in the areas of greatest demand. Over 120 million tonnes are produced yearly. Much of this production is in urban fringe areas. Comprehensive planning and resource management strategies, based on an appropriate planning framework and a sound knowledge of the total mineral aggregate resource base, are required to make the best use of available resources. To achieve this, Ontario's Mineral Aggregate Resource Policy requires 1) the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources to prepare a detailed inventory of the aggregate resources, including location, quality, quantity and extractive activity, and 2) the recognition of aggregate resources in municipal official plans.     

同程与异程采暖系统在节能方面的比较

利用对比沿程水头损失及局部水头损失的方法,分析了同程系统和异程系统的总体能耗,得到同程系统的能耗小于异程系统的结论,并进一步推广同程系统的使用,以达到节能的目的。     

Location-specific amenities,topography, and population migration

Despite the increased attention devoted to amenities in the migration literature, most studies that even consider amenities only include 1 or 2. Generally a single temperature or sunshine variable has had to suffice. Topographical characteristics, including such major features as proximity to mountains or major coastlines, have virtually been ignored. This paper focuses on the importance of several location-specific amenities, including mountains and coastlines. All of these amenities appear to significantly influence migration flows. Specifically, summer temperature at the destination is potentially the most important determinant of destination choice, with very hot summers being repulsive. Migrants are strongly attracted to sunny locations and strongly repulsed by very cold winters. Although of less relative importance, migrants are significantly influenced by windiness, humidity, terrain, and proximity to major coastlines. There does not appear to be a general tendency for migration to be equilibrating with respect to location-specific amenities     

Information,communication and networks in international migration systems

This paper focuses on the role of information and communication in international migration by means of a survey which covers economic and broader perspectives, both at the micro and macro levels. The human capital model of migration is reviewed and the likely impact of recent and anticipated developments in telecommunications technology is noted. The job search model is reformulated in the context of international migration but extensive modification is required to describe the potential sampling of job offers and other informational needs of international migrants. It is argued that spatial selectivity is to a large extent influenced by migration networks in which information flows play a critical role. This is further elucidated by offering an analytical framework based on the systems approach to migration.     

加拿大绿色建筑:标准·组织·技术

加拿大十分注重资源和环境的保护,决定通过执行东京条例来进一步实现可持续发展。计划从1990-2012年将温室气体排放量减少60%。同时通过建立地方、地区国家的各种代理机构、制定行业标准和规范、应用绿色节能技术、生产和设计、在项目中推广革新技术和采用相应的标准等手段,来提高建筑物的环境标准,从而进一步降低建筑和社区资源和能源损耗,使社会和谐可持续性的发展。     

Migration history,migration behavior and selectivity

A series of proportional hazards models are used to study the relationship between migration history and migration behavior for a sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The results support the argument that migration is a selective process. College educated young adults have a greater hazard rate of making an initial migration but a lower hazard rate of re-migration, suggesting they have less need of corrective geographic behavior. Individuals who have moved two or more times are less responsive to national unemployment conditions than first time migrants. Migration is related to the timing of unemployment within a sojourn. The findings suggest that migrant stock is an important determinant of how labor markets function.