核桃对东莨菪碱诱导的小鼠记忆障碍的预防作用

用东莨菪碱（scopolamine,SCOP）诱导小鼠记忆障碍模型,探究饲料中添加核桃对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响。实验组喂食含有质量分数9%核桃（核桃高剂量组和高剂量预防组）或6%核桃（核桃低剂量组和低剂量预防组）的饲料,而对照组（空白组、模型组和阳性对照组）喂食普通饲料。在第8周时,通过Morris水迷宫（Morris water maze,MWM）和小鼠脑组织丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）含量和总超氧化物歧化酶（total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholinesterase,AChE）活力测定,评估小鼠的学习记忆表现。结果表明：与模型组相比,在MWM实验中,高剂量核桃预防组的逃避潜伏期在第4天极显著缩短（P＜0.01）,穿台次数显著增加（P＜0.05）,目标象限停留时间及路程占比分别显著延长和提高（P＜0.05）,同时,脑组织中AChE活力（（0.94±0.08）U/mg）、MDA含量（（11.64±0.58）nmol/mg）显著降低（P＜0.05）,GSH含量（（69.53±2.11）mg/g）、T-SOD活力（（93.36±4.94）U/mg）显著提高（P＜0.05）。结论：饲料中添加核桃可以抑制小鼠大脑氧化损伤,增强胆碱能功能,预防SCOP诱导的小鼠记忆障碍,提高小鼠的学习记忆能力。     

Effect of aqueous antler extract on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and antioxidant activities

This study was performed to estimate ameliorating effect of aqueous antler extract (AAE) on memory impairments induced by scopolamine (SCOP, 2 mg/kg, i.p.). Tacrine (THA, 10 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a positive control. The passive avoidance test and Y-maze test results showed that a single AAE (200 mg/kg, p.o.) administration significantly restored memory impairment. Moreover, AAE or THA treatment significantly reduced the escape latency prolonged by SCOP during trial sessions in the Morris water maze test. In vivo study, AAE significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (p<0.001), whereas choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity (p<0.05) was enhanced. In addition, SCOP elevated oxidative damage in the brain. However, treatment with AAE to the amnesic mice induced by SCOP considerably decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level (p<0.01) and restored the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p<0.01) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (p<0.001) approaching the control values. These results suggest that AAE showed the potential cognitive-enhancing activity by regulating cholinergic marker enzyme activities and promoting the antioxidant system.     

活性肽-N对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的作用效果

为了探讨一种新型抗衰老活性因子——活性肽-N食用后的抗衰老作用,本研究通过给小鼠连续皮下 注射D-半乳糖（200 mg/（kg·d）,以体质量计,下同）建立衰老模型,造模的同时开始灌胃2.5、25.0、 125.0 μg/（kg·d）活性肽-N复乳,连续9 周。分别采用旷场实验和Morris水迷宫实验检测小鼠的运动探究能力和学 习记忆能力。上述行为学实验后,对小鼠血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活力、丙 二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量及脑组织中的乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetyl cholinesterase,AChE）活力进行测定。结 果表明,与衰老模型组相比,活性肽-N复乳高剂量组能显著提高衰老小鼠的运动探究能力,改善其学习记忆能力, 提高血清中的GSH-Px活力28.38%（P＜0.05）,降低MDA含量26.19%（P＜0.05）,同时降低脑组织中的AChE活 力23.26%（P＜0.05）。综合结果表明该活性肽-N对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠具有明显的抗衰老作用。     

Effect of quercetin on learning and memory performance in ICR mice under neurotoxic trimethyltin exposure

To investigate the anti-amnesic effect of quercetin by using in vivo Y-maze and passive avoidance tests, the learning and memory impairment in ICR mice was induced by neurotoxic trimethyltin. Quercetin pre-administration attenuated TMT-induced memory injury in both in vivo tests. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), prepared from mice brain tissues, was inhibited by quercetin in a dose-dependent manner. Malondialdehyde generation in the brain homogenate of mice treated with quercetin decreased, indicating that peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids was inhibited by the cellular membrane. In addition, potent antioxidant capacity of quercetin was confirmed through various antioxidative assays. Our findings suggest that the quercetin may improve cognitive ability against TMT-induced neuronal deficit and also have an inhibitory action against AChE. Consequently, these results demonstrate that the quercetin could possess a wide range of beneficial activities for neurodegenerative disorders, notably Alzheimer’s disease (AD).     

基于高通量测序分析黄酒对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠模型肠道微生物菌群的影响

该文用D-半乳糖颈脊皮下注射建立衰老小鼠模型,评价黄酒对衰老小鼠模型肠道菌群结构的影响。通过设立空白对照、模型组、黄酒组,6周后测定其抗氧化酶活力,同时采用Morris水迷宫对小鼠的认知能力进行测试。收集小鼠粪便,利用IonS5TMXL高通量测序平台对肠道细菌16S rDNA基因进行测序,探索黄酒摄入对衰老小鼠肠道微生物菌群的影响。结果表明,致衰老小鼠模型的抗氧化相关酶活性明显降低,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平显著增高;黄酒干预后,各剂量组小鼠体内多种抗氧化酶活性升高,MDA含量显著下降(0.05);在行为学实验中,适量黄酒干预能够显著提高致衰老小鼠的认知能力;高通量测序发现黄酒干预显著改善了致衰老小鼠的肠道菌群结构;进一步分析菌群组成发现,黄酒显著改善了衰老小鼠模型的Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes的相对丰度,显著提升了Bacteroides、Lactobacillus、Bifidobacterium、Lachnospiracea和Butyricicoccus的相对丰度。适量黄酒摄入可一定程度上改善衰老所致的肠道菌群结构失衡现象,有助于延缓衰老...     

人参蛋白对小鼠的耐缺氧及抗氧化作用

目的:研究人参蛋白对小鼠耐缺氧及抗氧化能力的影响。方法:通过常压耐缺氧、亚硝酸钠中毒、急性脑缺血性缺氧三项指标评价人参蛋白对小鼠的耐缺氧作用;通过测定肝脏和血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性的变化,研究人参蛋白对小鼠体内抗氧化能力的影响。结果:与对照组比较人参蛋白组小鼠常压耐缺氧存活时间、亚硝酸钠中毒存活时间、急性脑缺血性缺氧张口喘气时间均延长;同时人参蛋白能降低肝脏和血清中丙二醛(MDA)的含量,并能提高肝脏和血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性。结论:人参蛋白对小鼠耐缺氧能力具有显著增强作用,对D-半乳糖造模小鼠有一定的抗氧化作用。     

一种辅助改善记忆保健食品功能评价的动物模型

目的 为辅助改善记忆类保健食品的功能评价提供新的动物模型.方法使用滚筒睡眠干扰仪对小鼠进行不同时间(5、10、15 d)睡眠干扰后,用自主活动仪检测自主活动,水迷宫、避暗试验检测认知功能.结果 干扰5d组小鼠的自主活动、水迷宫定位航行和空间探索、避暗训练和检测各指标与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义;干扰10 d组与对照组比较,自主活动总路程、平均速度、运动总时间增加,水迷宫定位航行潜伏期从第4d起增加,空间探索穿台次数的差异无统计学意义,避暗训练错误次数、潜伏期、暗室路程增加,避暗检测的差异无统计学意义:干扰15d组与对照组比较,自主活动差异无统计学意义,水迷宫定位航行潜伏期增加、空间探索穿台次数减少,避暗训练错误次数、潜伏期、暗室时间、暗室路程增加,明室时间显著减少,避暗检测差异无统计学意义.结论 采用本法,干扰5d对小鼠自主活动和认知功能无影响,干扰10 d影响小鼠自主活动、损害其空间学习和避暗学习能力,干扰15d不影响小鼠自主活动、损害其空间学习记忆和避暗学习能力,可为辅助改善记忆类保健食品的功能评价提供新的动物模型.     

Reversal of memory deficits by Coriandrum sativum leaves in mice

BACKGROUND: Coriandrum sativum L., commonly known as coriander and belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), is cultivated throughout the world for its nutritional value. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of fresh Coriandrum sativum leaves (CSL) on cognitive functions, total serum cholesterol levels and brain cholinesterase activity in mice. In this study, CSL (5, 10 and 15% w/w of diet) was fed orally with a specially prepared diet for 45 days consecutively to experimental animals. Elevated plus‐maze and passive avoidance apparatus served as the exteroceptive behavioral models for testing memory. Diazepam, scopolamine and ageing‐induced amnesia served as the interoceptive behavioral models. RESULTS: CSL (5, 10 and 15% w/w of diet) produced a dose‐dependent improvement in memory scores of young as well as aged mice. CSL also reversed successfully the memory deficits induced by scopolamine (0.4 mg kg^?1, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg kg^?1, i.p.). Interestingly, brain cholinesterase activity and serum total cholesterol levels were considerably reduced by CSL administration in daily diets concomitantly for 45 days. CONCLUSION: CSL may be a useful remedy in the management of Alzheimer's disease on account of its multifarious effects such as, memory‐improving property, cholesterol‐lowering property and anticholinesterase activity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

富含磷脂的乳清蛋白粉改善小鼠记忆力功能研究

摘 要：目的 探讨富含磷脂的乳清蛋白粉对小鼠记忆力的影响。方法 选取288只SPF级昆明种雄性小鼠,分别进行两次试验,每次试验144只。每次试验分为3批,每批48只,随机分为空白模型对照组和磷脂乳清蛋白粉低、中、高剂量组。连续给予受试物灌胃30 d后,分别进行小鼠跳台行为学实验、避暗行为学实验、水迷宫行为学实验。结果 两次跳台实验,中、高剂量组与模型对照组比较均能减少测试期错误次数（P<0.05）;第一次避暗实验高剂量组、第二次避暗实验中剂量组与模型对照组比较重测期错误潜伏期延长（P<0.05）、错误次数减少（P<0.05）。各剂量组与模型对照组比较小鼠脑组织ACh含量升高（P<0.05）,AChE活力降低（P<0.01）。结论 两次实验结果一致,表明富含5%磷脂的乳清蛋白粉通过调节改善小鼠中枢胆碱能系统从而改善小鼠记忆力。通过本实验可以为开发磷脂乳清蛋白粉改善记忆功能食品提供实验基础和开发依据。     

苯甲酸钠对大鼠神经系统损伤的影响

目的探讨食品防腐剂苯甲酸钠对大鼠神经系统的损伤机制。方法选取40只健康SPF级SD大鼠,分为4组,每组10只,以苯甲酸钠低、中、高剂量组(1457、2914和4371 mg/kg)分别喂养,连续30天。处死后脑组织经前处理制成匀浆后,采用定磷比色法测定Na~+-K~+-ATP酶、Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATP酶的活性,探讨苯甲酸钠对大鼠脑线粒体的损害;以苄胺为底物,经环己烷提取,于242 nm下测定吸光度,继而测定出单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性;匀浆上清液中加入巯基显色剂进行比色定量,于412 nm下测其吸光度从而测定乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活力;匀浆上清液中加入1.00 mL碱性羟胺,加入0.5 mL 4 moL/L盐酸及0.50 mL10%三氯化铁,于530 nm处比色,得出乙酰胆碱(ACh)的含量。结果苯甲酸钠影响大鼠体重的增长和一般生长发育,可降低大鼠脑组织中ATP酶、MAO及AChE活性,增加ACh含量。结论苯甲酸钠在一定程度上能造成大鼠脑组织神经系统的损害。     

扇贝抗氧化肽对衰老小鼠体内抗氧化活性研究

目的研究扇贝副产物抗氧化肽对衰老小鼠体内抗氧化活性。方法采用D-半乳糖构建小鼠衰老动物模型,分别以不同性别小鼠肝脏中特征酶超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD),过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(alondialdehyde, MDA)含量为指标,评价扇贝抗氧化肽的体内抗氧化功能。结果与模型组比较,灌胃剂量为0.5 mL/kg的样品组能够显著提高模型小鼠(雌性和雄性)中肝脏中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等特征酶的活性,并降低MDA含量水平。同时以脾脏指数、胸腺指数、吞噬指数为指标评价扇贝抗氧化肽对小鼠免疫能力的影响。结果显示灌胃剂量为0.50mL/kg和1.0mL/kg的扇贝抗氧化肽能够提高小鼠的脾脏指数、胸腺指数和吞噬指数。结论扇贝抗氧化肽具有良好的增强机体抗氧化功能作用。     

金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草对小鼠体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

为研究金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草3种常见食药用菌对小鼠体内抗氧化酶活性的影响,采用金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草低、中、高剂量（金针菇和香菇分别为0.8、1.6、2.5 g/kg,蛹虫草分别为0.08、0.16、0.25 g/kg）连续4周灌胃ICR清洁级小鼠,观察其对小鼠血清和肝脏总抗氧化能力（total anti-oxidant capacity,T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活力、全脑单胺氧化酶（monoamine oxidase,MAO）活力及心脏过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活力的影响。结果表明：金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草均能不同程度地提高血清和肝脏中T-AOC、SOD活力和GSH-Px活力,降低血清和肝脏中MDA含量,降低全脑MAO活力和提高心脏POD的活力,说明金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草具有良好的体内抗氧化作用,且蛹虫草的体内抗氧化作用优于香菇和金针菇。其抗氧化机制可能与提高机体总抗氧化能力、提高抗氧化酶活力、清除自由基和减少过氧化脂质有关。     

牡蛎酶解产物改善小鼠学习记忆能力的初步研究

探讨了牡蛎酶解产物对小鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响。选用中性蛋白酶、动物蛋白酶和复合酶分别水解牡蛎蛋白得到EHO1、EHO2和EHO3,分析其基本营养成分和分子量分布;采用Morris水迷宫行为学方法考察EHO对小鼠学习记忆的改善能力。结果显示,EHO含有丰富的肽、糖原、牛磺酸,分子量在主要集中在1300～10000u之间;定位航行测试显示,相对于空白组,EHO干预后小鼠的潜伏期都明显的缩短,空间搜索策略的比例明显提高,EHO3组效果最好,潜伏期（16.77±7.74）s（p〈0.05）,空间搜索的比例为85.71%;而空间探索实验中,给药组小鼠的穿越次数、中央活动时间和目标象限路程比都有不同程度的增加。实验结果表明一定剂量的EHO能够提高小鼠的空间学习和记忆能力。     

High salt diet impairs memory‐related synaptic plasticity via increased oxidative stress and suppressed synaptic protein expression

1 Scope

A high salt (HS) diet is detrimental to cognitive function, in addition to having a role in cardiovascular disorders. However, the method by which an HS diet impairs cognitive functions such as learning and memory remains open.

2 Methods and results

In this study, we found that mice on a 7 week HS diet demonstrated disturbed short‐term memory in an object‐place recognition task, and both 4 week and 7 week HS treatments impaired long‐term memory, as evidenced in a fear conditioning test. Mechanistically, the HS diet inhibited memory‐related long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, while also increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hippocampal cells and downregulating the expression of synapsin I, synaptophysin, and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in specific encephalic region.

3 Conclusion

This suggests that oxidative stress or synaptic protein/neurotrophin deregulation was involved in the HS diet‐induced memory impairment. Thus, the present study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of memory impairment caused by excessive dietary salt, and underlined the importance of controlling to salt absorb quantity.     

蜂胶对增强小鼠力竭游泳耐力的影响

本文研究了蜂胶对力竭游泳和24h恢复后小鼠血液、肝脏中自由基代谢的影响。结果表明:蜂胶提取物可以显著延长小鼠游泳至力竭的时间(p<0.01),清除自由基,减轻力竭运动所致的氧化损伤,促进力竭运动后小鼠物质和能量代谢的恢复。实验结果提示,蜂胶提取物具有抗疲劳作用。     

High hydrostatic pressure processing of murine norovirus 1-contaminated oysters inhibits oral infection in STAT-1(-/-)-deficient female mice

We have previously demonstrated that high pressure processing (HPP) is effective in preventing in vitro replication of murine norovirus strain 1 (MNV-1), a human norovirus surrogate, in a monocyte cell line following extraction from MNV-1-contaminated oysters. In the present study, the efficacy of HPP to prevent in vivo replication within mice fed HPP-treated MNV-1-seeded oyster extracts was evaluated. Oyster homogenate extracts seeded with MNV-1 were given 5-min, 400-MPa (58,016-psi) treatments and orally gavaged into immunodeficient (STAT-1(-/-)) female mice. Mice orally gavaged with HPP-treated MNV-1 showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) weight loss leading to enhanced morbidity, whereas those given 100 and 200 PFU of HPP-treated MNV-1 were comparable to uninfected controls. MNV-1 was detected, via real-time PCR, within the liver, spleen, and brain of all mice fed non-HPP-treated homogenate but was not detected in the tissues of mice fed HPP-treated homogenates or in uninfected control mice. Hepatocellular necrosis and lymphoid depletion in the spleen were observed in non-HPP-treated MNV-1 mice only. These results clearly show that HPP prevents MNV-1 infection in vivo and validates that viral inactivation by HPP in vitro is essentially equivalent to that in vivo. Further, the data suggest that HPP may be an effective food processing intervention for norovirus-contaminated shellfish and thus may decrease risk to both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals who consume shellfish.     

Combination of proanthocyanidins extracted from lotus seedpod and l-cysteine ameliorates memory impairment induced by alcohol and scopolamine in mice

Proanthocyanidins extracted from lotus seedpod (LSPC) have been shown to ameliorate cognitive deficits and oxidative damage. However, there is no scientific evidence of combined LSPC and l-cysteine in the treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in animal models. The first aim of this study was to study whether LSPC and l-cysteine combination was more potent than LSPC on improving memory impairment in alcohol-induced mice. The results showed LSPC and l-cysteine combination was more effective than LSPC, as indicated by same behavioral performance in Y-maze, but significantly enhanced total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The second goal of this study was to investigate whether different combination ratio of LSPC to l-cysteine impacts the cognition-enhancing effect in scopolamine-induced memory-deficit mice. Alterations in oxidative stress parameters and cholinergic activity in brains were also determined as possible mechanisms. Both M-Dose and H-Dose of LSPC and l-cysteine combination significantly improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment in Y-maze and step-down avoidance test by improving brain glutathione peroxidase and SOD activities, inhibiting brain malondialdehyde and hippocampus nitric oxide levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in hippocampus and serum, and brain acetylcholinesterase activity. These results indicate that chronic administration of LSPC and l-cysteine combination ameliorates memory impairment, which may be related to inhibition of oxidative stress and improvement of cholinergic activity. These findings suggest LSPC and l-cysteine combination may provide a viable therapy in the treatment for AD and other forms of cognitive impairment.     

魔芋葡甘露聚糖对高热能膳食诱导小鼠认知功能障碍及脑部氧化应激状态的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同分子质量（1、5、90 kDa）魔芋葡甘露聚糖（konjac glucomannan,KGM）对高脂高果糖膳食（high fat and high fructose diet,HFFD）诱导小鼠认知功能障碍及脑部氧化应激状态的干预作用。本实验通过HFFD造模,将90只小鼠随机分为正常饮食组（ND）、阴性对照组（ND+1 kDa KGM、ND+5 kDa KGM、ND+90 kDa KGM）、HFFD模型组（HFFD）、干预组（HFFD+1 kDa KGM、HFFD+5 kDa KGM、HFFD+90 kDa KGM）和阳性对照组（HFFD+KGM）。通过旷场、Y迷宫、水迷宫等行为学实验测试评估小鼠学习记忆能力,脑组织病理学切片观察神经细胞形态变化,测定脑组织谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）相对含量和过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）相对活力,分析不同分子质量KGM对HFFD引起的小鼠认知功能紊乱及氧化应激状态的影响。结果显示,不同分子质量KGM均能够显著改善高热能膳食诱导小鼠的工作记忆能力（P<0.05）;90 kDa KGM干预组小鼠在旷场及水迷...     

Ameliorating effects of ethyl acetate fraction from onion (Allium cepa L.) flesh and peel in mice following trimethyltin-induced learning and memory impairment

The anti-amnesic effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) flesh (OF)¹ and peel (OP)² on trimethyltin (TMT)³-induced learning and memory dysfunction were investigated to confirm learning and memory function. The inhibitory effect against cellular acetylcholinesterase (AChE)⁴ showed that the EtOAc fraction of OP (EOP⁵, IC₅₀ value = 37.11 μg/mL) was higher than the EtOAc fraction of OF (EOF⁶, IC₅₀ value = 433.34 μg/mL). The cognitive effects in ICR mice were also evaluated using Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. After the behavioral tests, AChE activity (control = 100%, TMT = 128%, EOF 20 = 108%, EOP 10 = 104%, and EOP 20 = 98%), superoxide dismutase (SOD)⁷ activity, oxidized glutathione (GSSG)⁸/total glutathione (GSH)⁹ and malondialdehyde (MDA)¹⁰ production were examined. These results indicate that both EOF and EOP improved learning and memory function. The main compounds of the EOF and EOP were analyzed by Q-TOF UPLC/MS, and the results were as follows: The EOF (quercetin and quercetin-4′-glucoside) and the EOP (quercetin-4′-glucoside and isorhamnetin-4′-glucoside). Consequently, our results suggest that both EOF and EOP could be efficacious in improving cognitive function through AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity in mice brains.