Applying a feminist analysis model to selected nursing studies of women with HIV

Women's mental health has been linked to oppression and to oppressive practices in health care. Feminist approaches to health care delivery and research have been suggested as a remedy for the subtle and overt oppression faced by women, and many nurses have used feminist principles to conduct and report their research and to critique existing studies. Though nursing authors have identified useful feminist guides for conducting and reporting research, few examples of the practice of feminist critiques of research are available in the nursing literature. This analysis synthesizes and adapts feminist principles from nursing literature and presents a feminist model to review selected nursing research reports of women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A convenience sample of eight articles from nursing journals was examined for statements or implications that the author(s) (a) perceived the purposes of the study as benefiting women, (b) demonstrated an awareness of the structures and policies that oppress women, (c) were sensitive to issues of diversity, (d) were committed to social change, and (e) recognized the female participants' strengths. The selected articles were found to meet many of the feminist criteria, although these principles were not always explicitly addressed in the articles.     

Reviewing the reviews: the example of chronic fatigue syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the selection of literature in review articles is unsystematic and is influenced by the authors' discipline and country of residence. DATA SOURCES: Reviews in English published between 1980 and March 1996 in MEDLINE, EMBASE (BIDS), PSYCHLIT, and Current Contents were searched. STUDY SELECTION: Reviews of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) were selected. Articles explicitly concerned with a specialty aspect of CFS and unattributed, unreferenced, or insufficiently referenced articles were discarded. DATA EXTRACTION: Record of data sources in each review was noted as was the departmental specialty of the first author and his or her country of residence. The references cited in each index paper were tabulated by assigning them to 6 specialty categories, by article title, and by assigning them to 8 categories, by country of journal publication. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 89 reviews, 3 (3.4%) reported on literature search and described search method. Authors from laboratory-based disciplines preferentially cited laboratory references, while psychiatry-based disciplines preferentially cited psychiatric literature (P = .01). A total of 71.6% of references cited by US authors were from US journals, while 54.9% of references cited by United Kingdom authors were published in United Kingdom journals (P = .001). CONCLUSION: Citation of the literature is influenced by review authors' discipline and nationality.     

Focus Groups in Psychological Assessment: Enhancing Content Validity by Consulting Members of the Target Population.

A review of articles in Psychological Assessment reveals that many researchers develop instruments without the benefit of consultation with members of the target population. To the extent that researchers do consult the target population, most fail to bring consultation in early enough to inform the identification and specification of key constructs. Moreover, this consultation typically takes the form of one-to-one interviews. The authors' goal in this article was to elaborate on the importance of population consultation as part of content validation and to critically evaluate the potential of one method of consultation, focus groups, to inform multiple stages of instrument development. The authors suggest that this method holds promise for enhancing the content validity of instruments and, ultimately, the validity of research findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Process and outcome considerations in juror evaluation of eyewitness testimony.

Responds to comments by G. L. Wells (see record 1985-20040-001) on the present authors' (see record 1984-06612-001) argument that current empirical findings on perception and memory do not justify a role for psychologists in evaluating eyewitness testimony. The present authors argue that Wells's statements on process and outcome confuse the outcome of an individual trial and trials in the aggregate. The question of whether jurors tend to overbelieve eyewitness testimony is discussed. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assumptions and Consequences of Treating Providers in Therapy Studies as Fixed Versus Random Effects: Reply to Crits-Christoph, Tu, and Gallop (2003) and Serlin, Wampold, and Levin (2003).

In their comments on the authors' article (see record 2003-10163-009), R. C. Serlin, B. E. Wampold, and J. R. Levin (see record 2003-10163-011) and P. Crits-Christoph, X. Tu, and R. Gallop (see record 2003-10163-010) took issue with the authors' suggestion to evaluate therapy studies with nested providers with a fixed model approach. In this rejoinder, the authors' comment on Serlin et al's critique by showing that their arguments do not apply, are based on misconceptions about the purpose and nature of statistical inference, or are based on flawed reasoning. The authors also comment on Crits-Christoph et al's critique by showing that the proposed approach is very similar to, but less inclusive than, their own suggestion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Misgivings about the Matching Familiar Figures Test: A brief reply to Block, Gjerde, and Block (1986).

This reply to a recent article by Block, Gjerde, and Block (1986) questioning the validity of the construct of reflection–impulsivity points to flaws in the logic of the authors' argument and the inferences drawn from their data. Additionally, the current author's data indicate that intellectually competent children are often shy and fearful. Finally, Block et al. must specify the meaning of "broad competence." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Déjà vu all over again: Re-revisiting the conceptual status of early word learning: Comment on Smith and Samuelson (2006).

The authors assert that L. B. Smith and L. Samuelson's (2006; see record 2006-20488-029) most recent critique of A. E. Booth, S. R. Waxman, and Y. T. Huang's (2005; see record 2005-05098-004) work missed its mark, deflecting attention from the important theoretical difference between the two sets of authors' positions and focusing instead on imagined differences and minor expositional complaints. The authors' goal in this response is twofold. First, they aim to redirect attention to the 1 clear difference between the 2 theoretical positions regarding word learning, a difference that is focused on the role of conceptual (in conjunction with perceptual) information in word learning. Second, they place L. B. Smith and L. Samuelson's (2006) current critique in the context of previous exchanges. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality traits change in adulthood: Reply to Costa and McCrae (2006).

In a response to comments by P. T. Costa, Jr., and R. R. McCrae (see record 2006-00818-002) on the current authors' original article (see record 2006-00818-001), the authors show that Costa and McCrae's writings on personality suggest a belief in immutability of personality traits. The authors agree with Costa and McCrae that new personality trait models that provide an accurate lower order structure of personality traits are needed and explain why the Revised NEO Personality Inventory is not the correct model for that purpose. The authors provide direct evidence refuting the hypothesis that personality traits change only because of biologically based intrinsic maturation. The authors present arguments supporting the contention that meta-analyses should be preferred to single longitudinal studies when drawing inferences about general patterns of personality development. Finally, the authors point out why the differences between their position and Costa and McCrae's are important. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The irony of cultural psychology research.

Responds to R. E. Erard's comments (see record 2009-13007-011) on the current authors' original article (see record 2008-12151-002) which reviewed a number of studies that identified cultural differences in the use and effect of different types of social support among Asians and Asian Americans and European Americans. Essentially, in his comment, Erard denied the validity of research examining cultural differences. The authors strongly believe that the issues concerning within-culture variation do not nullify the importance of conducting research on culturally based psychological and behavioral patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Diversity is a compelling interest, and affirmative action is an important strategy for achieving it.

Responds to comments made by Pipes (see record 2007-01685-011) and Kuncel and Sackett (see record 2007-01685-012) on the current authors' original article (see record 2006-01690-003). The current authors respond to the various points raised in the commenting articles, and suggest that diversity is a compelling interest and affirmative action is one means of achieving it. They stand by their original challenge, with the caveat that they do recognize that some tests may predict certain educational outcomes with similar reliability across diverse populations. They suggest that an increase in diversity in psychology would promote a robust exchange of ideas and would be of value to all. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emerging Patterns of Practice in the Era of Managed Care: Reply.

Responds to the comments of Crespi (2004), Suarez (2004), and Salyer (2004) concerning the authors' original article (see record 2003-03405-005) examining the implications for psychological practice and training in the era of managed care. In response to Crespi, the authors agree that school psychology is an important area of practice, given the contention that schools are responsible for providing 75% of mental health services to children. Reimbursement within educational contexts was not reviewed, largely because the relevant information was not available within the literature. However, the authors encourage efforts to continue to disseminate information regarding a largely unexplored issue that may have important implications for children. The authors also agree with Suarez and Salyer that the value of direct and personal experience should not be overlooked. Those in private practice may indeed face challenges in dealing with managed care with which the current authors do not have personal experience. However, it should be clear that the aim of the original research was to critically evaluate the current literature and to determine what is known and unknown about managed care and to point out alternative views and systems worthy of consideration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Article-reading behavior of psychologists: A reply to Cohen.

Comments on the original article by L. H. Cohen (see record 1981-03972-001), in which Cohen compares his data to that of the current authors' earlier data on the extent to which clinical psychologists read research materials for their work. The current authors offer possible explanations for the discrepancies between the two articles' data. Additionally, they suggest that the possibility that clinical psychologists expose themselves less frequently to the research literature than do psychologists in general could have disturbing implications for the field of clinical psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Whiplash injuries and the potential for mechanical instability

Whiplash injury to the cervical spine is poorly understood. Symptoms often do not correlate to the clinical findings. It has been hypothesized that the long-term clinical symptoms associated with whiplash have their basis in mechanical derangement of the cervical spine caused at the time of trauma. Before such a hypothesis can be proven, one needs to document and quantify the soft tissue injuries of the cervical spine in whiplash. The purpose of the study was to quantify the mechanical changes that occur in the cervical spine specimen as a result of experimental whiplash trauma. Utilizing a whiplash trauma model, injuries to human cadaveric cervical spine specimens (C0-T1 or C0-C7) were produced by increasingly severe traumas. The flexibility tests determined the motion changes at each intervertebral level in response to 1.0 Nm pure flexion-extension moment. Parameters of range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) were determined before and after each trauma. Significant flexibility increases first occurred in the lower cervical spine after 4.5-g rear-end (anteriorly directed) acceleration of the T1 vertebra. At this acceleration magnitude, extension ROM and NZ at C5-C6 increased (P < 0.05) by 98% and 160% respectively. There was also a tendency (P < 0. 1) for the extension NZ at C0-C1 and C6-C7 levels to increase after the 6.5-g acceleration by 52% and 241% respectively. There were no such tendencies for the ROM parameter. We have identified the threshold and sites of whiplash injury to the cervical spine. This information should help the clinician make more precise diagnoses in the case of whiplash trauma patients.     

Response to Drs. Horvath and Fekken.

Responds to comments by P. Horvath (see record 2007-09683-001) and G. C. Fekken (see record 2007-09684-001) on the current authors' original article entitled The Research Base, Psychometric Properties and Clinical Uses of the MMPI-2 (see record 1992-25725-001). Horvath and Fekken have made a substantial contribution to the evolution of MMPI-based assessment by providing thoughtful evaluations of key issues in the revision. We appreciate both their endorsement of the improved aspects as well as the questions and critiques they skillfully raise. In the limited space allotted to us, we will try to respond to the major issues. Both Horvath and Fekken, while noting the ways in which MMPI-2 improves the original instrument, point out apparent deficiencies in the original instrument that were not eliminated. The current authors contend that regardless of its psychometric ugliness and somewhat archaic aspects, the MMPI has worked extremely well as a screening instrument for psychopathology. Second, Fekken raises an important concern about the validity of the MMPI-2. Two published studies are cited to debate this critique. Third, Fekken cites the work of Duckworth which reports apparent "differences" between the profiles of some participants who took both the original and revised MMPI. Unfortunately, Duckworth's report fails to address a fundamental prerequisite of experimental design: the test-retest variable. Fourth, Horvath, in his critique of the original MMPI, questions validity generalization. However, the cited research did not study the original MMPI instrument but rather an abbreviated derivation or approximation of the test, the Minimult, which utilizes only 81 of the original MMPI items. Fifth, both Horvath and Fekken note that there are additional aspects about the revision process, the psychometric properties, and the applicability of the MMPI-2 that were not addressed in our original article. These are significant issues that deserve a much more detailed response than we can render in this brief response. However, these issues have been and continue to be addressed in the research literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Whiplash" injury of the cervical spine: value of modern diagnostic imaging

"Whiplash injuries" are frequent sequelae of motor vehicle accidents. While conventional imaging methods such as X-ray, including special and functional lateral projections, continue to be the first-choice evaluation methods, they frequently do not reveal injuries to the soft tissues. Cross-sectional methods such as CT and MRT may therefore be indicated for further workup in given clinical situations. In this paper the role of the entire spectrum of imaging methods is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on so-called functional CT, which allows detection of rotational instabilities of the upper cervical spine. These are difficult to evaluate clinically or by standard imaging studies, yet they may be a frequent cause of chronic whiplash syndrome. Furthermore, some results of morphologic studies of the alar ligaments by MRT are presented. Although experience to date is limited, it is likely that MRT of the occipitocervical junction region due to its potential to reveal exquisite anatomical detail, will gain in importance in the future.     

Validity generalization and situational specificity: A second look at the 75% rule and Fisher's z transformation.

We analyzed the James, Demaree, and Mulaik (1986) critique of validity generalization, contending that the work (a) is not relevant to the real-world use of validity generalization in organizations, (b) has overlooked the bulk of the evidence against the situational specificity hypothesis, and (c) has confused the processes of hypothesis testing and parameter estimation in validity generalization and has made incorrect statements about the assumptions underlying both. In addition, the critique of the 75% rule is a statistical power argument; the procedures for use of confidence intervals are erroneous; there is no double correction of artifacts in validity generalization; the bias in the correlation (r) and the sampling error formula for r is well-known, trivial in magnitude, and has no empirical significance; and the use of the Fisher's z transformation of r in validity generalization studies and other meta-analyses creates an unnecessary inflationary bias in estimates of true validities and provides no benefits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On models and assumptions: A reply to Smith.

Responds to E. R. Smith's (see record 1979-25963-001) critique of the present authors' (see record 1978-31808-001) model depicting the effects of dating, thought, reality constraints, and initial love on current feelings of love toward an individual one has dated. The present authors conclude that (a) their analysis was appropriate given their assumptions, (b) their assumptions are tentative, and (c) their conclusions would still be reasonable even admitting Smith's alternative assumptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Disturbed eye movements after whiplash due to injuries to the posture control system

Self-reports after whiplash often indicate associations with vertigo and reading problems. Neuropsychological and otoneurological tests were applied to a group of whiplash patients (n = 26) and to a carefully matched control group. The whiplash group deviated from the control group on measures of eye movements during reading, on smooth pursuit eye movements with the head in normal position, and with the body turned to the left or to the right. Clinical, caloric, and neurophysiological tests showed no injury to the vestibular system or to the CNS. Test results suggest that injuries to the neck due to whiplash can cause distortion of the posture control system as a result of disorganized neck proprioceptive activity.     

Dizziness from whiplash and head injury: differences between whiplash and head injury

OBJECTIVE: Large discrepancies exist in the literature regarding incidence and types of symptomatology in whiplash. This is because of the evolution of whiplash injury over the years with the advent of head rests and seat belts. Previous authors have regarded symptoms of dizziness as a result of brainstem or cerebellar injury or both. It has been difficult in those studies to ascribe a mechanism of injury, as patients with whiplash injury only have been grouped with those who have incurred mild traumatic brain injury as a result of a significant blow to the head. The authors saw the need to delineate patients who had suffered whiplash injury from those who also had suffered mild head injury, as defined in the rehabilitation-neurosurgical literature, to attempt to define differences in symptoms, abnormalities, and mechanisms of recovery in these two groups. STUDY DESIGN: The study design was a retrospective case review. SETTING: The study was conducted at a tertiary-quaternary referral clinic. PATIENTS: The records of 36 patients were reviewed. Nineteen of these patients suffered a whiplash-associated disorder and 17 suffered a mild head injury as well. These patients were referred for assessment of symptoms persisting for at least 2 years after their injury. Patients were excluded if they had not completed clinical assessment, including electronystagmography (ENG) and computerized dynamic posturography (CDP). INTERVENTIONS: A full history, otolaryngologic examination, including assessment of eye movements, corneal reflexes and gait, as well as an investigation, including ENG and CDP, and history taking and detailed recording of related complaints immediately before diagnostic work-up were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptoms reported by patients who had received either whiplash alone or whiplash plus mild head trauma as defined in the literature were measured. Patients were classified according to type of accident, type of injury suffered, and degree and nature of posturographic abnormalities. RESULTS: Patients often have similar complaints regardless of whether or not they had suffered a head injury. Although CDP showed abnormalities in both groups, standard ENG assessment, including caloric testing, showed abnormalities only in the head-injured group. The posturographic abnormalities also were analyzed in both groups, and it was found that there was a correlation between the type of posturographic abnormality and the type of injury suffered. Although ENG testing is done routinely, posturography is shown to be more sensitive in picking up abnormalities. In addition, the authors have shown that posturography can delineate the type of injury suffered by exhibiting the compensation strategy used as well as the efficacy of that compensation strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Because ENG abnormalities are limited to patients who have suffered a head injury, the inference is that these two groups of patients have suffered damage at different sites along the balance system pathways, but both of these lesions can lead to similar symptoms. Although the mechanisms of whiplash injury and how they affect the vestibular system are poorly understood, posturography testing is essential in inferring how a patient is recovering by measuring how and how well the patient is overcoming his or her deficit. This has important medical legal implications regarding legitimizing a patient's problem, prognostic factors, as well as rehabilitation plans, measures, and outcomes.     

But interactionists do believe in peoplep Response to Krauskopf.

Argues that C. J. Krauskopf, in his 1978 critique of the authors' (see record 1977-08283-001) person–situation interaction model, does not seem to understand the distinctions the authors made among different conceptualizations regarding interactional psychology nor has he kept abreast of the latest developments in the field. It is felt that he misinterprets what the authors said about trait theory and has failed to appreciate the emphasis on person factors, even with respect to the situational component in interactionism. New strategies need to be developed in order to conduct productive research on modern conceptualizations of interactionism. Interactionists do believe in people. It is concluded that Krauskopf's article does not contribute to a fruitful and further discussion of personality theory and research. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)