Edge computing technologies for Internet of Things: a primer

With the rapid development of mobile internet and Internet of Things applications, the conventional centralized cloud computing is encountering severe challenges, such as high latency, low Spectral Efficiency (SE), and non-adaptive machine type of communication. Motivated to solve these challenges, a new technology is driving a trend that shifts the function of centralized cloud computing to edge devices of networks. Several edge computing technologies originating from different backgrounds to decrease latency, improve SE, and support the massive machine type of communication have been emerging. This paper comprehensively presents a tutorial on three typical edge computing technologies, namely mobile edge computing, cloudlets, and fog computing. In particular, the standardization efforts, principles, architectures, and applications of these three technologies are summarized and compared. From the viewpoint of radio access network, the differences between mobile edge computing and fog computing are highlighted, and the characteristics of fog computing-based radio access network are discussed. Finally, open issues and future research directions are identified as well.     

Dynamic handover algorithm with interference cancellation in 5G networks for emergency communication

The integration of 5G networks with cognitive radio (CR) technology enables the software‐defined networking (SDN) infrastructure to support emergency applications. In future, CR can be integrated with 5G and many wireless networks like Wi‐Fi, WSN, and MANET for efficient spectrum utilization with higher data rate and lower latency. This CR technology allows unlicensed users to access the licensed spectrum, whenever it is free. In this paper, an efficient SDN architecture with cognitive ability for emergency network is proposed in which the SDN controller prolong communication between disaster victims and first responders and so the first responders can arrive at the spot directly and rescue the victims. The SDN controller has cognitive ability so that the victims can utilize the vacant licensed band to communicate with the first responders, thereby improving the spectrum utilization of the network. Another two main challenges during emergency are the occurrence of interference and link failure. The proposed dynamic handover algorithm with interference cancellation (DHAIC) cancels the interference between the nodes inside the network and performs dynamic handoff, whenever link failure occurs between the cluster head (CH) and the controller. An optimum throughput and minimal delay is achieved to ensure the network performance.     

Evolution of Optical Transport Networks and Their Solution in 3G Networks

As new generation mobile networks, 3G networks focus on data services and integrate voice, data and multimedia services. However, traditional Optical Transport Networks (OTNs) cannot meet the requirements of 3G networks anymore, because of their complicated configuration, low bandwidth efficiency, high cost, and bad network and service scalability. The emerging of Multi-Service Transport Platform (MSTP), Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), and Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON) technologies for optical fiber communications makes up for these weaknesses. The leading solution to 3G access transport networks is the MSTP technology based on Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), while that to 3G core transport network is ASON+WDM.     

Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Resource Management for Future Wireless Communications: A Survey

How to explore and exploit the full potential of artificial intelligence(AI)technologies in future wireless communications such as beyond 5G(B5G)and 6G is an extremely hot inter-disciplinary research topic around the world.On the one hand,AI empowers intelligent resource management for wireless communications through powerful learning and automatic adaptation capabilities.On the other hand,embracing AI in wireless communication resource management calls for new network architecture and system models as well as standardized interfaces/protocols/data formats to facilitate the large-scale deployment of AI in future B5G/6G networks.This paper reviews the state-of-art AI-empowered resource management from the framework perspective down to the methodology perspective,not only considering the radio resource(e.g.,spectrum)management but also other types of resources such as computing and caching.We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for AI-based resource management to widely deploy AI in future wireless communication networks.     

Incorporating diversity in cloud-computing: a novel paradigm and architecture for enhancing the performance of future cloud radio access networks

Wireless Networks - The incorporation of cloud computing in cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) implies that drawbacks of existing cloud platforms influence wireless network performance. Two of...     

A trust mechanism-based channel assignment and routing scheme in cognitive wireless mesh networks with intrusion detection

Cognitive Wireless Mesh Networks (CWMN) is a novel wireless network which combines the advantage of Cognitive Radio (CR) and wireless mesh networks. CWMN can realize seamless integration of heterogeneous wireless networks and achieve better radio resource utilization. However, it is particularly vulnerable due to its features of open medium, dynamic spectrum, dynamic topology, and multi-top routing, etc.. Being a dynamic positive security strategy, intrusion detection can provide powerful safeguard to CWMN. In this paper, we introduce trust mechanism into CWMN with intrusion detection and present a trust establishment model based on intrusion detection. Node trust degree and the trust degree of data transmission channels between nodes are defined and an algorithm of calculating trust degree is given based on distributed detection of attack to networks. A channel assignment and routing scheme is proposed, in which selects the trusted nodes and allocates data channel with high trust degree for the transmission between neighbor nodes to establish a trusted route. Simulation results indicate that the scheme can vary channel allocation and routing dynamically according to network security state so as to avoid suspect nodes and unsafe channels, and improve the packet safe delivery fraction effectively.     

Evolution and standardization of the smart antenna system for software defined radio

Transitioning proprietary or legacy software defined radio networks to open architectures, while often complicated, is increasingly critical to improve the interoperability and compatibility among SDR networks and the subsystems within those networks as well. With this in mind, two consortia, the SDR Forum and the Object Management Group, have teamed to define an open Smart Antenna specification. This specification defines a model (including an API) that simplifies the integration of an SA subsystem into a traditional SDR network. The specification is called the "Platform Independent Model (PIM) and Platform Specific Model (PSM) for the Smart Antenna" or "SA API specification." This article introduces the SA API, which provides a standard model and standard service of the SA system operating in SDR networks.     

CRAHNs: Cognitive radio ad hoc networks

Cognitive radio (CR) technology is envisaged to solve the problems in wireless networks resulting from the limited available spectrum and the inefficiency in the spectrum usage by exploiting the existing wireless spectrum opportunistically. CR networks, equipped with the intrinsic capabilities of the cognitive radio, will provide an ultimate spectrum-aware communication paradigm in wireless communications. CR networks, however, impose unique challenges due to the high fluctuation in the available spectrum as well as diverse quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Specifically, in cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), the distributed multi-hop architecture, the dynamic network topology, and the time and location varying spectrum availability are some of the key distinguishing factors. In this paper, intrinsic properties and current research challenges of the CRAHNs are presented. First, novel spectrum management functionalities such as spectrum sensing, spectrum sharing, and spectrum decision, and spectrum mobility are introduced from the viewpoint of a network requiring distributed coordination. A particular emphasis is given to distributed coordination between CR users through the establishment of a common control channel. Moreover, the influence of these functions on the performance of the upper layer protocols, such as the network layer, and transport layer protocols are investigated and open research issues in these areas are also outlined. Finally, a new direction called the commons model is explained, where CRAHN users may independently regulate their own operation based on pre-decided spectrum etiquette.     

基于5G小基站的无线接入网开放架构及分析

无线接入网开放分为架构开放和能力开放,为应对5G高频段部署带来的室内覆盖及高成本问题,基于开放架构的5G有源小基站值得深入研究,同时基于开放架构有助于实现无线接入网的能力开放。首先介绍了符合开放架构的5G扩展型小基站的基本架构,然后分别从公众网络和虚拟专网两方面论述了5G扩展型小基站的两个不同应用场景,最后给出了面向室内场景建立统一计算环境的架构及展望。     

A synchronous engine for wireless sensor networks

The development and deployment of robust and highly populated Wireless Sensor Networks require addressing a wide variety of challenges. Among them, the synchronization and energy management of the nodes composing the network have been identified as two of the main challenges to be addressed. In this paper, we follow a cross-layer approach by defining a synchronous engine built across the radio and MAC and network layers. The design of our proposal has been based on the results of our previous research efforts dealing with various experimental platforms and experimental trials.     

下一代增值业务的运营管理

综合业务平台可以很好的解决传统垂直化的业务管理系统给运营商在运营管理上所带来的诸多弊端。通过引入该平台,并将现网增值业务向该平台集成,能够为全业务运营商的业务网络转型和网络融合提供解决的途径。     

SDN/NFV‐based handover management approach for ultradense 5G mobile networks

With the great increase of connected devices and new types of applications, mobile networks are witnessing exponential growth of traffic volume. To meet emerging requirements, it is widely agreed that the fifth‐generation mobile network will be ultradense and heterogeneous. However, the deployment of a high number of small cells in such networks poses challenges for the mobility management, including frequent, undesired, and ping‐pong handovers, not to mention issues related to increased delay and failure of the handover process. The adoption of software‐defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) technologies into 5G networks offers a new way to address the above‐mentioned challenges. These technologies offer tools and mechanisms to make networks flexible, programmable, and more manageable. The SDN has global network control ability so that various functions such as the handover control can be implemented in the SDN architecture to manage the handover efficiently. In this article, we propose a Software‐Defined Handover (SDHO) solution to optimize the handover in future 5G networks. In particular, we design a Software‐Defined Handover Management Engine (SDHME) to handle the handover control mechanism in 5G ultradense networks. The SDHME is defined in the application plane of the SDN architecture, executed by the control plane to orchestrate the data plane. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the conventional LTE handover strategy, the proposed approach significantly reduces the handover failure ratio and handover delay.     

Performance analysis for 5G beamforming heterogeneous networks

Wireless Networks - The heterogeneous network (HetNet) is an attractive solution to solve limited spectral efficiency, the increasing traffic demands, and crowded coverage. In 5G, massive...     

Routing for cognitive radio networks consisting of opportunistic links

Cognitive radio (CR) has been considered a key technology to enhance overall spectrum utilization by opportunistic transmissions in CR transmitter–receiver link(s). However, CRs must form a cognitive radio network (CRN) so that the messages can be forwarded from source to destination, on top of a number of opportunistic links from co‐existing multi‐radio systems. Unfortunately, appropriate routing in CRN of coexisting multi‐radio systems remains an open problem. We explore the fundamental behaviors of CR links to conclude three major challenges, and thus decompose general CRN into cognitive radio relay network (CRRN), CR uplink relay network, CR downlink relay network, and tunneling (or core) network. Due to extremely dynamic nature of CR links, traditional routing to maintain end‐to‐end routing table for ad hoc networks is not feasible. We locally build up one‐step forward table at each CR to proceed based on spectrum sensing to determine trend of paths from source to destination, while primary systems (PSs) follow original ways to forward packets like tunneling. From simulations over ad hoc with infrastructure network topology and random network topology, we demonstrate such simple routing concept known as CRN local on‐demand (CLOD) routing to be realistic at reasonable routing delay to route packets through. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种数字宽带新业务:广告点播

传统的广告模式为电视广告、户外广告、互联网广告以及报纸、广播等其他媒体承载广告。随着IPTV、3G基础网络的逐步建设，广告业务的进一步发掘已成为运营商、客户关注的焦点。当前的信息技术、网络环境、市场环境已经话合于发展一种新的广告模式：广告点播（AOD），相对于广告轮播，AOD有更强的互动性、针对性、灵活性。相对于视频点播（VOD），AOD主要采用广告客户买单的资费方式。使用灵活多样的接入终端。贴近了企业、商家及用户的需求，更适于在通信网络上应用。AOD将作为重要业务大力促进电信网络发展，提升运营商盈利能力。     

Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs): A survey

One of the most important design problems for multi-UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle) systems is the communication which is crucial for cooperation and collaboration between the UAVs. If all UAVs are directly connected to an infrastructure, such as a ground base or a satellite, the communication between UAVs can be realized through the in-frastructure. However, this infrastructure based communication architecture restricts the capabilities of the multi-UAV systems. Ad-hoc networking between UAVs can solve the problems arising from a fully infrastructure based UAV networks. In this paper, Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs) are surveyed which is an ad hoc network connecting the UAVs. The differences between FANETs, MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) and VANETs (Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks) are clarified first, and then the main FANET design challenges are introduced. Along with the existing FANET protocols, open research issues are also discussed.     

Service-aware 6G: An intelligent and open network based on the convergence of communication,computing and caching

With the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT), various services are emerging with totally different features and requirements, which cannot be supported by the current fifth generation of mobile cellular networks (5G). The future sixth generation of mobile cellular networks (6G) is expected to have the capability to support new and unknown services with changing requirements. Hence, in addition to enhancing its capability by 10–100 times compared with 5G, 6G should also be intelligent and open to adapt to the ever-changing services in the IoT, which requires a convergence of Communication, Computing and Caching (3C). Based on the analysis of the requirements of new services for 6G, this paper identifies key enabling technologies for an intelligent and open 6G network, all featured with 3C convergence. These technologies cover fundamental and emerging topics, including 3C-based spectrum management, radio channel construction, delay-aware transmission, wireless distributed computing, and network self-evolution. From the detailed analysis of these 3C-based technologies presented in this paper, we can see that although they are promising to enable an intelligent and open 6G, more efforts are needed to realize the expected 6G network.     

Towards the fulfillment of 5G network requirements: technologies and challenges

Future 5G networks are expected to have the capabilities of providing extremely high data rates, seamless coverage, massive number of connected devices, low latency, etc., in order to support the internet of things era. The dynamic performance of 5G networks is a key feature for controlling the dense and rapidly changing communication environment. Technical issues such as limited frequency resources, interference, energy consumption, and network management are the main challenges facing 5G networks. This article presents a comprehensive study of 5G networks architecture, technologies, challenges, and possible solutions based on recent advances in technology and research.     

基于5G+原生体系的运营商流量中台分析

基于5G移动网络提出流量中台，具体介绍了流量中台的架构。流量中台高度抽象了5G连接管理和流量精确控制功能，简化运营商原有的复杂IT接口，并结合了数据的人工智能分析。它支持无线功能的开箱即用，解决5G工业互联网应用开发者繁杂的无线连接开发问题。     

无线网状网技术与应用

无线网状网(WMNs)由网状路由器节点和客户机节点组成,其中的网状路由器节点组成了无线网状网的网络骨干,其移动性很小。他们一起为无线网状网和其他常规无线网络的客户机节点提供网络的无线接入。WMNs技术结合了中心式控制的蜂窝网与分布式控制的无线自组织网的优点,可有效克服这两种技术的缺陷并显著提高无线网络的性能,已经成为下一代无线通信网络的研究热点之一。WMNs可为无线个域网、局域网、校园网、城域网的一系列应用提供高速无线宽带接入服务。虽然目前WMNs技术发展很快,但其协议栈各层仍存在许多有待研究的课题。首先简要介绍了无线网状网的结构与特点;随后重点分析了其主要的几个应用领域;最后探讨了WMNs各协议层的研究现状与关键技术,并分析了该技术存在的问题及未来的研究方向。