基于多酸复合物的电化学生物传感器在食品分析中的研究进展

多金属氧酸盐（简称多酸,POMs）具有结构和组成多样、性能独特的优点,在电化学生物传感器领域被认为是一类很有前景的阴离子材料。将POMs与碳基材料、贵金属和金属有机框架等纳米材料制备成多酸复合物,可改善其导电能力和比表面积低等缺陷,并增强其电催化性能,使之在电化学生物传感器领域应用范围扩大。本文综述了近五年多酸复合物的电化学生物传感器的类型与制备方法,以及在食品分析领域中的研究进展,并讨论了其未来挑战和发展前景。     

复合型多金属氧酸盐的合成与应用

多金属氧酸盐(Polyoxometalates, POMs)是由高价态的过渡金属离子通过氧连接而成的一类多金属氧簇化合物，因其丰富的元素组成、可调控的多样结构及氧化还原活性，在催化、材料和医药等领域拥有广泛的应用。POMs在极性溶剂中通常有良好的溶解度，这导致其不易从反应体系分离。制备复合型POMs,一方面可以提高POMs的比表面积和稳定性，进而提高催化活性；另一方面可以降低POMs在极性溶剂中的溶解度，有利于回收及重复利用。主要综述了近年来复合型POMs的合成、性质及应用的研究现状。     

MOFs基电化学传感器及其重金属离子检测应用研究进展

现代工业化快速发展，重金属等环境污染严重影响公众健康和生态系统安全。基于MOFs及其复合材料的电化学传感系统是重金属污染物分析检测领域的研究热点。综述了基于MOFs及其复合材料的电化学传感器的构建及其在重金属离子检测中的应用研究进展，简要概述了MOFs材料的组成、结构、分类命名、制备技术、电化学传感优势性能等；探讨了MOFs/碳纳米材料、MOFs/金属纳米材料和MOFs/导电聚合物复合材料应用于电化学传感器的优势特性；详细讨论了MOFs基电化学传感器在Pb²⁺、Hg²⁺和Gd²⁺等重金属离子检测方面的应用研究进展；对MOFs基电化学传感器在重金属离子检测应用中的优势及存在的问题进行了分析，并对未来研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

无酶葡萄糖电化学传感器研究进展

随着现代科技水平的快速提高,酶基葡萄糖电化学传感器的诸多弊端逐渐显现出来,制约了葡萄糖电化学传感器行业的发展。为了克服酶基葡萄糖传感器的缺陷,不含生物成分的无酶葡萄糖传感器成为一种可行的替代方案。综述了代替葡萄糖氧化酶电催化葡萄糖的金属纳米材料（贵金属、过渡金属、金属氧化物等),以及基于这些材料的无酶葡萄糖传感器的研究...     

多酸基石墨相氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法研究进展

多金属氧酸盐(POMs)是一种结构可调且催化性能优异的均相催化材料,其在溶剂中的溶解性限制了它的应用。石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)是一种聚合物半导体材料,具有廉价、无金属元素、能带结构可调等优点。将POMs固载于g-C_3N_4上构筑多酸基石墨相氮化碳(POMs/g-C_3N_4)异相催化剂,不仅能够解决POMs不能重复使用的限制,同时也能调变g-C_3N_4的能带,扩展其应用范围。本论文综述了多酸基石墨相氮化碳纳米材料常见的制备方法。     

基于石墨烯/金纳米材料的生物传感应用

石墨烯是一种导电性强、比表面积大,结构力学稳定性好的新型二维纳米材料。金纳米材料是一种高催化效率和高抗氧化性的电催化剂。将石墨烯与金纳米材料复合,两者的比表面积增大、导电性增强,从而增强了电化学生物传感器的电子传导和灵敏度。因此,石墨烯-金纳米复合物被广泛应用于各种电化学生物传感器中。本文简单介绍了合成石墨烯-金纳米复合物的三种方法,并对石墨烯-金纳米复合物在电化学生物传感器方面的应用进行了综述。     

二维结构石墨烯基生物传感器的研究进展

石墨烯是严格意义上的二维材料,具有出色的光学、力学、电学和热学性能,石墨烯基材料也已广泛应用于不同领域。综述了基于石墨烯二维结构的电化学生物传感器的研究进展,主要包括酶传感器、免疫传感器、DNA传感器,同时探讨了石墨烯基材料制备和发展过程中的挑战。     

纳米MOFs及其衍生物在超级电容器中的研究进展

金属有机框架（MOFs）材料因其大的比表面积、可调控的孔道结构和丰富的活性位点引起了国内外学者们的广泛关注。近年来MOFs基材料广泛应用于能量储存与转化领域,但大多数MOFs基材料的低稳定性和低导电性等缺陷限制了其实际应用。通过对MOFs基材料进行改性,如采用共轭度高的有机配体以增加MOFs材料的稳定性,或MOFs衍生物以提高其氧化还原活性位点和导电性,从而达到提高MOFs基电极材料的电化学性能。主要介绍了原始MOFs及其衍生材料如碳材料、金属氧化物、金属硫化物、金属氢氧化物和金属磷化物等在超级电容器电极材料中的最新研究进展。研究表明,多金属MOFs材料或多金属MOFs衍生物有利于提高电极材料的电化学性能,而导电MOFs材料或MOFs衍生物中的碳材料有利于提高电极材料的导电性。最后对MOFs基电极材料在电化学储能领域中的研究做出了展望,指出MOFs基材料的形貌、组分和导电性是未来研究的发展方向。     

核壳型石墨烯金属纳米复合材料的研究进展

介绍了石墨烯、石墨烯复合材料及核壳型石墨烯金属纳米复合材料的性质及用途,分析了核壳型石墨烯金属纳米复合材料在小分子生物、电化学、催化、防腐、吸附、导热材料等领域的应用前景,综述了核壳结构的石墨烯金属纳米复合材料的研究进展、合成方法及应用机理,展望了核壳型石墨烯金属纳米复合材料在处理水体污染和电化学传感器检测领域的发展前景。     

电化学生物传感器在胆固醇检测中的研究进展

随着全球突然死亡率和冠心病(CHD)的逐年增加,与之相关的胆固醇水平检测显得越来越重要。基于电化学生物传感器的高灵敏度,价格适宜,操作方便等优点,其常被用于胆固醇浓度的检测。本文总结了导电材料、金属纳米材料和其他功能材料在胆固醇电化学生物传感器研制方面的研究进展。     

石墨烯及其复合材料在电化学领域的应用

石墨烯具有2D碳结构、高结晶度和电学性能,其出现开辟了材料科学和凝固态物理新的研究领域。本文综述了石墨烯的制备方法以及在电催化、电化学传感器、超级电容器、锂离子电池、太阳能电池等电化学领域的应用。     

水滑石纳米材料特性及其在电化学生物传感器方面的应用

阐述了水滑石纳米材料结构和性能之间的关系及近年来水滑石纳米材料在电化学生物传感器方面应用的最新进展。重点介绍了水滑石纳米材料在吸附生物酶制备电化学传感器、水滑石纳米片固定生物酶制备电化学传感器、水滑石纳米片固定其它活性组分制备电化学传感器、水滑石自构筑电化学传感器等方面的应用。着重对水滑石纳米材料制备电化学传感器的机理和制备方法进行了系统概述。提出了水滑石纳米材料构筑电化学生物传感器应用研究的发展趋势：对水滑石纳米材料进行多层、多组分、微型化和阵列化等多样化设计,指出高选择性和高灵敏度检测是未来新型电化学生物传感器应用研究的主要发展方向。     

Gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors

The unique properties of gold nanoparticles to provide a suitable microenvironment for biomolecules immobilization retaining their biological activity, and to facilitate electron transfer between the immobilized proteins and electrode surfaces, have led to an intensive use of this nanomaterial for the construction of electrochemical biosensors with enhanced analytical performance with respect to other biosensor designs. Recent advances in this field are reviewed in this article. The advantageous operational characteristics of the biosensing devices designed making use of gold nanoparticles are highlighted with respect to non-nanostructured biosensors and some illustrative examples are commented. Electrochemical enzyme biosensors including those using hybrid materials with carbon nanotubes and polymers, sol-gel matrices, and layer-by-layer architectures are considered. Moreover, electrochemical immunosensors in which gold nanoparticles play a crucial role in the electrode transduction enhancement of the affinity reaction as well as in the efficiency of immunoreagents immobilization in a stable mode are reviewed. Similarly, recent advances in the development of DNA biosensors using gold nanoparticles to improve DNA immobilization on electrode surfaces and as suitable labels to improve detection of hybridization events are considered. Finally, other biosensors designed with gold nanoparticles oriented to electrically contact redox enzymes to electrodes by a reconstitution process and to the study of direct electron transfer between redox proteins and electrode surfaces have also been treated.     

Review on carbon-derived,solid-state,micro and nano sensors for electrochemical sensing applications

The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant contributions in the development of electrochemical sensors based on carbon materials in the recent years. There have been increasing numbers of reports on the first application of carbon derived materials for the preparation of an electrochemical sensor. These include carbon nanotubes, diamond like carbon films and diamond film-based sensors demonstrating that the particular structure of these carbon material and their unique properties make them a very attractive material for the design of electrochemical biosensors and gas sensors.Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have become one of the most extensively studied nanostructures because of their unique properties. CNT can enhance the electrochemical reactivity of important biomolecules and can promote the electron-transfer reactions of proteins (including those where the redox center is embedded deep within the glycoprotein shell). In addition to enhanced electrochemical reactivity, CNT-modified electrodes have been shown useful to be coated with biomolecules (e.g., nucleic acids) and to alleviate surface fouling effects (such as those involved in the NADH oxidation process). The remarkable sensitivity of CNT conductivity with the surface adsorbates permits the use of CNT as highly sensitive nanoscale sensors. These properties make CNT extremely attractive for a wide range of electrochemical sensors ranging from amperometric enzyme electrodes to DNA hybridization biosensors. Recently, a CNT sensor based fast diagnosis method using non-treated blood assay has been developed for specific detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) (human liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma caused by hepatitis B virus). The linear detection limits for HBV plasma is in the range 0.5–3.0 µL^? 1 and for anti-HBVs 0.035–0.242 mg/mL in a 0.1 M NH₄H₂PO₄ electrolyte solution. These detection limits enables early detection of HBV infection in suspected serum samples. Therefore, non-treated blood serum can be directly applied for real-time sensitive detection in medical diagnosis as well as in direct in vivo monitoring.Synthetic diamond has been recognized as an extremely attractive material for both (bio-) chemical sensing and as an interface to biological systems. Synthetic diamond have outstanding electrochemical properties, superior chemical inertness and biocompatibility. Recent advances in the synthesis of highly conducting nanocrystalline-diamond thin films and nano wires have lead to an entirely new class of electrochemical biosensors and bio-inorganic interfaces. In addition, it also combines with development of new chemical approaches to covalently attach biomolecules on the diamond surface also contributed to the advancement of diamond-based biosensors. The feasibility of a capacitive field-effect EDIS (electrolyte-diamond-insulator-semiconductor) platform for multi-parameter sensing is demonstrated with an O-terminated nanocrystalline-diamond (NCD) film as transducer material for the detection of pH and penicillin concentration. This has also been extended for the label-free electrical monitoring of adsorption and binding of charged macromolecules. One more recent study demonstrated a novel bio-sensing platform, which is introduced by combination of a) geometrically controlled DNA bonding using vertically aligned diamond nano-wires and b) the superior electrochemical sensing properties of diamond as transducer material. Diamond nano-wires can be a new approach towards next generation electrochemical gene sensor platforms.This review highlights the advantages of these carbon materials to promote different electron transfer reactions specially those related to biomolecules. Different strategies have been applied for constructing carbon material-based electrochemical sensors, their analytical performance and future prospects are discussed.     

Controlling the Molecular Assembly of Polyoxometalates from the Nano to the Micron Scale: Molecules to Materials

Polyoxometalates (POMs) represent a class of metal-oxide units based upon oxides of Mo, W, V, and Nb. Such cluster building blocks can also be subsequently self-organized in complex 1D, 2D, and 3D frameworks leading to functional materials with diverse properties that span size ranges from 1 to 7 nm in terms of the size of the largest molecular units/clusters. However, since the cluster building blocks have great structural flexibility, the design of architectures is non-trivial due to the sensitive dependence on reaction parameters such as pH, cation type, temperature, templating and linking units, ionic strength, redox agents. Therefore, the ability to control the aggregation or linking of the building blocks to give pre-defined structure-types as well as engineering the physical properties — for example, optical, electronic, catalytic activity/reactivity — is a tremendous challenge. In this review we survey our work from the control/design point of view and show how it is becoming possible to control the assembly of POM-based architectures. We also describe the polyoxometalate-based molecules-to-material transformations that can be seen as an osmotically driven crystal morphogenesis producing tubular architectures. This can be described as a new type of emergent phenomenon.     

LiCoO2材料的电化学制备及回收研究进展

LiCoO₂电池自商业化以来,在人们的生产和生活中发挥重要作用。电化学法具有简单、高效、环保等特点,被广泛应用于LiCoO₂材料的制备和回收。综述了电化学法制备和回收LiCoO₂材料的研究现状,重点阐述了电化学制备LiCoO₂材料的方法、原理及产物的电化学性能等,以期为电化学方法在制备和回收LiCoO₂材料领域的发展提供基础。     

Assembly of Polyoxometalate-Based Composite Materials

This paper is a review the polyoxometalate-based composite materials, including polyoxometalate incorporated Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett, layer-by-layer multilayers and novel honeycomb films, self-assembly structures of modified polyoxometalate complexes (e.g., onion-like structures, new inorganic–organic–inorganic vesicles, thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystalline structures, gels), and amino acid- and protein-polyoxometalate nanorods and nanoparticles. Polyoxometalate-embedded layer-by-layer multilayer films show electrocatalytic or photochemical activity; and, novel photoluminescent honeycomb films templated by microwater droplets are reviewed. Inorganic–organic–inorganic hybrid vesicles display the potential as nano-switches. In addition, amino acid- and protein-polyoxometalate composite nanostructures indicate potential antimicrobial applications. Therefore, the polyoxometalate-based composite materials have promising applications in electrochemistry, photochemistry and biomedicine.     

Sensors and biosensors based on clay-modified electrodes—new trends

Clay-modified electrodes (CLMEs) have received attention in the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. This article reviews the use of CLME for these electroanalytical purposes. It includes an introduction to the structure of cationic and anionic clays, an overview of electron transfer occurring at CLME, and of the different modes of preparation of CLME. The analytical applications reported for CLME range from the preconcentration method applied to the detection of cationic species (i.e., metal cations) or organic molecules (i.e., water pollutants and drugs), to electrocatalytic sensors involving intercalated redox mediators in the electrochemical detection process, and finally to amperometric and potentiometric biosensors. Several enzymes have been immobilized within clay matrices and amperometric biosensors based on CLME are presented following the three modes of detection referred to as first, second, and third generation of biosensors, depending on the nature of the enzymes.     

三维有序大孔(3DOM)材料的制备与应用

三维有序大孔(3DOM)材料具有孔径均一、排列有序和孔间贯通的独特结构,近年引起广泛关注。介绍了采用胶晶模板法制备3DOM材料的方法,综述了3DOM材料在电极材料、电化学生物传感器、光子晶体和催化化工等领域的研究应用,指出3DOM结构在金属氧化物脱硫领域的巨大优势。