Effect of shaft misalignment and friction force on time varying mesh stiffness of spur gear pair

Shaft misalignment and sliding friction between meshing teeth are considered as primary excitation to generate vibrations and extra dynamic loads on transmitting gear teeth. Time varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) is an important parameter to understand the dynamics of meshing gear pair. Potential energy method is one of the most acceptable methods to calculate TVMS. This paper proposes a computer simulation based approach to study the effect of shaft misalignment and friction on total effective mesh stiffness for spur gear pair. The results showed clearly that misalignment and friction affect TVMS of gear pair. The effect of misalignment and friction has also been studied for cracked gear pair and results are discussed.     

考虑延长啮合时齿轮参数振动稳定性研究

考虑因轮齿受载弹性变形引起的轮齿延长啮合效应时,将使得啮合刚度随时间变化形式发生改变,而这一变化对于系统的动态特性产生重要影响.在考虑轮齿延长啮合时齿轮参数振动稳定性的变化情况,首先建立齿轮副参数振动分析模型,进而研究了系统稳定性分析方法,主要是状态转移矩阵的确定和稳定性判据;在此基础上,以实际应用的高速重载齿轮副为例讨论了延长啮合与否系统稳定区间的变化情况,同时还考虑了系统阻尼的影响.研究结果表明;轮齿延长啮合作用使得低转速和高转速范围内的各不稳定区减小,而对于中等转速范围内,考虑延长啮合使得不稳定区变大.     

Analytical model for mesh stiffness calculation of spur gear pair with non-uniformly distributed tooth root crack

Gear tooth crack is likely to happen when a gear transmission train is working under excessive and/or long-term dynamic loads. Its appearance will reduce the effective tooth thickness for load carrying, and thus cause a reduction in mesh stiffness and influence the dynamic responses of the gear transmission system, which enables the possibility for gear fault detection from variations of the dynamic features. Accurate mesh stiffness calculation is required for improving the prediction accuracy of the dynamic features with respect to the tooth crack fault. In this paper, an analytical mesh stiffness calculation model for non-uniformly distributed tooth root crack along tooth width is proposed based on previous studies. It enables a good prediction on the mesh stiffness for a spur gear pair with both incipient and larger tooth cracks. This method is verified by comparisons with other analytical models and finite element model (FEM) in previous papers. Finally, a dynamic model of a gear transmission train is developed to simulate the dynamic responses when cracks with different dimensions are seeded in a gear tooth, which could reveal the effect of the tooth root crack on the dynamic responses of the gear transmission system. The results indicate that both the mesh stiffness and the dynamic response results show that the proposed analytical model is an alternative method for mesh stiffness calculation of cracked spur gear pairs with a good accuracy for both small and large cracks.     

Meshing characteristics of spur gear pair under different crack types

The effects of three different gear crack types such as, for example, the crack along tooth width uniformly and the crack propagating in the depth direction (crack type 1, CT1), the crack along tooth width non-uniformly and the crack propagating in both the depth and the tooth width directions (crack type 2, CT2), and the spatial crack propagating in the depth, the tooth width and the tooth profile directions (crack type 3, CT3) on the time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) of spur gear pairs are investigated in this study. Firstly, an analytical model for studying these three types of cracks is established based on potential energy method. A finite element (FE) model of the cracked spur gear pair is also built in the ANSYS software as well. In order to verify the analytical method, the TVMS obtained from analytical method is compared with that obtained from FE method under different crack types. Moreover, the effects of the depth, the length and the height of crack are discussed. The equivalent stress, contact pressure and displacement of tooth are also analyzed under different crack types by using the FE method. The results show that the effect of crack depth on TVMS is the largest, while that of the crack height is the smallest, and the non-penetrating crack for CT2 and CT3 will generate the non-uniform load distribution along tooth width.     

带齿轮副船舶推进轴系动态响应仿真研究

为更好分析及准确判断船用齿轮箱故障,以某江海直达货船推进轴系为研究对象,建立带齿轮副推进轴系的扭转振动模型,运用齿轮副时变啮合刚度理论计算方法,分析齿轮副在故障态下啮合刚度的变化,拓展传统推进轴系瞬态响应计算。基于有限元分析与信号处理软件得到考虑时变啮合刚度时正常态与故障态下带齿轮箱推进轴系瞬态响应频谱,并分析频谱中故障频率的成分与特点,为完整推进轴系齿轮副故障分析提供依据。     

Effects of gear center distance variation on time varying mesh stiffness of a spur gear pair

Gear center distance variation is one of the most common defects of gear transmission systems. The changes in the gear center distance as well as other faults (e.g. tooth crack, pitting) have a direct influence on the Time Varying Mesh Stiffness (TVMS) which further modifies gear vibration behaviors. Accurately estimating gear TVMS under fault conditions is crucial in gear vibration dynamic simulation. Common methods used to evaluate TVMS are generally based on the assumption that the gear pair is perfectly mounted and that all mesh points are at their theoretical positions. This assumption prevents these methods from modeling deviations in gear center distance. To address this shortcoming, this paper proposes a new gear mesh kinematic model that can evaluate the actual contact positions of tooth engagement with time varying gear mesh center distance. With the proposed kinematic model, the actual TVMS of both healthy and cracked gear teeth are computed under conditions of perfect mounting, constant gear center distance deviation, and also time-varying gear center distance. Numerical simulations indicate that gear center distance variation has a significant effect on gear TVMS. Comparison between the effect of multiple faults and summed individual effects on TVMS indicates that the TVMS modification due to multiple-faults do not appear to combine in a linear manner. The proposed model for actual TVMS enables gear system dynamic models to be used to study the effects of assembly errors, gear run-out errors, shaft bending, and bearing deformation on the vibration behavior of gear transmission systems.     

Characterisation of the conveying effect of turned radial shaft seal counter-surfaces using a simplified hydrodynamic simulation model

A typical sealing system for rotating shafts consists of the radial shaft sealing ring (RSS), the lubricant and the shaft counter-surface (SCS) of the rotating shaft. The properties of the machined surface of the SCS have an impact on the sealing system. The structural pattern of the SCS influences the lubricant flow along the axial direction. In this paper, a simplified micro scale hydrodynamic simulation model is presented in order to study and determine the axial flow of the lubricant induced by the SCS of the sealing system, isolated from the effects induced by the seal, to allow for a rating of the shaft surface. The influence of the seal was neglected to allow for a simplified simulation. Simulated shaft surfaces corresponding to different machining parameters of machined SCS are used as input. These variants of SCS were created using a kinematic model which simulates an ideal surface machining process of the shaft. A micro scale hydrodynamic simulation model is used to investigate the influence of machining parameters on the lubricant flow along the axial direction across the tribo-contact. From this investigation, the connection between parameters applied for machining of the SCS and conveying effects can be estimated. The simulation model is also validated with experimental results of hard turned shafts of different machining parameters. Differences between manufactured real surfaces and kinematically simulated surfaces are the cause of deviations between the results.

     

Time varying mesh stiffness calculation of spur gear pair considering sliding friction and spalling defects

Spalling is one of the common tooth surface failures of gear teeth and is defined as the formation of deeper cavities that are mainly developed from subsurface defects. The time varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) of gear pairs, gives significant information about the health of the system. The change indirection of time varying friction on both sides of the pitch line causes the change of gear mesh stiffness. This article proposes a computer simulation based approach to study the effect of time varying friction coefficient on the total effective mesh stiffness for the spur gear pair. An analytical method to calculate the TVMS of the spur gear for different spall shapes, size and location considering sliding friction is also proposed in this study. The results show that spall shape, size and location are very important parameters that need to be considered for calculation of TVMS and subsequently to know the dynamic response of the gear pair in the presence of a spall.     

Consideration of elastic deformations of gear bodies using a reduction on a Fourier series

Forschung im Ingenieurwesen - Elastic deformations of a gear body lead to deformations of the flank line of a gear and have therefore an impact on the load distribution on the...     

Backlash effect on dynamic analysis of a two-stage spur gear system

Gearbox dynamics are characterized by a periodically changing stiffness due to multiple teeth contacts. In real gear systems, a backlash also exists that can lead to a loss in contact between the teeth. Due to this loss of contact, the gear has piecewise linear stiffness characteristics. This paper examines the effect of backlash in the two-stage gear system. A purely torsional gear system is formed by three shafts connected to each other by two spur gear pairs. Using standard methods for nonlinear systems (Newton-Raphson algorithm), the dynamic behavior of a gear system with backlash is examined. Amplitude jumps in systems due to backlash are observed.     

Consideration of solid particles in a gear lapping simulation

Forschung im Ingenieurwesen - Gear lapping is a highly productive method of hard finishing hypoid gears for appliances with high demands regarding transmission noise. The absence of...     

Analytical design method for beveloid gears with a small shaft angle and offset

Forschung im Ingenieurwesen - In addition to more sophisticated flank modifications, there is a discernible trend toward special gearing that is reflected in the increased use of beveloid...     

基于齿轮传动系统横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型的齿廓修形优化设计

基于齿轮传动系统动力学模型的齿廓修形优化设计可真实地反映修形参数对齿轮动态特性的影响。考虑几何偏心、陀螺力矩和齿向偏载力矩,建立了单级齿轮传动系统10自由度横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型。提出了考虑齿轮实际运动状态并可适用于齿廓修形齿轮的啮合刚度模型,并采用解析法计算啮合刚度。为了降低齿轮传动系统的振动和噪声,以减小齿轮传动系统的动载系数为目标,建立了基于齿轮传动系统横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型的齿廓修形优化模型。对某重载车辆齿轮传动系统进行了齿廓修形优化设计,优化结果有效的降低了齿轮的动载荷,可为设计低振动和低噪声的齿轮传动系统提供依据。     

Method for automatic alignment recovery of a spur gear

This paper deals with the development of an online methodology for the automatic control and alignment of spur gears. The proposed methodology works on a set of points acquired on the workpiece surfaces by means of a manufacturing machine equipped with a set of sensors for dimensional measurements. A mathematical algorithm is developed to correct the position of the gear; it constitutes the main part of the developed monitoring and control system: it is able to real-time analyse the collected data of each measure and provide the orientation parameters that minimise the residual positioning errors. The methodology is first tested on simulated data-sets and the final workpiece configuration exhibits a good reproducibility. The tests executed on real data, acquired both through a coordinate measuring machine and the sensor system integrated into the manufacturing machine, confirm this result. The employment of this automation system allows to shorten the time necessary for the alignment process and improves the precision of the final positioning, leading to enhanced quality of the products and higher process flexibility, compared to the currently employed manual operation.     

Investigation of gear performance of MLNGPs as an additive on polyamide 6 spur gear

Molded plastic gears have long provided an alternative to metal gears in lightly loaded drives. They transmit power quietly and often without lubrication in numerous applications, furthermore decrease the quantity of parts and oppose chemicals in numerous applications. Previously, plastic gears were restricted to to 0.25 hp because of varieties in their properties and uncertainties about how they react to natural conditions such as moisture, temperature and chemical. Today, better molding controls combined with design practices that more accurately encompass environmental factors have boosted plastic gear drive capacity to 1.5 hp. Using reinforcement this is standout amongst the most practices to enhance the gear performance.

This study estimated the effects of multilayer graphene nanoplatelets (MLNGPs) as an additive on polyamide 6 (PA6) spur gear performance. These include strength, elastic modulus, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical analysis, moisture absorption, and wear characteristics.The nanocomposite gear was made by melt mixing method and injection moulded into thick flanges. The flanges were machined using CNC milling machine to produce spur gear. The wear experiments were performed at a running speed of 1400 rpm and at torques of 13 and 16 Nm with different concentration 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% MLNGPs using test rig. The result showed that 0.3% of MLGNPs is the optimum concentration. Young's modulus increased up to 40%, Vickers microhardness value increased up to 25%, storage modulus E’ is increased up to 37% and glass transition temperature is increased up to 14%. On the other hand TGA result shows that the Tonest increased up to 7.5% and Td increased up to 2%, and wear decreased by 35% at 16 Nm and 54% at 13 Nm.     

Crack behavior in a high contact ratio spur gear tooth and its effect on mesh stiffness

The efficiency of high contact ratio (HCR) gearing can be achieved by proper selection of gear geometry for increased load capacity and smoother operation despite of their high sliding velocities. The prediction of variation in mesh stiffness of HCR gearing is critical as the average number of teeth being in contact is high at a given time as compared to conventional low contact ratio (LCR) gearing. In this paper, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) based finite element method is used to perform the crack propagation path studies of HCR spur gear having tooth root crack for two gear parameters viz. backup ratio and pressure angle. A total potential energy model has been adopted to analytically estimate the mesh stiffness variation. The results depict the mesh stiffness reduction in the presence of the crack. The percentage change in mesh stiffness with increasing crack length is an important parameter in fault diagnosis of geared transmission. Higher the percentage change in mesh stiffness, easier to detect the fault. Two gear parameters viz. back-up ratio and pressure angle has been studied and the effect of crack length on mesh stiffness have been outlined. With the increase of deterioration level gears having lower back-up ratio fault can be detected at an early stage, similarly, chances for early fault detection is more for gears having higher pressure angle.     

Quadratic model updating with gyroscopic structure from partial eigendata

Quadratic eigenvalue model updating problem, which aims to match observed spectral information with some feasibility constraints, arises in many engineering areas. In this paper, we consider a damped gyroscopic model updating problem (GMUP) of constructing five n-by-n real matrices M,C,K,G and N, such that they are closest to the given matrices and the quadratic pencil Q(λ):=λ ² M+λ(C+G)+K+N possess the measured partial eigendata. In practice, M,C and K, represent the mass, damping and stiffness matrices, are symmetric (with M and K positive definite), G and N, represent the gyroscopic and circulatory matrices, are skew-symmetric. Under mild assumptions, we show that the Lagrangian dual problem of GMUP can be solved by a quadratically convergent inexact smoothing Newton method. Numerical examples are given to show the high efficiency of our method.     

Simulation of crack propagation in spur gear tooth for different gear parameter and its influence on mesh stiffness

Most of the gear dynamic model relies on the analytical measurement of time varying gear mesh stiffness in the presence of a tooth fault. The variation in gear mesh stiffness reflects the severity of tooth damage. This paper proposes a cumulative reduction index (CRI) which uses a variable crack intersection angle to study the effect of different gear parameters on total time varying mesh stiffness. A linear elastic fracture mechanics based two dimensional FRANC (FRacture ANalysis Code) finite element computer program is used to simulate the crack propagation in a single tooth of spur gear at root level. A total potential energy model and variable crack intersection angle approach is adopted to calculate the percentage change in total mesh stiffness using simulated straight line and predicted crack trajectory information. A low contact ratio spur gear pair has been simulated and the effect of crack path on mesh stiffness has been studied under different gear parameters like pressure angle, fillet radius and backup ratio. The percentage reduction of total mesh stiffness for the simulated straight line and predicted crack path is quantified by CRI. The CRI helps in comparing the percentage variation in mesh stiffness for consecutive crack. From the result obtained, it is observed that the proposed method is able to reflect the effect of different gear parameters with increased deterioration level on total gear mesh stiffness values.