不同减盐配方下卤鸭和卤汤盐含量测定及变化规律分析

以鸭腿(肉鸭腿、老鸭腿)为原料,以不同KCl和NaCl组成的减盐配方卤制,采用滴定法与原子吸收法,分别测定不同减盐配方组卤鸭制品及卤汤的盐分(以氯离子计)的变化,比较两种方法所测得卤鸭制品及卤汤的盐分变化规律。结果表明:两种方法测定肉鸭制品与老鸭制品的盐分含量变化规律基本一致,盐含量随着KCl的增加而减小,老鸭卤肉、卤后卤汤中氯离子含量均略高于肉鸭卤肉及卤后卤汤。用火焰原子吸收法测定卤鸭肉和卤汤中的钠离子、钾离子的含量,结果表明,钠离子含量随着KCl的增加而降低且降低比例接近,钾离子含量随着KCl的增加而增大,卤肉中的钠、钾含量均低于卤汤中的值,约为卤后卤汤的60%、卤前卤汤的90%;氯离子含量约为卤后卤汤的60%、卤前卤汤的80%。     

不同KCl和NaCl组成的减盐配方对卤鸭制品品质特性的影响

以鸭腿（肉鸭腿、老鸭腿）为原料,以普通食盐组为对照,研究KCl部分替代NaCl（A1组： NaCl∶KCl=80∶20;A2组：NaCl∶KCl=75∶25;A3组：NaCl∶KCl=70∶30;A4组：NaCl∶KCl=65∶35;A5组： NaCl∶KCl=60∶40）对卤鸭产品品质特性指标和感官评价的影响,确定最优减盐卤鸭制品的配方。结果表明：与普 通食盐组卤鸭制品相比,KCl的替代比例为35%时对不同减盐配方组卤鸭制品的感官评价、电子舌分析指标、蒸煮 损失、剪切力、水分含量、pH值、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量以及灰分含量没有显著影响（P＞0.05）;KCl的替代比 例达到35%及以上时,对卤鸭制品的水分活度有显著影响（P＜0.05）。确定A4组为最优的卤鸭减盐配方,以100 g 卤鸭原料计,优化所得配方为腌制时NaCl∶KCl=65∶35;以100 g卤汤计,卤制时卤汤中NaCl∶KCl=65∶35。     

真空低温条件下干卤法和湿卤法对酱卤鸭腿感官品质和理化性质的影响

本研究通过质构测定、电子鼻和低场核磁共振分析等方法探究在真空低温条件下不同卤制方式对酱卤鸭腿感官品质和理化性质的影响,以获得最佳的真空低温卤制方式。结果表明,与干卤组相比,湿卤组鸭腿外侧和腿内侧的L^*值、b^*值显著降低(P<0.05),鸭腿a^*值、色泽和味道的感官评分显著增加(P<0.05),感官综合评分提高了11.56%,结合电子鼻分析可知,湿卤组鸭腿的气味更加符合大众需求。与干卤组相比,湿卤组鸭腿的水分含量上升了9.71%,蒸煮损失降低了21.55%,且湿卤组鸭腿的硬度、弹性等质构特性略低于干卤组。综上所述,在真空低温条件下采用湿卤法能提高产品的色泽,保留产品的水分,降低鸭腿的蒸煮损失,更加符合消费者的需求。本研究为真空低温卤制工艺提供更多的数据支持和技术参考。     

卤鸭腿中桂皮提取液添加工艺优化及理化品质影响

为解决传统卤制产品品质不稳定等问题，推动卤鸭腿标准化生产的发展，该研究使用桂皮提取液替代传统桂皮香辛料，采用单因素试验和响应面实验优化酱卤鸭腿中桂皮提取液添加工艺，并对比分析桂皮香辛料与桂皮提取液卤制鸭腿的感官品质与理化品质。结果表明，当桂皮提取液与鸭肉比例为15 mL/100 g、卤制15 min时添加桂皮提取液、卤制55 min时，鸭腿的综合分最高，为0.84,鸭腿感官评分为90.24分，出品率为64.66%。在卤制结束后，使用桂皮提取液卤制的鸭腿L^*值、a^*值相较于桂皮香辛料组提升了5.62%和25.38%,剪切力下降了4.81%, TBARS值和POV相较于使用桂皮香辛料卤制的鸭腿降低了16.90%和15.94%。综上所述，在鸭腿卤制工艺中将桂皮香辛料替换为桂皮提取液能够更好地改善鸭腿的色泽、嫩度以及脂肪氧化程度，并为标准化卤制的发展提供了一定的理论依据。     

反复煮制对卤水全料包制备卤汤风味物质的影响及其补味研究

卤水全料包制作的卤汤反复煮制食材后会因风味损失而导致卤制成品的感官品质下降,文章以卤水全料包制备的卤汤为研究对象,模拟使用其卤制鸡爪的制作工艺,考察卤制次数对卤汤及卤鸡爪风味物质、感官指标等的影响,研究经济、便捷的稳定卤制品品质的卤汤补味方法。结果表明,卤汤在反复卤制过程中氯化钠含量、谷氨酸含量、挥发性风味物质总量及种类、颜色均变弱或呈下降趋势,其中,卤汤中的氯化钠含量变化是卤汤风味损失的关键,导致循环卤制后的鸡爪氯化钠含量及香气、滋味、颜色等感官评分等也不断降低,卤汤反复卤制第4次时的卤鸡爪感官品质出现显著下降。根据多次卤制后卤汤中NaCl减少量,反推卤料包质量来对多次反复卤制后的卤汤进行补味,可以较好地保证卤制品的品质。经验证,此补味方法亦适用于不同风味的卤水全料包,且不受食材的影响,操作便捷,可稳定卤制品的品质,提升卤水全料包使用的经济效益。     

鸡肉卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时安全性的控制研究

控制鸡肉卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时的安全性,为稳定鸡肉品质及工业生产时使用添加剂补料提供方法参考和科学依据。本研究以鸡翅根为原料,控制每次卤汤中山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠和氯化钠含量以及料液比相同,探讨卤汤循环使用时配料(山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠)对鸡肉的抑菌效果和抗氧化作用以及卤汤中山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠、pH、TBARS、亚硝酸盐的变化规律并进行曲线拟合预测趋势。结果表明:卤汤中山梨酸钾添加量为0.375 g/kg、D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量为200 mg/100 g时,随着卤制次数的增加,鸡肉卤制品的菌落总数显著降低(p0.05),卤制5次后其数值降至103 cfu/g;TBARS变化不显著(p0.05);山梨酸钾和D-异抗坏血酸钠均呈现波动变化,幅度稳定在2%。随着卤制次数增多,卤汤酸度显著增加(从6.7到5.79),TBARS增加(从0到0.614mg/kg),亚硝酸盐含量升高(从0到0.0845mg/kg)。三个测定指标(pH、TBARS、亚硝酸盐含量)采用高斯拟合得出随卤制次数的增加变化趋稳,能控制鸡肉卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时的安全性。     

即售盐焗鸡卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时成分变化规律

通过分析卤汤循环使用时的蛋白质、脂肪、可溶性无盐固形物、游离氨基酸及呈味核苷酸含量的变化规律,进行曲线拟合,预测含量变化趋势,结合每次卤制后卤汤色泽和鸡肉感官品质特性,研究影响卤汤使用次数的主要成分变化情况。实验结果表明:当控制每次卤制时卤汤中食盐含量为6%时,山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量分别为0.375g/kg,200mg/100g,随着卤制次数的增加,卤汤中的营养成分(蛋白质、脂肪、可溶性无盐固形物)和滋味成分(游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸)含量增多,根据拟合预测曲线可知,蛋白质、脂肪和呈味核苷酸总量变化均趋于稳定,可溶性无盐固形物、游离氨基酸总量基本呈线性增长;鸡肉的色泽、咸味和口感无显著差异,气味和鲜味的评分增加(P0.05);第5次卤制后卤汤的色泽变化不显著(P0.05)。     

粉末香辛料投放方式对减盐卤鸭腿品质特性的影响

研究粉末香辛料投放方式对减盐卤鸭制品品质特性的影响.以八角、桂皮、花椒、山柰、小茴香、辣椒质量比10:10:25:5:5:40的比例配制复合香辛料,按复合香辛料使用量为3％配制卤汤,以未粉碎的香辛料本体为对照,将香辛料粉碎至60～100目,分别采用装袋投入卤汤、直接投入卤汤分散、预先熬汁过滤、与卤制品定量混合拌匀4种投...     

循环补盐对德州扒鸡盐分变化规律的影响

扒鸡的风味形成离不开盐分作用,通过对卤煮过程中卤汤损耗、鸡肉质量损耗、老汤盐含量和鸡肉盐含量的测定,在卤煮的不同时间段采用循环补盐方式,研究扒鸡卤煮过程中循环补盐时卤汤和鸡肉盐含量的变化规律。结果表明：不同煮锅在卤煮过程中卤汤的质量变化无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,鸡肉质量变化也基本一致（P＞0.05）;煮制3.5 h后各煮锅之间卤汤盐含量无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,煮制过程中鸡腿肉盐含量的变化规律与鸡胸肉基本一致,且不受煮锅影响（P＞0.05）;使用不同批次卤汤的损耗量均有显著差异（P＜0.05）,煮制3.5 h以后,鸡肉质量损耗不再受生产批次的影响,各批次的卤汤盐含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）;在保证产品滋味的条件下,德州扒鸡最佳煮制时间为5.0h。     

反复冻融对不同卤制条件盐水鸡肉品质的影响

为了探讨反复冻融对不同条件卤制下盐水鸡肉品质的影响,选取鸡胸肉为原料,分别在清水、卤水、4%盐水、4%盐卤水、8%盐水、8%盐卤水条件下煮制,并进行反复冻融试验。结果表明:反复冻融对肌肉含水量影响显著;随着冻融次数的增加,TBARS值先显著增大,随后有所降低;肌肉食盐含量减少;盐溶性蛋白含量在第一次冻融后明显降低,随后降幅趋于平缓;pH值增大;硬度、弹性、黏聚性、耐咀性均降低;香辛料显著降低肌肉的水分含量、TBARS值,8%盐卤水能抑制蛋白质盐溶性的下降,在冻融过程中清水条件下的各项质构指标均低于其他条件下的。因此,反复冻融处理对不同卤制条件盐水鸡肉的品质均产生了一定影响,使其食用品质下降,且盐卤水卤制的盐水鸡冻融后产品品质要优于仅用盐水卤制的盐水鸡。     

不同浓度盐水对鸭肉湿腌时传质动力的影响

研究采用盐水鸭生产时使用的过饱和盐水——老卤和其他三种不同浓度的盐水(5%、15%和25%NaCl,w/w)对鸭腿肉按照盐水鸭的生产过程进行腌制,通过对腌制过程中鸭腿肉的食盐、水分和总重变化进行测定,以期获得不同盐水浓度下鸭肉的传质动力学数据,并获得腌制最适盐水浓度。结果表明,盐水浓度显著影响鸭腿肉在腌制过程中的传质变化。鸭腿肉的重量变化、水分获得都是随着盐水溶液浓度的降低而增加,盐分变化则相反。中等浓度的盐水溶液(15%NaCl,w/w)腌制的鸭肉产量较高,有较高的扩散速率——De值,对人体的损害较小。因此,较为适于用来腌制鸭肉。另外,腌制的预测模型和扩散公式计算得到的数据都有良好的线性关系,可以很好地适用于鸭腿肉的腌制实验研究。     

Salt Reduction in a Model High‐Salt Akawi Cheese: Effects on Bacterial Activity,pH, Moisture,Potential Bioactive Peptides,Amino Acids,and Growth of Human Colon Cells

This study evaluated the effects of sodium chloride reduction and its substitution with potassium chloride on Akawi cheese during storage for 30 d at 4 °C. Survival of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium longum) and starter bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus), angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐inhibitory and antioxidant activities, and concentrations of standard amino acids as affected by storage in different brine solutions (10% NaCl, 7.5% NaCl, 7.5% NaCl+KCl [1:1], 5% NaCl, and 5% NaCl+KCl [1:1]) were investigated. Furthermore, viability of human colon cells and human colon cancer cells as affected by the extract showing improved peptide profiles, highest release of amino acids and antioxidant activity (that is, from cheese brined in 7.5% NaCl+KCl) was evaluated. Significant increase was observed in survival of probiotic bacteria in cheeses with low salt after 30 d. Calcium content decreased slightly during storage in all cheeses brined in various solutions. Further, no significant changes were observed in ACE‐inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of cheeses during storage. Interestingly, concentrations of 4 essential amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, and leucine) increased significantly during storage in brine solutions containing 7.5% total salt. Low concentration of cheese extract (100 μg/mL) significantly improved the growth of normal human colon cells, and reduced the growth of human colon cancer cells. Overall, the study revealed that cheese extracts from reduced‐NaCl brine improved the growth of human colon cells, and the release of essential amino acids, but did not affect the activities of potential bioactive peptides.     

减盐火锅底料对牛肉食用品质及钠、钾含量的影响

以牛肉（牛里脊肉）为原料,在不同比例NaCl和KCl组成减盐配方的火锅底料中涮制不同时间,比较KCl替代比例及涮制时间对牛肉感官评价、剪切力、蒸煮损失率的影响,并探究牛肉在减盐火锅底料中涮制前后盐含量、钠含量与钾含量的变化规律。结果表明：牛肉在NaCl、KCl质量比7∶3的减盐火锅底料中涮制各时间点感官评分均最高,在不同比例NaCl和KCl组成的减盐火锅底料中涮制,剪切力均随涮制时间的延长而增加,在涮制160 s后增加最显著;牛肉盐含量与钠、钾含量均随涮制时间的延长而显著增加,相同涮制时间下牛肉钠含量随减盐配方中KCl替代比例的升高而降低,且钠含量降低比例与KCl替代比例接近。减盐火锅底料能在不影响牛肉风味与食用品质的前提下,降低火锅钠摄入量30%左右,推荐减盐火锅底料KCl替代比例为30%,推荐牛肉涮制时间为120 s。     

Study on kinetics of mass transfer in water-boiled salted duck during wet-curing

Curing is the most important process for the production of water-boiled salted duck. This work was designed to compare the difference in mass transfer of water and salt in water-boiled salted duck among different concentration brines during wet-curing. Duck breasts were wet-cured for 72 h in four brine solutions having concentrations, i.e. 5%, 15%, and 25% NaCl (w/w), and repeatedly reused supersaturated brine (?25% NaCl (w/w)) which is often used in commercial production in China. Results showed that as brine concentration increased, the weight gain and water content decreased and the NaCl content of meat samples increased. Moreover, hardness and springiness increased with increasing brine concentration coupled with a drop in water holding capacity (WHC). Higher salt concentration brines showed a higher proteolysis than lower salt concentration brines. Therefore, 15% NaCl (w/w) brine, the solution having moderate salt concentration, was the most suitable for wet-curing just because of its higher process yields, effective diffusivity value, D_e, and lower health risks.     

减盐火锅底料对毛肚食用品质及钠、钾含量的影响

以毛肚为实验对象,采用KCl替代NaCl的方法制得减盐火锅底料,研究毛肚在此火锅底料中烫煮后的品质特性（感官评价和剪切力）,并测定烫煮后毛肚的盐含量、钠含量、钾含量等指标变化。结果表明：毛肚在NaCl、KCl质量比7∶3的减盐火锅底料中烫煮各时间点感官评分均最高,在不同NaCl、KCl质量比的减盐火锅底料中烫煮时剪切力均随煮制时间的延长而增加,烫煮80～100 s时增加最显著;毛肚盐含量与钠、钾含量均随烫煮时间的延长而显著增加,相同烫煮时间下毛肚钠含量随减盐配方中KCl替代比例的升高而降低,且钠含量降低比例与KCl替代比例接近;减盐火锅底料能在不影响毛肚风味与食用品质的前提下,降低钠摄入量30%左右,推荐减盐火锅底料KCl替代比例为30%,毛肚烫煮时间为40 s。     

低钠复合盐对发酵香肠理化特性及风味的影响

以添加58%氯化钠、30%氯化钾、7%氯化钙、5%甘氨酸的低钠复合盐发酵香肠作为实验组,以100%氯化钠为对照组,通过测定理化指标、感官评价、电子舌味觉特征、游离氨基酸含量以及挥发性风味物质等探究低钠复合盐对发酵香肠品质的影响。结果表明：在香肠发酵成熟过程中,香肠pH值、水分含量呈显著下降趋势,钠含量显著增加。实验组pH值显著低于对照组,水分含量显著高于对照组,并且对产品的色泽和质构特性有一定改善作用,实验组在显著降低钠含量的同时,感官评价与对照组无明显差异。根据电子舌分析,实验组的鲜味、丰富度、苦味显著高于对照组。此外,实验组促进了游离氨基酸的释放,并对挥发性风味物质的产生没有负面影响。因此,实验组在减少42%食盐添加量的基础上,保证了发酵香肠良好感官和风味品质。     

Reduced‐sodium cheeses: Implications of reducing sodium chloride on cheese quality and safety

Sodium chloride (NaCl) universally well‐known as table salt is an ancient food additive, which is broadly used to increase the storage stability and the palatability of foods. Though, in recent decades, use of table salt in foods is a major concern among the health agencies of the world owing to ill effects of sodium (Na) that are mostly linked to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. As a result, food scientists are working to decrease the sodium content in food either by decreasing the rate of NaCl addition or by partial or full replacement of NaCl with other suitable salts like potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), or magnesium chloride (MgCl₂). However, in cheese, salt reduction is difficult to accomplish owing to its multifaceted role in cheese making. Considering the significant contribution in dietary salt intake (DSI) from cheese, researchers across the globe are exploring various technical interventions to develop reduced‐sodium cheeses (RSCs) without jeopardizing the quality and safety of cheeses. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide an insight of NaCl reduction on sensory, physicochemical, and technofunctional attributes of RSCs with an aim to explore various strategies for salt reduction without affecting the cheese quality and safety. The relationship between salt reduction and survival of pathogenic and spoilage‐causing microorganisms and growth of RSCs microflora is also discussed. Based on the understanding of conceptual and applied information on the complex changes that occur in the development of RSCs, the quality and safety of RSCs can be accomplished effectively in order to reduce the DSI from cheese.     

Effect of Brine Concentration and Brining Time on Quality of Smoked Rainbow Trout Fillets

ABSTRACT: Frozen rainbow trout fillets were brined in 8.7 or 17.4% sodium chloride solutions for various periods. Brine uptake, brined and cooked pH, cook yield, shear force, total and water-phase salt content, and brined and cooked proximate composition were determined. Fish mince was used for texture (hardness and cohesiveness) and protein solubility (total soluble and myofibrillar proteins) evaluations. Increasing the brine concentration increased fillet weight loss after brining, cook yield, water-phase salt content, shear force, brined fat, brined and cooked ash, brined pH, and brined and cooked moisture.