引燃策略对天然气直喷发动机射流燃烧及排放的影响

基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件CONVERGE研究了天然气直喷发动机的高压天然气射流混合、引燃燃烧及排放物生成等基础过程,详细分析了引燃方式和引燃距离对这些基础过程的影响。结果表明：高压直喷天然气射流能够明显促进引燃柴油喷雾发展与混合,但引燃柴油喷射对天然气射流发展影响不明显。高压直喷天然气射流火焰中心存在温度较低而天然气浓度较高的火焰内陷区,该内陷区是碳烟的主要生成区域,碳烟高浓度区位于火焰内陷区中后部。与引燃方式相比,引燃距离对火焰浮起长度、火焰内陷长度及NO_x和碳烟排放有更明显影响。随引燃距离增加,火焰浮起长度和NO_x排放增加,火焰内陷长度和碳烟排放减小。柴油喷入天然气中引燃在3种引燃方式中具有最高的放热率峰值和最短的燃烧持续期,其NO_x和碳烟排放最低,但甲烷逃逸量最高。     

燃气预喷对高压直喷天然气船机的影响研究

针对高压直喷(HPDI)天然气双燃料低速船机的燃料喷射系统,研究了不同的天然气预喷策略对发动机燃烧特性及性能的影响,探究了适用于低速船机燃烧系统的天然气喷气规律。利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件Converge建立了HPDI天然气双燃料的单缸机仿真模型,与试验数据进行标定后,计算得到了不同预喷间隔及预喷比例下发动机燃烧性能和排放数据。分析计算结果表明,预喷策略的采用影响了燃烧过程中预混燃烧的比例,从而影响了燃烧放热相位及燃烧等容度。预喷比例相比预喷间隔对燃烧过程的影响更显著,后者在较大预喷比例下才会明显影响缸内燃烧放热过程。合理优化预喷策略可控制预混燃烧程度,从而同时改善NOx排放和油耗。不同的预喷策略使得缸内碳烟分布区域不同;与无预喷算例相比,采用预喷策略的算例最终碳烟排放量偏高。     

天然气后喷对高压直喷天然气船机燃烧和排放的影响研究

利用流体动力学软件CONVERGE建立了高压直喷天然气船机的三维仿真模型,基于该模型研究了后喷策略对高压直喷天然气船机燃烧和排放的影响。结果表明:随后喷比例增大,最高燃烧压力略升高,燃烧持续期增长;随着喷射间隔的增大,最高燃烧压力不变,但后喷燃烧相位推迟,燃烧持续期增长。与无后喷算例相比,后喷比例增大到10%和20%时,碳烟排放分别降低了7.7%～13.5%和1.5%～11.5%,NOx排放分别升高了12.0%～15.0%和5.0%～7.0%,指示燃油消耗率分别增大了约0.1%和1.0%;而后喷比例为30%时,碳烟排放升高了2.0%～8.0%,NOx排放降低了5.0%～7.7%,指示燃油消耗率增大了约2.3%。     

不同进气氛围耦合废气再循环对双燃料发动机工作过程的影响

基于正庚烷、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷多组分混合物简化动力学机理耦合三维计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics,CFD）数值模型,模拟研究高替代率时不同进气氛围（H₂、O₂组分）耦合废气再循环（exhaust gas recirculation,EGR）对天然气/柴油双燃料发动机低负荷工作过程的影响机理。研究表明：在不同EGR率下,进气掺氢会使缸内燃烧速率显著加快,OH活性基浓度明显升高,CH₄排放显著降低,但CO排放升高;进气掺氧后,缸压及瞬时放热率峰值、最大压力升高率、最高燃烧温度及OH活性基浓度均升高,碳烟、CO和CH₄后期氧化作用增强使其最终排放降低,但NO_x排放升高。在EGR率小于29%,掺氢比小于2.5%时,在实现较低CO、碳烟排放的同时能显著降低CH₄排放和NO₂/NO_x比例;高EGR率时,进气掺氧能降低CO、碳烟排放,并改善CH₄与NO_x     

直喷柴油机燃烧的现象学快速预测模型

为了快速且准确地预测直喷柴油机的放热及排放情况,提出了直喷柴油机燃烧的现象学快速预测模型。该模型基于气相射流喷雾模型,将柴油机的燃烧过程分为预混燃烧、喷射中的扩散燃烧及喷射后的扩散燃烧三个阶段进行燃烧计算,并将喷雾区域分为已燃区和未燃区进行排放计算。该模型相较于多区模型,简化了分区,考虑了喷油产生湍动能的影响。在额定转速下,基于90%负荷标定的模型预测结果和潍柴WP7柴油机其它负荷的试验结果相比,最高燃烧压力和平均压力误差均小于5%;中高负荷的放热率趋势基本相同,10%累计放热对应的曲轴转角误差小于0.6℃A,90%累计放热时对应的曲轴转角误差小于5℃A;高负荷的排放预测误差在5%左右;且各工况计算可在数秒内完成。表明:所提出的模型能快速且较准确地预测直喷柴油机中高负荷工况下的燃烧情况。     

船用直喷式天然气发动机喷射策略的优化

利用CONVERGE软件基于L23/30DF型船用天然气发动机建立了双天然气喷嘴、双引燃柴油喷嘴的直喷天然气发动机的缸内燃烧过程的CFD计算模型,计算了不同的柴油和天然气喷射时刻和间隔下发动机缸内燃烧和排放过程.结果 表明:引燃柴油的喷射时刻及其与天然气喷射时刻的间隔,对直喷式天然气发动机燃烧和排放性能有重要影响.当喷...     

双燃料船机天然气喷射规律对燃烧特性的影响

基于高压直喷(high pressure direct injection,HPDI)天然气船用低速机,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件Converge开展三维数值模拟研究,探究了天然气喷射规律对缸内着火及燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,随着天然气喷射速率的降低,缸压、放热率和平均温度峰值显著降低.当喷射速率从1.30 kg/...     

不同喷射时刻下缸内直喷天然气发动机的燃烧特性

开展了天然气高压缸内直喷发动机不同喷射时刻时的燃烧特性研究。研究结果表明：燃料喷射时刻对发动机性能及排放有较大影响,喷射太迟会导致天然气和空气混合时间短,混合效果差,燃烧持续期长,放热速率慢。喷射过早会导致充量系数下降,燃料容易进入燃烧室狭缝间隙处,造成较高的HC排放。对于给定转速,发动机存在一个最佳燃料喷射提前角,此时缸内最高压力值最大,最大压力升高率和最大放热率最大,放热速率快,燃烧过程等容度好,火焰发展期、快速燃烧期和燃烧持续期短,发动机热效率高,HC、CO排放也维持较低水平。     

缸内直喷CNG发动机喷射方向对燃烧过程影响模拟研究

燃烧过程是决定发动机性能的关键因素之一,应用CFD软件分析研究天然气喷射方向对一台缸内直喷CNG发动机燃烧过程及排放的影响。结果表明,不同的喷射方向决定了混合气在气缸内的浓度分布。在所模拟工况下,存在一个最佳的喷射方向,此时平均指示压力高,发动机的性能较好。     

利用快速压缩装置进行直喷天然气发动机燃烧特性的研究

利用快速压缩装置开展了直喷天然气发动机燃烧特性的研究,分析了3种不同喷射方式下的燃烧特性并与均相混合气燃烧进行了对比。研究结果:上喷天然气燃烧比均相混合气燃烧的最大压力高,在宽广的当量比范围内具有短的火娄发展期和快速燃烧,克燃烧放热率和压力升高率基本上与喷射方式无关。喷射方式与均相混合气相比,燃烧放热率,压力升高率大。缩短喷油和点火间的时间间隔将缩短火焰发展期和快速燃烧期,其时间间隔的优化对直喷天然气发动机极为重要。直喷天然气发动机的燃烧方式为预混控制充量分层燃烧,此燃烧方式燃烧速率,排放低。     

Development of a simplified n-heptane/methane model for high-pressure direct-injection natural gas marine engines

High-pressure direct-injection (HPDI) of natu- ral gas is one of the most promising solutions for future ship engines, in which the combustion process is mainly controlled by the chemical kinetics. However, the employment of detailed chemical models for the multi-dimensional combustion simulation is significantly expensive due to the large scale of the marine engine. In the present paper, a reduced n-heptane/methane model consisting of 35-step reactions was constructed using multiple reduction approaches. Then this model was further reduced to include only 27 reactions by utilizing the HyChem (Hybrid Chemistry) method. An overall good agreement with the experimentally measured ignition delay data of both n-heptane and methane for these two reduced models was achieved and reasonable predictions for the measured laminar flame speeds were obtained for the 35-step model. But the 27-step model cannot predict the laminar flame speed very well. In addition, these two reduced models were both able to reproduce the experimentally measured in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate profiles for a HPDI natural gas marine engine, the highest error of predicted combustion phase being 6.5%. However, the engine-out CO emission was over-predicted and the highest error of predicted NO_x emission was less than 12.9%. The predicted distributions of temperature and equivalence ratio by the 35-step and 27-step models are similar to those of the 334-step model. However, the predicted distributions of OH and CH₂O are significantly different from those of the 334-step model. In short, the reduced chemical kinetic models developed provide a high-efficient and dependable method to simulate the characteristics of combustion and emissions in HPDI natural gas marine engines.     

Effects of second hydrogen direct injection proportion and injection timing on combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen/n-butanol combined injection engine

Hydrogen and n-butanol are superior alternative fuels for SI engines, which show high potential in improving the combustion and emission characteristics of internal combustion engines. However, both still have disadvantages when applied individually. N-butanol fuel has poor evaporative atomization properties and high latent heat of vaporization. Burning n-butanol fuel alone can lead to incomplete combustion and lower temperature in the cylinder. Hydrogen is not easily stored and transported, and the engine is prone to backfire or detonation only using hydrogen. Therefore, this paper investigates the effects of hydrogen direct injection strategies on the combustion and emission characteristics of n-butanol/hydrogen dual-fuel engines based on n-butanol port injection/split hydrogen direct injection mode and the synergistic optimization of their characteristics. The energy of hydrogen is 20% of the total energy of the fuel in the cylinder. The experimental results show that a balance between dynamics and emission characteristics can be found using split hydrogen direct injection. Compared with the second hydrogen injection proportion (IP2) = 0, the split hydrogen direct injection can promote the formation of a stable flame kernel, shorten the flame development period and rapid combustion period, and reduce the cyclic variation. When the IP2 is 25%, 50% and 75%, the engine torque increases by 0.14%, 1.50% and 3.00% and the maximum in-cylinder pressure increases by 1.9%, 2.3% and 0.6% respectively. Compared with IP2 = 100%, HC emissions are reduced by 7.8%, 15.4% and 24.7% and NOx emissions are reduced by 16.4%, 13.8% and 7.9% respectively, when the IP2 is 25%, 50% and 75%. As second hydrogen injection timing (IT2) is advanced, CA0-10 and CA10-90 show a decreasing and then increasing trend. The maximum in-cylinder pressure rises and falls, and the engine torque gradually decreases. The CO emissions show a trend of decreasing and remaining constant. However, the trends of HC emissions and NOx emissions with IT2 are not consistent at different IP2. Considering the engine's dynamics and emission characteristics, the first hydrogen injection proportion (IP1) = 25% plus first hydrogen injection timing (IT1) = 240°CA BTDC combined with IP2 = 75% plus IT2 = 105°CA BTDC is the superior split hydrogen direct injection strategy.     

喷油定时对柴油机超多喷孔预混合燃烧影响研究

柴油机低温预混合燃烧能够同时大幅度降低NOx和碳烟(soot)排放,本研究采用大量废气再循环(EGR)实现低温燃烧来降低NOx排放,采用超多喷孔喷油嘴并结合高压喷射来缩短喷油持续期,实现预混合燃烧从而降低soot排放,主要对喷油定时如何影响柴油机超多喷孔预混合燃烧性能进行了试验研究,选定4个试验工况,通过改变喷油定时来测试柴油机性能,结果显示随着喷油始点从上止点前向后推迟,各工况的NOx和soot排放都有不同程度的同时下降,有别于传统燃烧方式,但HC,CO,比油耗(BSFC)有所升高。     

基于微遗传算法的船用柴油机喷油策略优化及研究

为优化大型船用柴油机的燃油喷射策略,采用微种群遗传算法结合三维数值模拟,在一台大缸径低速船用柴油机上对两个喷油器的主喷时刻、预喷间隔和预喷比例进行了优化,并在优化算例的基础上研究了大型船用柴油机各个喷油器预喷参数和顺序喷射对性能与排放的影响。研究结果表明,在采用顺序喷射的前提下,顺序喷射间隔影响NOx排放和指示燃油消耗率。第一个和第二个喷油器的预喷策略对大型船用柴油机的性能与排放有不同的影响,前者是预喷放热与主喷滞燃期缩短综合作用的结果,而后者主要是预喷放热自身的影响。通过以上研究和优化,柴油机的NOx排放降低了21.27%,表明该方法可以用于优化大型船用柴油机的喷射策略。     

A study on performance and exhaust emissions of the steam injected DI diesel engine running with different diesel- conola oil methyl ester blends

Although biodiesels have low emission profiles, the main drawback of using biodiesel in diesel engines is higher NOx. Nowadays, the electronic controlled steam injection is a promising method for NOx control. This study investigates the effects of steam injection with diesel fuel-canola oil methyl ester (COME) blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel engine. Steam is injected into the inlet manifold during inlet period. The combustion of diesel-COME blends has been modeled using two zone combustion model. The results have been compared with each other in terms of performance and emissions. The maximum increments in engine torque and power were measured as 2.5% for 10% COME (B10) at 1200 rpm, 2.8% for 20% COME (B20) at 2200 rpm. The effects of steam injection on performance and emissions of the diesel engine running with B10 and B20 COME blends were also investigated. Satisfaction improvements have been obtained with the combination of steam injection and COME blends. The maximum torque of the engine running with B10 and 10% steam ratio combination (B10 + S10) and B20 and 10% steam ratio combinations (B20 + S10) were found as 2.4% at 1400 rpm and 0.6% at 1400 rpm, respectively. Significant reduction has been observed in NOx emission with B10-S10 combination. The reduction rate in NOx emissions were 22% with B10-S10 and 18% with B20-S10 at 1200 rpm. The study showed that steam injection is an effective tool for controlling NOx emissions without performance degradation in the diesel engines fueled with COME blends.     

掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台电控共轨发动机上,试验研究了乙醇掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇混合燃料燃烧及排放的影响。结果表明:随乙醇比例的增加,滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,最大压力升高率上升。随喷射推迟,滞燃期延长,燃烧相位延后,燃烧持续期在纯二甲醚时延长,而在掺混乙醇时则先延长后缩短,最大压力升高率先下降后上升。掺混乙醇和推迟喷射使预混燃烧比例增加。随喷射推迟,混合燃料的排气温度升高,喷射推迟到上止点后,排气温度随乙醇比例的增加而升高,排气温度高,则废气能量高,增压器增压比大,进气流量大,导致缸内压缩压力升高。在上止点前喷射时,掺混乙醇能使HC和CO排放保持在较低范围的同时,一定程度降低NO_x排放,掺混15%的乙醇较纯二甲醚最大降低约11%NO_x排放。随推迟喷射,NO_x排放降低,最大降幅达52%,在过分推迟燃料喷射时,因热效率低,循环喷射量增加,含15%乙醇混合燃料的NO_x排放会高于纯二甲醚。HC和CO排放随喷射推迟而升高,且升高幅度增大。     

多段喷射对低速二冲程船舶柴油机燃烧与排放的影响

使用CONVERGE2.3对一台EX340EF-UA二冲程船机建立了三维模型,通过数值模拟研究了75%负荷工况时多段喷射对船机燃烧与排放的影响.模拟结果与实验数据有较好的吻合.模拟结果显示,顺序喷射使NO_x排放减少,燃油消耗率略有增加,碳烟排放随着顺序喷射间隔的增大而增大.小主预喷间隔匹配合适的预喷率易获得较低的NO_x排放,大主预喷间隔匹配合适的预喷率易获得较低的燃油消耗率.采取合适的主预喷间隔和预喷量可以实现NO_x排放和燃油消耗率的同时降低.     

Effect of fuel opening injection pressure and injection timing of hydrogen enriched rice bran biodiesel fuelled in CI engine

Fuel opening injection pressure and injection timing are important injection parameters, and they have a significant influence on engine combustion, performance, and emissions. The focus of this work is to improve the performance and emissions of single-cylinder diesel engines by using injection parameters in engines running with rice bran biodiesel 10% blend (RB10+H₂) and 20% blend (RB20+H₂) with a fixed hydrogen flow rate of 7 lpm. In addition, hydrogen and biodiesel are excellent alternatives to conventional fuels, which can reduce energy consumption and strict emission standards. The investigation is conducted for three different opening injection pressure of 220, 240, 260 bar, and four different injection timings of 20°, 22°, 24°, and 26° bTDC. Results indicate that the sample ‘RB10+H₂’ provides 3.32% higher BTE and reduces the fuel consumption by 13% as diesel fuel. The blend RB10+H₂ attributes a maximum cylinder pressure of 68.7 bar and a peak HRR value of 49 J/ºCA. Further, compared to diesel, RB10+H₂ blend emits lower CO, HC, and smoke opacity by 17%, 22%, and 16%, respectively. However, an almost 12% increase of nitrogen oxides for the RB10+H₂ blend is observed. However, with advanced injection timing and higher opening injection pressure, NOx emissions is slightly increased.