利用多粒度粗糙集属性约简和TOPSIS的IPv6负载均衡机制

针对代理移动IPv6(PMIPv6)协议领域研究中,移动节点(MN)与PMIPv6网络内的特定移动接入网关(MAG)相关联会增加MAG负载概率的问题,基于集群的代理移动IPv6(CSPMIPv6)协议,提出利用多粒度粗糙集属性约简的负载均衡方法。首先,基于多粒度粗糙集属性约简的方法,在考虑不同属性子序列对划分结果影响的情况下,更改其连接的切换移动节点(handover mobile node,HMN)选择MAG。然后,改进了理想解相似程度排序方法(TOPSIS),以确定目标MAG。最后,通过实验验证了CSPMIPv6中的信令已得到增强,从而验证了所提出的负载平衡机制。所提出的机制与基于组的PMIPv6切换控制方案(GB-PMIPv6)和基于票证的绑定更新(TBU)协议相比,能够更好地适应内部切换以及负载率增加时的信号变化情况,减小故障率。对比表现较好的GB-PMIPv6机制,新机制的平均排队延迟、切换延迟、端到端延迟和数据包丢失分别可减少9.09%、19.78%、10.20%、6.43%,传输速率可提高8.89%,显著提高了系统性能。     

基于PMIPv6的移动性管理方案研究

PMIPv6协议是MIPv6协议的扩展,是一种基于网络的移动性管理技术。在PMIPv6协议中,由网络负责探测节点的移动路径并初始化所必须的移动信令,MN不参与切换过程,能量消耗低,但是PMIPv6依赖于一个独一无二的处于网络中央的本地移动锚点( LMA),容易导致瓶颈问题,且带来切换时延长、通信路径非最优等问题。基于此,提出了一种基于PMIPv6的移动性管理方案,使用簇对移动接入网关(MAG)进行分组。在每个簇中选举出一个头移动接入网关(HMAG)作为簇头,由HMAG代替LMA负责执行本簇内的移动切换以及最优化数据通信路径,这样就减少了LMA的负载,延长了网络寿命。分析及仿真结果表明所提方案与PMIPv6相比在总开销、LMA负载等方面都有较大的改善。     

代理移动IPv6多接口接入分析与测试

未来移动节点必须支持多个网络接口的应用。代理移动IPv6（PMIPv6）协议可以为移动节点提供基于网络的移动性管理,不需要移动节点参与移动性管理。分析了多接口技术在PMIPv6下的应用,详述了基于虚拟接口实现多接口接入PMIPv6的方法。在实验室集成开发环境下进行了实验测试,测试表明基于虚拟接口的PMIPv6多接口接入基本实现了多家乡和异构切换功能。     

基于主-备关系的PMIPv6区域移动锚点容错方案

代理移动IPv6 (PMIPv6)是IETF提出的基于网络的区域移动管理协议.在PMIPv6系统中,区域移动锚点(LMA)是维持移动节点(Mobile Node,MN)在PMIPv6域内不同接入链路间移动过程中可达性的关键实体.文中针对PMIPv6中LMA的单点故障问题,提出一种基于主-备关系的区域移动锚点容错方案(LMAFT).方案在PMIPv6域内部署多LMA,并建立一一对应的主-备关系,通过LMA间自组织状态管理实现容错.方案设计了双向有效性检测机制,实现主、备LMA间快速的失效检测;LMA服务迁移机制支持失效实体全部服务迁移和过载实体部分服务迁移,实现容错的同时支持多LMA负载均衡.理论分析和仿真实验结果表明,LMAFT方案可将LAM容错时间控制在50 ms～350 ms.当容错时间控制在100 ms以下时,可完全避免LMA失效对移动节点MN的TCP应用造成的影响;最差情况下,也可在LMA失效发生后的1s～2.7s内快速恢复相关MN的TCP应用吞吐量.对于UDP应用,LMAFT方案可在LMA失效发生后2s内恢复相关MN的收包率.     

基于PMIPv6的域间切换管理方法及性能分析*

针对代理移动IPv6（PMIPv6）中域间切换时延较大的问题,提出了一种基于PMIPv6的域间切换管理方案。新方案通过在PMIPv6域间发送PBU绑定更新消息,使得切换目标PMIPv6域提前知道移动节点（MN）的家乡网络前缀,避免了移动节点参与移动性管理及重新配置转交地址,从而有效减小了切换时延。分析和仿真结果表明,与现有的全局移动性管理方案移动IPv6和快速移动IPv6相比较,新方案更加适应移动性管理中低时延、低复杂度、易于操作的要求。     

一种PMIPv6网络中基于流的区分服务方案

PMIPv6协议是由IETF提出的基于网络的区域移动性管理解决方案,其目的在于实现无需终端参与的、基于网络的IP移动性管理.PMIPv6协议仅定义了移动管理实体如何实现终端在域内移动的过程中通信不中断,但是不提供通信的服务质量保证.针对这个问题对PMIPv6协议进行改进,提出了一种PMIPv6域内基于流的区分服务方案.为在PMIPv6城内实现区分服务,提出了通过基于逻辑隧道的业务流区分方法和业务流与逻辑隧道的绑定方法.通过基于逻辑隧道的业务流区分方法,一对区域移动管理实体之间可以建立多条逻辑隧道,以解决PMIPv6区域移动管理实体之间数据通信共享单一隧道的问题;通过业务流与逻辑隧道的绑定方法,区域移动管理实体可以根据用户的需求为不同的业务流建立具有不同服务能力和类型的逻辑隧道并将业务流与逻辑隧道绑定,以实现为业务流提供有差别的服务.基于NS2的仿真结果证明:相比PMIPv6,可以根据各种应用对于延迟、丢包、吞吐量等服务质量参数的要求,为不同的业务流提供有差别的服务,能够更好地满足不同业务对于关键服务质量参数的要求并提供一定的服务质量保证.     

基于群集移动节点的切换算法

无线蜂窝网的信号切换依赖IP层的移动切换,IETF提出的代理移动IPv6(PMIPv6)协议可以保证移动终端应用IPv6网的快速切换,但是它在切换时延方面仍然无法保证实时通信的服务质量。研究基于PMIPv6协议,提出群集移动节点(CMN)算法,应用媒体无关切换(MIH)技术,减少了大量移动节点,同时提出切换请求时系统时延增大的问题,扩展原始代理绑定更新消息结构(A-PBU)。最后模拟网络模型和节点移动模型,从切换时延方面分析算法的有效性。实验结果表明,系统应用CMN算法与原始切换算法相比可以大大降低切换时延。     

代理移动IPv6中的分布式NEMO网络实现方案

在代理移动IPv6(PMIPv6)中实现网络移动性(NEMO)能为用户提供在NEMO网络和普通PMIPv6网络之间的无缝切换,但通信数据经过本地移动锚点的锚定却产生了大量的网络开销。为提高公交车等交通工具上的NEMO网络服务质量,提出代理移动IPv6中的分布式NEMO网络实现方案,即分散部署本地移动锚点的数据层功能,由中央移动数据库对控制层功能进行集中管理。分析结果表明,在短途公交车系统中,该方案网络费用更少,性能更优。     

基于MIH的增强PMIPv6域间切换方法

针对现有PMIPv6域间切换出现时延较大的问题,基于PMIPv6域内切换和域间切换以及介质独立切换的特性提出一种基于IEEE 802.21MIH标准的增强型PMIPv6域间切换方法。方法通过L2的方法提前告知移动节点切换目标网络的方法代替L3的网络扫描将切换决策和执行时间点提前,增强网络的无缝切换,性能分析结果表明该增强技术能够减少整个网络时延和丢包率,改善了网络性能。     

一种PMIPv6的LMA可靠性保证机制

PMIPv6是基于网络的移动性管删协议,作为其核心实体,本地移动锚点（Local Mobility Anchor,LMA）功能的可靠性直接关系到整个网络的稳定运行。文中提出了一种保证LMA可靠性的机制,该机制定义一个由备用LMA组成的冗余集,通过对当前活跃LMA和冗余集中备用LMA之间的切换管理,实现在LMA失效情况下移动性管理功能的延续性和服务状态的一致性,从而保证整个PMIPv6网络的稳定运行。通过对机制开销的理论分析,表明所提机制最适合LMA失效概率小,PMIPv6域小的应用场景。     

Cost-effective approach inter-LMA domain management and distributed mobility control scheme in proxy mobile IPv6 networks

The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is designed to provide network-based mobility management support to a mobile node (MN) without any involvement of the MN in mobility related signaling; hence, the proxy mobility entity performs all related signaling on behalf of the MN. The new principal functional entities of PMIPv6 are the local mobility anchor (LMA) and the mobile access gateway (MAG). In PMIPv6, all the data traffic sent from the MN gets routed to the LMA through a tunnel between the LMA and the MAG, but it still has a single point of failure (SPOF) and a bottleneck state of traffic. To solve these problems, various approaches directed towards PMIPv6 performance improvements, such as route optimization, have been proposed. However, these approaches add additional signaling to support the MN׳s mobility, which incurs extra network overhead and still provides difficulty when applied to multiple-LMA networks. In this paper, we propose an improved route optimization in PMIPv6-based multiple-LMA networks. All LMAs were connected to the proxy internetworking gateway (PIG), which performs inter-domain distributed mobility control. Each MAG keeps the information of all LMAs in the PMIPv6 domain, so it is possible to perform fast route optimization. Therefore, this method supported route optimization without any additional signaling because the LMA receives the state information of route optimization from the PIG.     

Performance analysis of DNS-assisted global mobility management scheme in cost-optimized proxy mobile IPv6 Networks

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is designed to provide a network-based localized mobility management protocol, but it does not handle the global mobility of hosts. In this paper, we propose a location management scheme based on Domain Name System (DNS) for PMIPv6. In this proposed scheme, DNS as a location manager provides PMIPv6 for global mobility. In addition, a paging extension scheme is introduced to PMIPv6 in order to support large numbers of mobile terminals and enhance network scalability. To evaluate the proposed location management scheme, we establish an analytical model, also formulate the location update and the paging cost, and analyse the influence of the different factors on the total signalling cost. The performance results show how the total signal cost changes under various parameters.     

Comprehensive performance evaluation of distributed and dynamic mobility routing strategy

In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive performance study of distributed and dynamic mobility management (DDMM). DDMM presents a new architectural paradigm for a sustainable mobile networking against an ever-increasing amount of Internet data traffic, providing IP mobility management with distributed deployment of mobility anchors and dynamic activation when mobility is needed. Such a distributed mobility management concept is generally and intuitively accepted in terms of effective distribution of mobile traffic when compared with centralized mobility management (CMM) approaches. Nevertheless, the routing strategy of DDMM has not yet been properly examined through performance studies, and especially the impact of potential mobility routing strategies on the user plane is an open question. We perform a mathematical analysis of DDMM and present numerical results aiming to identify in which conditions, by which factors, and how much, DDMM improves mobility performance. For comparison, Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), and PMIPv6 localized routing (PMIPv6-LR) were considered as representative IP mobility protocols following CMM approaches. Analytical results demonstrate that DDMM generally achieves higher performance when compared with CMM-based protocols in terms of packet delivery cost, tunneling overhead, and throughput, but specific performance varies in function of multiple input parameters.     

Buffering in proxy mobile IPv6: implementation and analysis

Proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol that improves performance in terms of handover latency, signaling cost, and packet loss compared to host-based mobility management protocols. However, still packet loss occurs during the handover of the mobile node (MN). Several attempts have been made to improve the reliability of PMIPv6 service by proposing schemes in which packets are buffered in network entities during the handover of the MN to prevent packet loss, and performance improvement has been demonstrated via simulations. So far, there have been no implementations of buffering functions in the literature. This paper addresses design of buffering function and its implementation to prevent packet loss, and demonstrates the results. We have implemented a PMIPv6 testbed based on open source resources. We discuss the functional and performance enhancements, comparing PMIPv6 with the buffering implemented and standard PMIPv6. We also propose an improved buffering function where the packet forwarding rate of the buffer is adjusted. The results through the testbed show that the buffering function in PMIPv6 effectively prevents packet loss during the handover of the MN. We have found out that we can manage the amount of packets in the buffer without further increment by adjusting the packet forwarding rate of the buffer as well.     

Enabling inter-PMIPv6-domain handover with traffic distributors

As a network-based localized mobility management protocol, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) Gundavelli et al. (2008) enables mobile node (MN) to move in a local domain without any involvement in the protocol signaling. In contrast to other mobility protocols (such as cellular IP (CIP) Valkó, 1999, and hierarchical mobile IP (HMIP) Soliman et al., 2005), PMIPv6 does not require any upgrade of MN's protocol stack. Instead, PMIPv6 employs network entities to handle the handover for MN. However, the PMIPv6 can only manage MN's reachability within a local domain. If MN moves beyond the border of PMIPv6 domain, the mobility support will be broken. To provide MN continuous support across domains, we propose a solution to interconnect neighboring PMIPv6 domains. In our proposal, we have introduced a new network entity called traffic distributor (TD). The TD is used to deliver the cross-domain traffic. If MN moves across domain borders, LMA will notify the TD and the TD will redirect MN's traffic to the new domain. To evaluate our proposal, we conduct experiments to compare it with Neumann et al., 2009a, Neumann et al., 2009b proposal which is another proposal to handle inter-PMIPv6-domain issues. Results show that our proposal is a feasible alternative for inter-domain handover, and it outperforms Neumann's proposal in terms of binding cache entry number, transmission delay and handover delay.