五硼酸钾制备方法的对比

实验研究了5种制备五硼酸钾的方法。利用五硼酸钾在水溶液中溶解度小的特点,获得用不同物质的量配比的氢氧化钾与硼酸、碳酸钾与硼酸、四硼酸钾与硼酸在水溶液反应制取五硼酸钾的规律;利用五硼酸钠溶解度大的特点,研究不同物质的量配比的氢氧化钠与硼酸添加氯化钾制取五硼酸钾的反应过程;使用高温反应装王,初步探讨了氯化钾与硼酸在高温水蒸气气氛下的水解反应,获得较优的反应温度条件。     

硼酸二甘油酯脂肪酸酯的合成研究

以硼酸、甘油为原料,在氮气保护下合成硼酸二甘油酯,然后在强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化下分别与月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、硬脂酸反应合成出3种具有半极性键的有机硼酸酯表面活性剂.用红外光谱确定了产物的结构.研究了硼酸二甘油酯月桂酸酯的合成工艺,得到了优化的工艺条件,结果表明:硼酸与甘油的摩尔比为1∶2.0,反应温度为180 ℃,反应时间为4 h时,硼酸二甘油酯的收率为96.0%;硼酸二甘油酯与月桂酸的摩尔比为1∶0.9,反应温度为200 ℃,反应时间为3.5 h,催化剂用量(相对于月桂酸的质量)为2.0%时,月桂酸转化率为97.5%.硼酸二甘油酯肉豆蔻酸酯和硼酸二甘油酯硬脂酸酯在相同的工艺条件下合成时酸转化率分别为97.0%和96.4%.该工艺具有酸转化率高,后处理工艺简单的优点.     

有机先驱体法制备氮化硼涂层改性玻璃纤维织物

以三乙醇胺和硼酸为原料,合成了硼酸氨基三乙酯。研究了原料配比、反应温度及反应时间对产率的影响,在原料摩尔比1：1、温度160℃的条件下反应180rain,硼酸氨基三乙酯的产率达到87％。由于N元素的引入,硼酸氨基三乙酯的水解稳定性良好,且在无水乙醇溶液中水解缓慢,能够满足工业上制备硼酸氨基三乙酯涂层的工艺要求。以硼酸氨基三乙酯为先驱体在氮气气氛中于400℃和800℃条件下热解,其热解产物为氮化硼和碳化硼的混合物。400℃时氮化硼的结晶程度较低,800℃时结晶程度提高。氮化硼涂层对高硅氧、无碱玻璃纤维织物具有显著的增强作用并可明显改善其耐温性能。     

低温合成超细硼酸铜粉末

探讨了采用不同的铜源对产物硼酸铜的影响,最终确定以碱式碳酸铜为铜源、硼酸为硼源制备硼酸铜,考察了不同硼酸用量和不同反应温度对产物形成的影响。分析不同条件下合成的产物得知,在较低的温度800℃焙烧3 h,当硼酸过量10％时都不能制备出纯净的硼酸铜,而当硼酸过量20％时,制备出单一相的硼酸铜,分子式为Cu3 B2 O6,通过Jade 6．5软件计算其晶胞参数为a＝3．35314, b＝19．56112, c＝19．57173,粒径在65．6 nm左右。     

反应温度对碳热还原法合成SiC-B4C复合粉末烧失率和物相组成的影响

以硼酸、硅溶胶、片状石墨为原料,采用碳热还原法制备SiC-B_4C复合粉末。研究了反应温度对SiC-B_4C复合粉末的烧失率和物相组成的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、激光粒度分析仪(LPSA)对实验样品的物相组成、粒度大小及其分布进行分析。结果表明:在反应温度达到1500℃以上时,采用碳热还原法可以成功合成出SiC-B_4C复合粉末。合成SiC-B_4C复合粉末的最适温度与硼酸用量有关。当硼酸用量为理论配比时,合成SiC-B_4C复合粉末的适宜反应温度为1500℃;当硼酸过量30%时,合成Si C-B_4C复合粉末的适宜反应温度为1550℃。当硼酸过量30%时,在1550°C下合成的SiC-B_4C复合粉末中位粒径为0.14μm。     

氟硅酸、硼酸制备氟硼酸钾工艺研究

详细介绍了利用磷肥副产的氟硅酸和硼酸反应生产高附加值的氟硼酸钾的工艺方法。通过对工艺的研究,叙述了该工艺的反应原理、工艺流程、工艺控制、主要设备及设备的优越性。通过实验表明,利用氟硅酸中的氟与硼酸反应生产氟硼酸和白炭黑,氟硼酸与氯化钾反应生成氟硼酸钾的方法可行。氟、硼反应温度在75～85 ℃、时间为2.5～3 h转化率较高,氯化钾需按理论量加入,产品质量稳定。该工艺利用磷肥行业副产的氟硅酸制备氟硼酸钾,将氟硅酸中的氟转化为氟硼酸钾,硅转化为白炭黑,不仅实现了资源综合利用,而且将生产废弃物转化为新的产品创造了新的利润增长点,节约了化石资源萤石,同时较氢氟酸法成本有大幅度下降,该方法将会成为未来氟硼酸钾生产的发展趋势。     

单甘油硼酸酯镁阻燃剂的合成

以硼酸和甘油为起始原料,在75℃条件下反应2.5 h,合成中间体单甘油硼酸酯;再用中间体单甘油硼酸酯与氧化镁在110℃条件下反应3.5 h合成单甘油硼酸酯镁。产品收率达到87.77%。采用红外的表征方法对合成的产物进行分析,利用络合滴定的方法测定镁含量为17.5%。     

含氟混合酸制取氟硼酸钾的研究

介绍了利用含氟混合酸制备氟硼酸钾的生产工艺。氟资源作为国家的一种战略资源,充分、合理地利用含氟混合酸的有效成分氟化氢十分必要。通过对反应物配比、反应时间、反应温度、氯化钾浓度的研究,确定了最佳的生产工艺条件。通过实验,得到混合酸和硼酸反应的最佳工艺条件:反应温度为40℃、反应时间为3 h、混合酸过量2%(以质量计,下同);得到氟硼酸和氯化钾反应的最佳工艺条件:反应温度为40℃、反应时间为6 h、氯化钾为饱和溶液,并做了实验验证。该工艺流程相对简单,生产易于控制、操作相对便利,制得的氟硼酸钾产品达到国家标准GB/T 22667—2008要求,副产的盐酸质量分数提高至25%以上。     

江陵凹陷地下卤水50 ℃等温蒸发研究

对江陵凹陷地下卤水进行了50 ℃等温蒸发实验。结果表明,江陵地下卤水在50 ℃等温蒸发过程中的析盐顺序为：氯化钠→氯化钠+氯化钾→氯化钠+氯化钾+氯化铵→氯化钠+氯化钾+氯化铵+硼酸,蒸发前期（蒸失率小于83.83%）只析出氯化钠,蒸发中期（蒸失率为83.83%~94.61%）开始析出氯化钾和氯化铵,蒸发末期（蒸失率大于94.61%）开始析出硼酸;微量元素锂、铷、铯、碘和溴高度富集于老卤中,有利于其综合利用。     

硼酸对焦宝石-碳化硅浇注料性能的影响

为了解决焦宝石-碳化硅浇注料在较高温度下工作时间的问题,将硼酸加入到浇注料中。通过分别对比浇注料在25℃、35℃时加入不同含量硼酸后浇注料的工作时间、硬化时间及耐压强度,从而确定不同温度下焦宝石-碳化硅浇注料中所添加硼酸的含量。结果表明,焦宝石-碳化硅浇注料在25℃工作时,不必添加硼酸;在35℃工作时,添加硼酸0．01％,可以延长浇注料的工作时间。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。