热膜测速技术在挑射水流运动特性及高坝消能机理研究中的应用

本文为探讨挑射水流在冲坑内的基本特征与消能机理，首次利用热膜测速技术量测定床冲坑中淹没射流的沿程时均流速和脉动流速分布，并同时量测沿坑底的压强场，给出入射区、冲击区和壁射流区三个子区的流速和压强的变化规律；计算坝面摩阻消能、空中扩散消能和冲坑水垫中紊动剪切消能三部分的消能效率。     

热膜测速技术在挑射水流中的应用及高坝消能机理的研究

为探讨挑射水流在冲坑内的基本特征与消能机理，首次利用热膜测速技术量测定床冲坑中淹没射流的沿程时均流速和脉动流速分布，并同时量测沿坑底的压强场，给出入射区、冲击区和壁射流区３个子区的流速和压强的变化规律；计算坝面摩阻消能，空中扩散消能和冲坑水垫中紊动剪切消能３部分的消能效率。     

Velocity and concentration measurements in initial region of submerged round jets in stagnant environment and in coflow

Velocity and concentration fields are measured in submerged round jets in a stagnant environment and in coflow using laser Doppler anemometry and laser-induced fluorescence. Measurements are made in the initial region within distances of 40 jet exit diameter at jet Reynolds number between 1000 and 5000 and coflow-to-jet velocity ratio from 0 to 0.43. Different behaviors of jet spreading and dilution are found in jets at three different ranges of Reynolds number in which the jets are classified as initially laminar, transitional or turbulent. In the zone of established flow, the jet centerline velocity and concentration decay with downstream distance at different rates in the three groups of jets. For jets in coflow, axial development of normalized forms of centerline mean excess velocity and mean concentration at different velocity ratios can be reasonably well collapsed onto universal trends through the use of momentum length scale. Turbulence properties inside a jet are increased by the presence of a strong coflow. Inside the zone of flow establishment, some strange features are observed on jet turbulence properties. The length of zone of flow establishment increases from the turbulent jets, to the transition jets and to the laminar jets. The zone lengths for concentration are shorter than those for velocity by one to two jet exit diameters. Both lengths are shortened further in the presence of a coflow. For jets a stagnant environment and in the strong jet flow region of jets in coflow, jet widths increase linearly with downstream distance in transitional and turbulent jets. Self-similarity of radial profiles of mean velocity or excess velocity, mean concentration, turbulence intensities and concentration fluctuation level is explored in the zone of established flow.     

Laboratory model study of the effect of aeration on axial velocity attenuation of turbulent jet flows in plunge pool

In the laboratory model experiment, the velocities of the jet flow along the axis are measured, using the CQY-Z8a velocity-meter. The velocity attenuations of the jet flow along the axis under different conditions are studied. The effects of the aeration concentration, the initial jet velocity at the entry and the thickness of the jet flow on the velocity attenuation of the jet flow are analyzed. It is seen that the velocity attenuation of the jet flow along the axis sees a regular variation. It is demonstrated by the test results that under the experimental conditions, the velocity along the axis decreases linearly. The higher the air concentration is, the faster the velocity will be decayed. The absolute value of the slope K increases with the rise of the air concentration. The relationship can be defined as K = AC_a +K_b. The coefficient A is 0.03 under the experimental conditions. With the low air concentration of the jet flow, the thinner the jet flow is, the faster the velocity will be decayed. With the increase of the air concentration, the influence of the thickness of the jet flow on the velocity attenuation is reduced. When the air concentration is increased to a certain value, the thickness of the jet flow may not have any influence on the velocity attenuation. The initial jet velocity itself at the entry has no influence on the variation of the velocity attenuation as the curves of the velocity attenuation at different velocities at the entry are practically parallel, even coinciding one with another. Therefore, improving the air concentration of the jet flow and dispersing the jet flow in the plunge pool could reduce the influence of the jet flow on the scour.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE VORTEX FORMATION AND ENTRAINMENT CHARACTERISTICS FOR A ROUND TRANSVERSE JET IN SHALLOW WATER

The vortex formation and entrainment characteristics for a round transverse jet in shallow water were experimentally investigated by means of a combination of LIF flow visualization and PIV measurement. A scarf vortex wrapped around the main body of the jet is formed in the near-wall region due to the interaction between the resulting wall jet and sufficiently shallow crossflow, with some more or less unsteady flow properties and with spreading ranges as functions of both the velocity ratio and the water depth within the near field. The entrainment of the ambient crossflow fluid into the jet main body is closely associated with the time-evolving features of the shear layer between the jet and surrounding fluid as well as the induced vortical structures near the wall. In the case of slight impingement upon the wall, the interaction between the jet shear layer and the weak, unstable scarf vortex gives rise to an appreciable local entrainment enhancement, confined in the near-wall region in the vicinity of the stagnation point. While in the case of intense impingement upon the wall, the well-organized and stable scarf vortex gives rise to a greatly enhanced entrainment and a greatly increased lateral spreading rate nearly throughout the overall near field as compared to the conventional wall jet. In addition, the entrainment of the ambient crossflow fluid by the scarf vortex in this case occurs largely on the surface of the unique spiral roller structure by itself due to the presence of smaller and unorganized eddies, and accordingly the scarf vortex is likely to keep its spiral roller structure steadily to a relatively great downstream distance within the near field.     

动水环境中有限宽窄缝湍射流的水力特性研究

本文采用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统，在分析了水中粒子跟随性的基础上，对动水环境中多种喷口长度和流速比情况下的有限宽窄缝湍射流近区流场进行测试，并结合数值模拟结果分析讨论了动水环境中有限宽窄缝湍射流的近场三维流动特性。在实验观测的流速比范围内，射流势流核长度随着流速比的增加而增大并逐渐趋近于平面自由湍射流的势流核长度，雷诺数对射流的发展轨迹影响很小，射流发展主要由流速比控制。同时，给出了射流背流面逆流区长度与流速比、喷口形状因子之间的关系。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW AND DILUTION BEHAVIOR OF RADIAL WALL JET

The radial wall jet is a flow configuration that combines the radial jet and the wall jet. This article presents a simulation of the radial wall jet by applying the transition Shear-Stress Transport (SST) model. Tanaka's experimental data are used for validation. The computed velocity profiles agree well with the experimental ones. The distributions of the velocity on cross-sections show a similarity in the main region and the profiles are different with those of the free radial jet or the wall jet, because the presence of the wall limits the expansion of the jet. By introducing the equivalent nozzle width, the maximum velocity decays and the half-width distributions are normalized, respectively. In addition to compare the flow field with experiments, this paper also analyzes the dilution effect of radial wall jets in terms of the concentration distributions. The concentrations on the wall keep constant within a certain distance from the nozzle. And the concentration distributions also show a similarity in the main region. Both the decays of the maximum concentration and the distributions of the concentration half-width fall into a single curve, respectively. The dilution effect of radial wall jets is thus verified.     

船闸闸墙廊道侧支孔射流研究

建立侧支孔射流水力学物理模型,使用PIV测速仪测量了多组流量条件下侧支孔射流无槛工况和设槛工况孔前垂向中轴面的流速分布,通过划分流场结构和提取流场断面等方法,归纳和总结了侧支孔射流的流速分布规律.根据试验结果得出了无槛工况断面最大流速和断面最大流速点相对高度的沿程变化曲线,绘制了设槛工况槛后射流中心线,拟合得出了沿射流中心线的速度计算公式.     

Air flow inside a vertical pipe induced by a free-falling water jet

The air flow induced by a water jet freely falling inside a vertical pipe with its top and bottom both open to the atmosphere was investigated experimentally and numerically. In the experiments, the radial air velocity distribution and the air pressure variation along the vertical pipe were measured. The air drag of the falling water jet was related to the jet surface disturbance and analyzed by introducing the equivalent friction factor. A predictive model was developed for the air flow inside a 3-m-high pipe based on the momentum equation and its results compared well with the experimental measurements. Numerical simulations were also conducted by approximating the free-falling water jet as a continuous moving solid with diameter and velocity varying in the direction of motion. The effects of pipe size on the air velocity profile and the induced air flow rate were examined. The simulation results showed that the streamwise air velocity profiles inside pipes of different sizes approached the same after a certain traveling distance. The maximum induced air flow rate was found at the pipe diameter of about 20 times of initial water jet diameter.     

窄缝消能与碰撞消能雾化水流研究

窄缝消能是挑流消能的一种特殊形式。本文对窄缝消能的雾化水流特性进行了初步的研究，提出了窄缝消能高速挑射水流的数学模型，同时对窄缝消能的雾流源量进行了分析。此外，本文还对碰撞消能的雾化水流问题进行了初步探讨。     

脉冲液体射流泵时均值基本方程中的流速系数

运用非恒定的动量方程和时均值计算方法,对脉冲液体射流泵时均值基本方程中的流速系数进行了理论研究,推导出了喉管和喉管进口段流速系数φ2和φ5的计算式。通过与恒定射流的流速系数计算式对比,阐明了脉冲频率是影响φ2和φ5的主要因素,沟通了脉冲射流与恒定射流流速系数之间的关系。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF HYDRODYNAMICS OF MULTIPLE TANDEM JETS IN CROSS FLOW

The hydrodynamics of a single jet and four tandem jets in a cross flow are simulated by using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software Fluent. The realizable model is used to close the Reynolds-Averaged equations. The flow characteristics of the jets, including the jet trajectory, the velocity field and the turbulent kinetic energy are obtained with various jet-to-cross flow velocity ratios in the range of 2.38-17.88. It is shown that a single jet penetrates slightly deeper than the first jet in a jet group at the same , although the difference decreases with the decrease of . It is also found that the way in which the velo-city decays along the centerline of the jet is similar for both a single jet and the first jet in a group, and the speed of the decay increases with the decrease of . The downstream jets in a group are found to behave differently due to the sheltering effect of the first jet in the group. Compared with the first jet, the downstream jets penetrate deeper into the cross flow, and the velocity decays more slowly. The circulation zone between the two upstream jets in the front is stronger than those formed between the downstream jets. The Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) sees a distinct double-peak across the cross-sections close to each nozzle, with low values in the jet core and high values in the shear layers. The double-peak gradually vanishes, as the shear layers of the jet merge further away from the nozzle, where the TKE assumes peaks at the jet centerline.     

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT AIR-CUSHION-CASCADE

Experimental and numerical studies of air-cushion-cascade were conducted and described. The SIMPLE algorithm combined with the normal k-ε turbulence model was adopted to simulate the air-phase flow. The experiment was carried out an IFA 300 anemometer. The flow field was measured for different ratios of main-stream velocity to jet velocity, different numbers of gaps and a couple of gap widths. The contur of the air-cushion was obtained, and the numerical calculations gave a closed-form result. The results show that the air-cushion thickness would increase with the increase of the jet volcoity, gap width and gap number mainly determined by the jet in the former half cascade. The possibility to achieve anti-erosion by the turbulent jet was examined and confirmed.     

EVALUATION OF THE CUMULATIVE FORMATION OF HIGH-SPEED LIQUID JETS

1 .　INTRODUCTIONHigh speedliquidjetsareoftenseeninrainerosionsimulationofaircraftandmissiles ,JilbertandField[1] and jetcuttingofmaterials ,Kob ayashi[2 ] .Inthegenerationofjets ,itistechnicallyinterestingtoknowhowtooperatetheexperimen talfacilityattheoptimumconditiontoobtainthejetvelocitymostefficiently .ThisisdescribedbyShiandTakayama[3] ,ShiandItoh[4 ] ,ShiandIt oh[5] .Intheearlieststudyofa pulsedhigh speedliquidjet ,BowdenandBrunton[6 ] puttheliquidinanozzleandthenusedaslugimpact…     

Flow field simulation of supercritical carbon dioxide jet: Comparison and sensitivity analysis

As a new jet technology developed in recent years, the supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO2) jet technology enjoys many advantages when applied in oil and gas explorations. In order to study the properties and parametric influences of the SC-CO2 jet, the flow fields of the SC-CO2 jet are simulated using the computational fluid dynamics method. The flow field of the SC-CO2 is compared with that of the water jet. The influences of several parameters on the flow field of the SC-CO2 jet are studied. It is indicated that like the water jet, the velocity and the pressure of the SC-CO2 jet could be converted to each other, and the SC-CO2 jet can generate a significant impact pressure on the wall, the SC-CO2 jet has a stronger impact pressure and a higher velocity than those of the water jet under the same conditions, the maximum velocity and the impact pressure of the SC-CO2 jet increase with the increase of the nozzle pressure drop, under the stimulation condition of this study, the influence of the SC-CO2 temperature on the impact pressure can be neglected in engineering applications, while the maximum velocity of the SC-CO2 jet increases with the increase of the fluid temperature. This paper theoretically explores the properties of the SC-CO2 jet flow field, and the results might provide a theoretical basis for the application of the SC-CO2 jet in oil and gas well drillings and fracturing stimulations.     

PDA MEASUREMENTS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW STRUCTURE AND PARTICLE DISPERSION FOR A PARTICLE-LADEN JET IN CROSSFLOW

The two-phase flow structure and particle dispersion for a dilute particle-laden jet in crossflow(JICF) were experimentally investigated by means of Phase Doppler Anemometry(PDA) measurement.The two-phase flow experiments were conducted for different flow conditions and solid particle parameters,including the ratio of the jet velocity to crossflow velocity,the particle size and mass loading.The experimental results indicate that the fine particles with the size of 70 micron and the mass loading of 0.05% hav...     

An Investigation of Turbulent Rectangular Jet Discharged Into A Narrow Channel Weak Crossflow

A computational investigation of the mean flow field of turbulent rectangular jets issuing into a narrow channel crossflow is presented. The length of the jet slot spans more than 55% of the crossflow channel bed, leaving a small clearance between the jet edge and sidewalls. A finite volume code employing the standard k-εmodel is used to predict the mean, three-dimensional flow field. The mean flow field is investigated for two velocity ratios （6 and 9）. Important flow features, such as the formation of different vortical structures and their characteristics owing to different values of the velocity ratio, are discussed. Some predicted results are compared with the experimental data reported in the literature. The predicted mean and turbulent flow properties are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data.     

湍浮力射流形成区内特性的预报

应用作者所提出的数学模型和计算方法,对浮力射流形成区内的特性进行了预报。得出了形成区内中线流速、温度和湍动能的沿程变化,以及射流核的长度和掺入速度。也得出了流速、温度和湍动能在断面上的分布。并分析和讨论了出口条件及环境分层对这些特性的影响。     

岸边并联泄洪洞下游河道冲坑预测

挑流水舌对下游河道的冲刷关系到工程安全。根据动量方程推导了射流在下游水垫中的扩散规律,分析了下游水垫流速对射流扩散的影响,提出了动水垫下射流的临底流速计算方法。研究结果表明:动水流速增加了射流在水中的扩散距离,促进了射流扩散及射流流速衰减,降低了射流临底流速。将研究结果应用于白鹤滩岸边泄洪洞下游河道的冲坑深度预测。模型试验结果表明:在鼻坎水流参数相同的情况下,河道中水流为动水时的冲坑深度较静水时冲坑深度减小约10%,且位于河道下游侧的挑流水舌形成的冲坑深度小于上游侧挑流水舌形成的冲坑深度。与常规预测公式相比,该方法能准确预测不同位置挑流水舌的冲坑深度,研究结果可为泄洪设施下游河道消能防冲设计提供依据。     

中心喉嘴距对复合射流泵性能影响的数值模拟

基于射流传能分析理论,提出将中心射流和环形射流相结合的复合射流泵技术。为了确定较为合理的中心喉嘴距范围,通过紊流数值模拟方法研究了复合射流泵合适的中心喉嘴距范围及水力结构特征。对比分析了不同中心喉嘴距对复合射流泵流场及性能的影响。结果表明:(1)当中心喉嘴距较小时,喉管进口前存在限制流道的节流现象,易影响射流传能效果;(2)当中心喉嘴距较大时,在吸入室前端由于中心工作液与被吸液流速差较大,会产生较大的剪切损失,且喉管后端中心工作液对被吸液的提携能力低于环形工作液,导致整体传能效率偏低;(3)当中心喷嘴出口在吸入室中部附近时,整体传能效果较佳。研究确定较佳的中心喉嘴距范围为0.2～0.8倍的环形喉嘴距,其高效率区较宽广。研究成果可为复合射流泵的实际应用提供科学依据。