一种镍基高温合金的低周疲劳性能

研究了一种镍基高温合金在不同温度下的低周疲劳性能,分析了疲劳断口。结果表明,该合金循环应力响应行为表现出对温度和外加总应变幅很强的依赖关系,不同的循环应力响应行为可归因于位错、强化相和合金元素间复杂的交互作用。合金疲劳寿命与温度、外加总应变幅、氧化损伤程度有关。疲劳断裂行为受外加应变幅和氧化影响很大。     

Microstructural extremes and the transition from fatigue crack initiation to small crack growth in a polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy

The fatigue behavior of the nickel-base superalloy René 88 DT has been investigated at room temperature with fully reversed loading in an ultrasonic fatigue apparatus operating at a frequency close to 20 kHz. A characterization protocol based on the electron backscatter diffraction technique has been developed to identify the combination of microstructural features within crack initiation sites and surrounding neighborhoods that leads to the transition from initiation to early small crack growth. Surface grains that were more than three times the average grain size, that were favorably oriented for cyclic slip localization and that also contained Σ3 twin boundaries inclined to the loading axis were most favorable for fatigue crack initiation. Fatigue cracks subsequently grew in grain clusters within which grains are misoriented by less than 20° relative to the initiation grains. More highly misoriented neighboring grains resulted in crack arrest. The material characteristics that promote crack initiation and small crack growth exist only at the extreme tails of the microstructural distributions. The implications for modeling of fatigue life and fatigue life variability are discussed.     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior of K40S cobalt-base superalloy at elevated temperature

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Coarsening of a multimodal nickel-base superalloy

The coarsening of γ′-Ni₃Al precipitates in the nickel superalloy Ni115 has been examined and compared to the results of a numerical model based on LSW coarsening theory. Ni115 has a γ′ fraction of around 60%, and at the coarsening temperatures of interest the γ′ distribution is bimodal, with two populations ～5 nm and ～90 nm in radius. It is found that during the initial transient (around 2000 h at 800 °C), the fine γ′ dissolve, leading to a rapid increase in the mean radius followed by a plateau. At long times, the expected steady-state unimodal t^1/3 coarsening is observed. The model reproduces these features in form and approximately in magnitude, a first for LSW model-experiment comparisons in nickel superalloys.     

Mechanism of competitive grain growth in directional solidification of a nickel-base superalloy

The structure evolution of bicrystal (BC) samples during directional solidification (DS) was explored in an attempt to understand the mechanism of competitive grain growth. It was found that in the case of diverging dendrites the favorably oriented grain overgrows the misaligned grain. However, in the case of converging dendrites the result differs from the prediction of the generally accepted model for competitive grain growth. First, the unfavorably oriented dendrites are able to overgrow the favorably oriented dendrites. Second, the misaligned grain overgrows the favorably oriented grain by blocking the dendrites of the favorably oriented grain at the grain boundary. Based on the experimental results, the process by which a favored 〈0 0 1〉 texture is developed during DS process of a nickel-base superalloy is illustrated.     

Effects of deformation behavior on fatigue fracture surface morphology in a nickel-base superalloy

Fatigue crack propagation fracture surface morphologies in nickel-base superalloys vary substantially with changes in loading parameters such as temperature, ΔK, load ratio, frequency, and additionally microstructure. Quantitative fracture surface roughness can vary from sub-micron levels to a maximum value of approximately half the grain size. Atomic Force Microscope studies of surface slip traces in compression specimens revealed a clear relationship between slip homogeneity in compression testing and fracture surface roughness under similar fatigue loading conditions. It has been shown in this study that changes in ΔK, strain level, temperature, grain size, and load ratio can all affect slip heterogeneity, which in turn controls the fracture surface roughness. Finally, a model is developed that quantitatively predicts fracture surface roughness and roughness-induced crack closure stress intensity values from measurements of slip line spacing in a compression specimen.     

镍基耐蚀825合金的组织特征及热力学计算

为了了解镍基耐蚀825合金的组织特征及平衡相的析出规律,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc对其进行组织观察和模拟计算分析。结果表明,825合金原始轧态晶界无析出物,晶内有少许Ti的碳化物。750℃时效4h后晶界析出块状M23C6,980℃时效,MC相随时间增加而增多。825合金主要平衡相为γ′、α-Cr、MC、M23C6,Al、Cr、Ti、C分别提高γ′相、α-Cr相、MC相、M23C6相的开始析出温度和最大析出量。     

熔体过热处理对铸造镍基高温合金吸氮行为的影响

研究了不同温度的熔体过热处理对M963合金吸氮行为的影响。结果表明：在1600～1650℃进行熔体过热处理，合金中的氮含量因精炼作用而略有降低；但当过热温度达到1700℃时，由于熔体结构的变化而使合金开始吸氮；当过热温度达到l850℃时，合金中的氮含量由原来的0．0006％(质量分数)急剧增加到0．0047％(质量分数)。     

Influence of crystal orientation on cellular growth of a nickel-base single crystal superalloy

The cellular pattern evolution during directional solidification of a nickel-base single crystal superalloy has been studied in different crystallographic orientations using re-oriented seed crystals. Under the same thermal gradient and solidification velocity, the microstructures of differently oriented cellular single crystals are schematically investigated. It is concluded that the cellular growth direction is less affected by the seed orientation and depends on the heat flow, and is usually along heat flow direction. Cellular interface stability and microstructure are greatly influenced by the crystallographic orientation. When increasing the misorientation, the cell spacing increases correspondingly and the cellular growth interface becomes more unstable.     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of laser-annealed IN 718 alloy in hydrogen

The effect of hydrogen embrittlement on the fatigue crack growth of IN 718 plate and laser-annealed specimens in hydrogen containing environment were investigated. Although the differences in tensile strength and impact toughness between solution-annealed (S) and aged (A) IN 718 specimens were significant, the experimental results indicated that both specimens within the low ΔK regime exhibited a similar fatigue behavior. As the ΔK increased above 30 MPa , the solution-annealed specimen revealed a higher fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) than the aged one. In general, the IN 718 alloy had a low sensitivity to hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth, independent of hydrogen sources. Residual compressive stresses ahead of the crack tip were responsible for the improved resistance to fatigue crack growth in a laser-annealed specimen. For alloys with similar strength, IN 718 alloy trapped a huge amount of hydrogen in the matrix showing a less susceptibility to hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth in comparison with the maraging steel. Additionally, fatigue-fractured appearance near crack initiation sites reveals quasi-cleavage fracture in embrittled specimens.     

一种镍基高温合金熔敷金属的组织及性能

通过热力学计算、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等分析了一种镍基高温合金熔敷金属的组织结构和力学性能.结果表明,试验用镍基高温合金熔敷金属的组织主要由柱状NiCr奥氏体以及在其亚晶间分布的少量γ'相、MC型碳化物和Laves相组成.熔敷金属组织结构完好,无裂纹、孔洞等缺陷,但多数合金元素存在偏析行为,其中元素Fe在亚晶粒中心含量较高,元素Mo,Nb,Al和Si在亚晶间含量较高,而元素Cr不存在偏析行为.熔敷金属具有良好的强度和韧性,在拉伸试验及冲击试验中其断裂形式均为塑性断裂,断口形貌为典型的韧窝状.     

Nucleation mechanism of a nickel-base superalloy during dynamic recrystallization

Hot compression test was carried out at 1000℃ to investigate the dynamic recrystallization nucleation mechanism of a nickel-base superalloy. It was found that the bulging of original grain boundaries was inhibited by carbides and deformation twins at the boundaries. Recrystallized nuclei evolved from the subgrains of dislocation reconfiguration along original grain boundaries, and the growth of the potential nuclei was carried out by the coalescence of subgrains. The necklace structure of recrystallized gra...     

Mechanism of competitive growth during directional solidification of a nickel-base superalloy in a three-dimensional reference frame

The microstructure evolution of bicrystal samples during directional solidification was studied, both by simulation and experiment, to explore the mechanism of competitive growth. A new orientation relationship of bicrystal samples, the non-uniplanar case, is proposed, which expands the orientation relationship of bicrystal samples from two dimensions to three dimensions. The results show that, in the non-uniplanar case, the favorably oriented grain overgrows the unfavorably oriented grain by developing new dendrites in the lateral gap where the primary dendrites of the unfavorably oriented grain diverge from the mold wall. During this process, the grain boundary is found to move in two directions, one perpendicular to the grain boundary and the other parallel to the grain boundary. To characterize the state of dendrite growth, a three-dimensional reference frame is constructed. In this reference frame, the mechanism of competitive growth can be categorized as a converging case, a non-uniplanar case and a diverging case. Furthermore, the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental findings.     

Thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior of nickel-base powder metallurgy superalloy FGH96 under tension-tension loading

Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) behavior of FGH96, a nickel-base powder metallurgy superalloy, has been studied under tension-tension loading at the temperature range from 550℃ to 720℃. The results show that TMF fracture mode is intergranular for the in-phase (IP), but transgranular cleavage-like for the out-of-phase (OP) samples. The total content of Al, Ti and Nb in the γ' phases for the IP or OP samples and the partitioning ratio of γ'/γ in these elements for the IP samples are relatively higher at the lower strain amplitude, which is consistent with the case of the γ' size that is larger at the lower strain amplitude, the lattice parameter misfit is negative and the absolute value is lower at the lower strain amplitude that is correlative with the change of the γ' morphology. The deformation at the lower strain amplitude is mainly dominated by the dislocation lines and dislocation pairs in the matrix channels, at the higher strain amplitude dominated by the large numbers of superlattice stacking faults within the γ' phases.     

Lattice misfit during ageing of a polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy

The temporal evolution of the lattice parameters and lattice misfit of an advanced polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy have been studied in situ during an ageing heat treatment using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. During ageing, the γ and γ′ lattice parameters were both observed to decrease, a trend that cannot be attributed to a loss of coherency alone. Phase-extracted γ′ replicated this behaviour. Atom probe tomography was used to measure the compositional changes between the start and end of the ageing heat treatment. Using these data, a thermodynamic assessment was made using the software ThermoCalc of the structural change across the interface between γ and γ′. Subsequently, the unconstrained lattice parameters were estimated and were shown to be in good agreement with the X-ray diffraction measurements. Thus, the observed anomalous lattice misfit behaviour was concluded to be dominated by elemental exchange between the γ and γ′ phases during ageing.