年产50万吨磷石膏项目

一、项目背景磷石膏是磷肥工业的固体废弃物,一般每生产1吨磷酸约产生5～6吨磷石膏,每生产1吨磷酸二铵排放2．5～5吨磷石膏。我国目前每年排放磷石膏约2000万吨,累计排量近亿吨,磷肥工业排放的磷石膏渣占用大量土地,堆积成山,严重污染环境。利用目前作为基本原料生产建材的项目技术已成熟的磷石膏,产品纸面石膏板和石膏制混凝土砌块是新型建材的发展方向,有着良好的市场前景。     

不同细度和煅烧温度下磷石膏的基本性能及砂浆强度研究

为在建筑行业中大量地使用湿法磷酸生产过程中产生的磷石膏,通过球磨、筛选不同细度的磷石膏,采用TG/SEM等技术,研究不同煅烧温度对磷石膏性能及微观结构的影响,并分析不同煅烧温度对磷石膏砂浆强度的影响。结果表明：磷石膏存在典型的结晶水和共晶磷,微观形貌主要以菱片状和板片状为主,目数越大,颗粒尺寸越小,厚度也越薄。经过高温煅烧后,二水磷石膏向半水石膏和硬石膏转化,温度越高,转化效果越明显,共晶磷的去除越显著,比表面积越大。磷石膏颗粒的最大厚度和径厚比分别为2.56μm和13.993,纯磷石膏砂浆养护90 d时的最大抗折强度和抗压强度分别为1.23 MPa和23.1 MPa。因此,磷石膏砂浆可用于承载力要求为C20的墙体和梁以及非承重填充墙、抹灰等工程。     

磷石膏的改性及其应用

磷石膏是磷酸和磷酸盐肥料生产过程中产生的副产物,在很多领域都是一种可用的基础素材。磷石膏的综合利用不仅能解决磷石膏的堆放问题而且还能解决环境污染的问题。磷石膏改性及其应用是当前研究热点之一。本文介绍了磷石膏物理改性及化学改性,预处理方法;讨论了磷石膏高分子复合材料的制备方法,如熔融共混、溶液原位聚合、热压成型及本体聚合;着重介绍了磷石膏的应用情况。     

磷石膏材料化综合利用研究进展

磷石膏是湿法磷酸浸出工艺中产生的固体废弃物，其主要成分为二水硫酸钙，具有产量大、组分复杂等特征。目前，国内磷石膏存量高达6亿t,其大量堆放造成土地资源浪费、江河水质劣化及大气污染等生态环境问题。然而，我国磷石膏综合利用率较低，其主要用于生产附加值较低的建筑材料，对此，加快推进磷石膏新技术、新产品的研发具有重要意义。本文通过分析磷石膏综合利用研究现状，总结了磷石膏在建筑、稀土提取、农业、化工以及生物医疗行业领域的研究进展，提出了现阶段磷石膏综合利用研究及产业化应用中的问题，展望了未来磷石膏高值化加工基础理论及技术研究的发展趋势，以期为磷石膏大宗化、高值化利用研究基础及产业化应用提供参考。     

不同气氛下掺加活性炭对磷石膏分解特性的影响

该文在磷石膏中掺入不同掺量的活性炭,采用同步热分析仪探究不同掺量的活性炭在不同气氛下的失重特性,通过能量色散型X射线荧光光谱仪（energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy,EDX）对煅烧后的样品进行检测计算磷石膏的分解效率,探究磷石膏低温分解的可能性,为磷石膏分解联产制备水泥提供理论依据。结果显示在氮气和二氧化碳气氛下,活性炭的掺入对磷石膏的分解有促进作用,磷石膏在二氧化碳气氛下分解率更高。在1100℃以后,氮气气氛下磷石膏停止分解,而二氧化碳气氛下磷石膏会继续分解12 min左右。氮气气氛下分解开始温度出现得更早,所需分解时间更短。     

杂质对磷石膏应用性能的影响

磷石膏是一种含有磷、氟等杂质的化学石膏,其中杂质对磷石膏的应用性能产生了不利影响,限制了其实际应用.由于杂质的存在,磷石膏脱水温度较天然石膏低,当其用作水泥缓凝剂时,在粉磨温度下可能脱水生成半水石膏和无水石膏,影响水泥性能;磷石膏和天然石膏制备的半水石膏胶结材料微观结构与物理性能之间存在较大差异.现有磷石膏预处理研究大多偏重于宏观性能的比较,而对杂质影响机理的研究较为欠缺,因此很有必要对其进行系统的基础研究.     

改性磷石膏的强度与孔结构的研究

本工作研究了矿物掺合料(矿渣、粉煤灰)和激发剂(熟石灰和水泥)对磷石膏强度的影响,并且探索了水泥对磷石膏耐水系数的影响。此外对磷石膏改性处理后的微观形貌和孔结构进行了分析。研究结果表明:矿渣和粉煤灰均能提高磷石膏的强度,且矿渣对磷石膏强度的增强作用更明显;但两者对磷石膏耐水性的增强作用并不明显,矿渣掺量过多时会由于延迟钙矾石的形成而导致石膏开裂。水泥和熟石灰作为激发剂时可以增强磷石膏的强度,熟石灰的增强作用更明显。水泥对磷石膏的耐水性能有一定的增强作用。磷石膏的水胶比、养护龄期和矿物掺合料可以改变其孔隙率,但不会改变其孔径分布;粉煤灰可以提高石膏的孔隙率,并且改变其孔径分布;水泥会降低石膏的孔隙率并改变其孔结构。     

磷石膏分解新技术进展

本文综述了国内外利用磷石膏生产硫酸和水泥的工业技术进展。通过对磷石膏分解反应机理和影响磷石膏分解反应动力学的各种影响因素的分析,提出采用循环复合流化床反应器分解磷石膏的新思路,旨在与国内外同行们交流与共同探讨。     

《磷石膏》国家标准制定工作进入尾声

近年来，国家一系列产业政策逐渐倾向于环境保护和资源循环利用，外部压力的增大使磷肥工业的磷石膏治理问题尤为突出；与此同时，日益增大的磷石膏排放量不仅需占用大量的土地，而且每年支付高额的运行维护费用，也迫使企业增强磷石膏综合利用的愿望。可以说，当前磷石膏的资源化利用是我们磷肥行业当前节能减排的重要任务，事关磷肥行业的健康、可持续发展。在这种形势下，制定《磷石膏》国家标准已是大势所趋，也是规范并指导磷石膏的生产和应用、不断推进磷石膏资源化利用的一个有效手段。因此，强化磷石膏的质量管理已是磷肥企业的当务之急。     

发泡法制相变储能磷石膏基体材料研究

以磷石膏为基体,采用浸渍法制备复合相变储能材料。利用发泡法对磷石膏进行轻质化改性,探究不同泡沫掺量和水与磷石膏的水灰配合比对磷石膏的孔隙率、密度和强度的影响,再进行搭载储能材料研究。研究结果表明,加入泡沫可以有效增大磷石膏孔隙率,降低密度,但抗折抗压性能降低;在水与磷石膏的水灰配合比为0.65∶1,泡沫量200mL条件下,制得的发泡相变储能磷石膏孔隙率为57.7%,抗压强度为3.58MPa,扩大孔隙率的同时满足了强度的要求,石蜡与磷石膏材料之间无化学相互作用,还具有更好的调温控温性能。     

黄磷尾气净化制甲醇

黄磷尾气富含一氧化碳,回收利用黄磷尾气生产甲醇,减少环境污染,获取高附加值的产品,为黄磷尾气资源的综合利用开辟新的出路。     

太湖流域农业经营集约化管理研究

就解决太湖水体富营养化最主要的污染源——农业面污染源,根据微观经济学原理建立了农业集约化管理模型。以GIS为平台估算其耕地面积和化肥的科学施用量,用SPSS相关性分析当地居民的问卷调查,对集约化管理产生的经济效益和环境效益进行详细分析,得出农业面源污染物总氮、总磷排放比2005年各下降21%和16%。结论显示在太湖流域套用集约化管理能够很好地控制农业面污染源,将农业面污染源的问题与实际社会成本、农业体制改革结合,从根本上解决农业面污染源。     

可膨胀石墨协同阻燃的研究进展

可膨胀石墨(EG)是一种良好的环保型阻燃剂,但单独使用时阻燃能力仍显不足,利用阻燃剂之间的协同阻燃作用能够大幅提高EG的阻燃效果.根据与EG起协同作用的阻燃剂的种类不同,把EG的协同阻燃分为磷系协同阻燃体系、膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)协同阻燃体系、氢氧化镁协同阻燃体系以及其他阻燃剂协同阻燃体系4类,介绍了不同协同阻燃体系的阻燃性能和阻燃机理的研究进展,并展望了EG协同阻燃的发展趋势和应用前景.     

复混肥中聚谷氨酸（γ-PGA）稳定性及其对肥料物理性质的影响

应用γ-PGA制剂（固体含γ-PGA8%,液体含γ-PGA3.5%）,以圆盘造粒、掺混包裹两种结合方式生产不同γ-PGA浓度的复混肥,在肥料生产当日及存放30天,90天,180天分别测定肥料中γ-PGA含量及其物理性质,探讨复混肥中γ-PGA的稳定性及γ-PGA对肥料物理性状的影响。结果表明,不同时段复混肥中γ-PGA含量相对稳定,但因不同加工工艺过程导致γ-PGA的检出率存在较大差异,其中,采用包裹肥料方式,检出率明显较高。γ-PGA对复混肥物理性状也有一定影响,采用造粒方式含γ-PGA复混肥无粉尘、无结块等现象,采用包裹方式含γ-PGA复混肥虽存在少量粉尘、结块等问题,但不至于影响肥料中γ-PGA含量,说明生产含γ-PGA复混肥以包裹方式相对较好。     

GB/T31732-2015《测土配方施肥-配肥服务点技术规范》国家标准解读

测土配方施肥技术是为了达到平衡施肥的目的而开展的土壤测试、肥料试验、专用肥料配制、施肥技术指导等一整套综合性的科学施肥技术,是目前世界上广泛使用的比较先进适用的科学施肥技术。本文通过对新颁布国家标准的解读,阐述测土配方施肥服务点的技术要素,以提高测土配方施肥的质量及施用效果。同时,对标准实施监督也提出了参考建议。     

Removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution by Posidonia oceanica fibers using continuous stirring tank reactor

The present study aims to develop a new potentially low-cost, sustainable treatment approach to soluble inorganic phosphorus removal from synthetic solutions and secondary wastewater effluents in which a plant waste (Posidonia oceanica fiber: POF) is used for further agronomic benefit. Dynamic flow tests using a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were carried out to study the effect of initial concentration of phosphorus, amount of adsorbent, feeding flow rate and anions competition. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of phosphorus from synthetic solutions is about 80% for 10 g L(-1) of POF. In addition, the variation of the initial concentration of phosphorus from 8 to 50 mg L(-1) increased the adsorption capacity from 0.99 to 3.03 mg g(-1). The use of secondary treated wastewater showed the presence of competition phenomenon between phosphorus and sulphate which could be overcoming with increasing the sorptive surface area and providing more adsorption sites when increasing the adsorbent dosage of POF. Compared with columns studies, this novel CSTR system showed more advantages for the removal of soluble phosphorus as a tertiary treatment of urban secondary effluents with more adsorption efficiency and capacity, in addition to the prospect use of saturated POF with nutriment as fertilizer and compost.     

Flame resistant glass-epoxy printed wiring boards with no halogen or phosphorus compounds

A highly flame-resistant glass-epoxy laminate-type printed wiring board (PWB) that does not contain such flame-retarding additives as halogen compounds and phosphorus compounds has been developed to overcome environmental problems caused by these flame-retarding additives. The PWB contains a self-extinguishing epoxy resin compound (phenol aralkyl type) and a limited amount of harmless metal hydroxide (aluminum hydroxide). It has high flame-resistance with no inclusion of halogen or phosphorus compounds and shows other good characteristics, including resistance to solder heating and chemical agents in processing, electronic properties, and moldability, which make it a practical FR-4 board. These good characteristics were obtained by utilizing the epoxy resin compounds superior properties, including its pyrolysis resistant, hydrophobicity and non-polar properties, and by minimizing the amount of metal hydroxide. The board is very safe when burned, disposed of, and reused as a filler after pulverizing.     

Recent results of experimentation and DEM modeling of centrifugal fertilizer spreading

For the past few decades there has been a growing concern about the environmental implications associated with the use of soil fertilizers. In Europe, over 90% of fertilizer is distributed using spinning disc spreaders. The popularity of spinning disc spreaders lies with their relative low cost. However, the performance of these machines is highly dependent on the particle properties (e.g. friction coefficients, shape). This results in large differences in spread patterns depending on the fertilizer type as well as the prevailing weather conditions (e.g. air humidity). This dependence requires extensive experimental calibration of the spreader for each type of fertilizer. When a new spreader is designed this calibration work has to be largely repeated. DEM is believed to be the key to increase the understanding of the spreading process, the design of better spreaders and a drastic reduction of experimental calibration. The paper reviews recent results in experimentation and modelling of an international research consortium running several industrial research projects on centrifugal fertilizer projects.     

Black Phosphorus,a Rising Star 2D Nanomaterial in the Post‐Graphene Era: Synthesis,Properties, Modifications,and Photocatalysis Applications

Semiconductor photocatalysis, a sustainable and renewable technology, is deemed to be a new path to resolve environmental pollution and energy shortage. The development of effective photocatalysts, especially the metal‐free photocatalysts, is a critical determinant of this technique. The recently emerged 2D material of black phosphorus with distinctive properties of tunable direct bandgap, ultrahigh charge mobility, fortified optical absorption, large specific surface area, and anisotropic structure has captured enormous attention since the first exfoliation of bulk black phosphorus into mono‐ or few layered phosphorene in 2014. In this article, the state‐of‐the‐art preparation methods are first summarized for bulk black phosphorus, phosphorene, and black phosphorus quantum dot and then the fundamental structure and electronic and optical properties are analyzed to evaluate its feasibility as a metal‐free photocatalyst. Various modifications on black phosphorus are also summarized to enhance its photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, the multifarious applications such as solar to energy conversion, organic removal, disinfection, nitrogen fixation, and photodynamic therapy are discussed and some of the future challenges and opportunities for black phosphorus research are proposed. This review reveals that the rising star of black phosphorus will be a multifunctional material in the postgraphene era.     

自蔓延高温合成陶瓷内衬复合铜管的研究

将自蔓延高温合成技术与离心铸造技术结合，开发了陶瓷内衬复合铜管技术，可在铜管内表面涂敷耐磨性和耐蚀性优良的陶瓷涂层。为提高陶瓷涂层致密度、韧性和结合强度，研究了添加剂的影响。结果表明，在铝热剂中加入SiO2和CrO3可提高致密度，加入Na2B4O7可提高结合强度，加入ZrO2可提高断裂韧性。陶瓷内衬复合铜管应用于管坯结晶器，可提高其使用寿命，降低成本。