Effect of Tool Shoulder Diameter to Plate Thickness Ratio on Mechanical Properties and Nugget Zone Characteristics During FSW of Dissimilar Mg Alloys

During friction stir welding (FSW), frictional heat is produced in the region between the tool shoulder and base materials due to the movement of the rotating tool along the line of joint. In this paper, an experimental investigation was made to understand the influence of the tool shoulder diameter (primary source of heat generation) on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of dissimilar Mg alloys namely AZ80A and AZ91C. From the experimental results, it was observed that the use of FSW tool having 17.5 mm shoulder diameter (3.5 times the plate thickness) produced defect free sound joints with superior mechanical properties compared to its counterparts. Moreover, the uniformly distributed fine sized grains of nugget zone also contributed to the sound quality joints. From this investigation, it was understood that higher heat input is essential for enabling the required mixing of materials during FSW of dissimilar Mg alloys.     

Investigation on Metallurgical Structure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Al 2024/Cu FSW T-joints

In this research, T-joining of AA2024-T4 and commercially pure copper were performed successfully using friction stir welding. Effect of welding parameters on metallurgical and mechanical characteristics of the joints was studied. For this purpose, tensile strength, microhardness, and macro- and microstructures of the joints were investigated. Also, the fracture surfaces were examined using XRD and SEM. The best results were obtained for the 1130 rpm rotation speed (ω) and 12 mm/min travel speed (v), with the UTS of 156 MPa (~70% of Cu strength). The microhardness test showed that TMAZ and base metal of Al side had the maximum hardness amounts (148 and 155 HV, respectively). Generally, increase in the ω²/v ratio caused the nugget zone and HAZ grain size to increase. The results revealed the formation of Al₂Cu and Al₄Cu₉ intermetallic compounds in the border zone of the joints. The fractography results showed the occurrence of cleavage fracture in all the samples.     

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of FSW Joints Between AA6101-T6 and AA6351-T6 Dissimilar Al Alloys

Friction stir welding of AA6101-T6 and AA6351-T6 dissimilar Aluminium alloys has been carried out at constant welding speed using a tapered cylindrical threaded tool pin with varying rotational speed. Change in microstructure and hardness near heat affected zone, nugget zone, and Thermo mechanically affected zone have been examined. Tensile tests results showed that the minimum loss of yield strength and ultimate tensile strength with minimised microstructural distortion in the weld correspond to 1100 r.p.m of tool speed. Electron probe micro analysis with energy dispersive spectroscopy result shows that the breakdown of inter granular precipitate of Mg₂Si is found to be equiaxed and it minimizes the heat affected zone, thus attributing to the increase of strength compared to welded joints of 900 and 1300 r.p.m tool speed. The mass% of Si decreases with increase in tool speed and forms finer Mg₂Si precipitates that attributes to reduction in strength with fibrous fracture appearance.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Property Change During FSW and GTAW of Al6061 Alloy

The variation of morphology and mechanical properties of Al6061 automotive aluminum alloy due to friction stir welding (FSW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was investigated by optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness measurement, X-ray diffraction, tensile testing, and fractography. The center-line dendrite emergence and microhardness reduction in the heat-affected zone were observed in the GTAW process. Although similar microhardness reduction with respect to the base metal was observed in the FSW samples, higher HVs were obtained for the FSW rather than the GTAW process at almost all heat-affected locations. Ultimate tensile strengths of the FSW and the GTAW samples in the transverse direction were ~0.57 and ~0.35 of the base metal, respectively. Post-weld aging improved the strength, but reduced the ductility of the welding.     

Effect of Laser Welding Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Hastelloy X/Haynes 188 Joints

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Laser welding is currently a versatile and reliable assembly technique. To save weight in aerostructures and propulsion units and to reduce thermal...     

Influence of Rotational Speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal AISI 304-AISI 4140 Continuous Drive Friction Welds

 Fundamental investigation of continuous drive friction welding of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) and low alloy steel (AISI 4140) is described. The emphasis is made on the influence of rotational speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, notch tensile strength and impact toughness of the dissimilar joints. Hardness profiles across the weld show the interface is harder than the respective parent metals. In general, maximum peak hardness is observed on the stainless steel side, while other peak hardness is on the low alloy steel side. A trough in hardness distribution in between the peaks is located on the low alloy steel side. Peak hardness on the stainless steel and low alloy steel side close to the interface increases with a decrease in rotational speed. All transverse tensile joints fractured on stainless steel side near the interface. Notch tensile strength and impact toughness increase with increase in rotational speed up to 1500 r/min and decrease thereafter. The mechanism of influence of rotational speed for the observed trends is discussed in the torque, displacement characteristics, heat generation, microstructure, fractography and mechanical properties.     

Studies on Electro Mechanical Aspects in Ultrasonically Welded Al/Cu Joints

Ultrasonic welding has been widely used to bond dissimilar conductive wires, battery cell terminals in relay applications. In this paper, dissimilar metals, Al/Cu were joined using ultrasonic welding for conductive applications. Welding trials were carried out by varying three control parameters: (1) vibrational amplitude (40, 60, and 80 µm), (2) clamping pressure (1, 1.2, and 1.4 bar), (3) weld time (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 s). Experimental trails were designed based on L₉ Taguchi method. Interpretation of tensile strength and microhardness results revealed that the satisfactory weldments were obtained for higher welding energies when compared to low welding energies. From the microstructural analysis, the bond formation of metals and failure modes were studied. SEM and XRD images revealed the four major intermetallic compounds at the interface of joint; AlCu, Al₂Cu, Al₃Cu₄, and Al₄Cu₉ with resistivity values of 11.415, 8.027, 10.612, and 14.243 Ω-cm respectively. The resistivity values of intermetallic compounds observed in the joint was almost 5–6 times higher than the Al.     

Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Characteristics of Friction Welded Dissimilar Joints of Aluminium Alloys

Joining of similar and dissimilar combinations of aluminium alloys 2024 and 6061 were performed using friction welding technique. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of the joints were characterized. Microstructure of the alloy were found to change significantly across the joint such as fully deformed, partially deformed and undeformed regions due to deformation, frictional heat and alloy characteristics. Extensive fine grain size was observed in the fully deformed region and volume fraction of finer grains was higher in the alloy 2024 as compared to alloy 6061. Hardness was lower in the weld interface region of the similar joints of AA2024 and AA6061. The lower hardness in the dissimilar metal joint was observed in the heat affected zone of alloy 6061. The tensile strengths of the similar joints were 80 and 85% of respective base metal of alloys 2024 and 6061. The strength of the dissimilar metal joint was observed to be similar to the base metal strength of 6061 alloy. Tensile fracture occurred in the region of joints where lower hardness was observed. The maximum elongation were obtained in dissimilar joints of alloys and characterized by scanning electron microscope. It revealed deep dimple patterns unlike what was observed in similar joints.     

SiCp+Gr/2024Al复合材料的力学性能和加工性能

颗粒增强的铝基复合材料已在航空航天、汽车等工业领域获得广泛的使用,但难加工性限制了此类复合材料的广泛应用.选用SiC颗粒和鳞片状石墨作为增强体,采用挤压铸造法制备SiCp+Gr/2024Al 复合材料,在保证材料力学性能的前提下改善材料的加工性能.结果表明,复合材料组织致密,石墨和SiC颗粒在基体中均匀分布;铸态组织中SiC和石墨颗粒与基体Al合金都未发现界面反应物;随着石墨的体积分数的增大,拉伸强度和弹性模量都下降,但加工性能得到明显的改善.石墨改善切削性能的机制为影响切屑形成机制和石墨对刀具的润滑作用.     

热挤压对铝基复合材料力学性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和万能拉伸试验机等手段考察了粒度为50～80 μm的Si颗粒增强Al-Si复合材料在热挤压前后的显微组织及室温拉伸性能.结果表明以17.31的挤压比热挤压后复合材料组织的均匀性得到了明显改善;复合材料挤压材的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率较压渗材普遍提高;热挤压没有改变复合材料的断裂机制,由于挤压后颗粒分布均匀等原因,使复合材料的塑性得到改善.     

Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Property of FSW Welded MB3 Magnesium Alloy

An experiment was carried out on the friction stir welding of MB3 magnesium alloy to determine welding parameters for obtaining an excellent weld appearance without void, cracking, or distortion. Frictional heat and plastic flow created fine and equiaxed grains in the weld nugget, and the elongated and recovered grains in the thermomechanically affected zone （TMAZ）. The grains in the heat affected zone （HAZ） grow slightly. The me- chanical property results show that maximum joint tensile strength can reach 97. 2% of the parent material, which is stronger than that of fusion joints; and the failure almost occurs in the heat affected zone.     

微量稀土元素Er、Sc对Al-6.0Mg合金性能的影响

介绍了在Al-6.0Mg合金成分范围内,添加不同含量的Sc、Er等稀土元素,研究了Sc、Er对Al-6.0Mg合金力学性能、耐蚀性能以及焊接性能的影响规律。通过对铸锭组织、热轧预退火状态组织、冷轧退火态组织以及基体、焊接接头的力学性能、剥落腐蚀性能的对照,可以发现Sc、Er对Al-6.0Mg合金铸锭组织有明显改善,对合金的再结晶有一定的抑止作用,并提高了合金的力学性能,但未发现其对剥落腐蚀性能的影响。     

Effects of Ultrasonic Vibration on Material Flow and Thermal Cycles in Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al/Mg Alloys

Comparative experiments are performed in friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar Al/Mg alloys with and without assistance of ultrasonic vibration. Metallographic characterization of the welds at transverse cross sections reveals that ultrasonic vibration induces differences in plastic material flow in two conditions. In FSW, the plastic material in the peripheral area of shoulder-affected zone (SAZ) tends to flow downward because of the weakening of the driving force of the shoulder, and a plastic material insulation layer is formed at the SAZ edge. When ultrasonic vibration is exerted, the stirred zone is divided into the inner and outer shear layers, the downward material flow trend of the inner shear layer disappears and tends to flow upward, and the onion-ring structure caused by the swirl motion is avoided in the pin-affected zone. By improving the flow behavior of plastic materials in the stirred zone, ultrasonic vibration reduces the heat generation, accelerates the heat dissipation in nugget zone and changes the thermal cycles, thus inhibiting the formation of intermetallic compound layers.

     

Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al/Al and Al/Non-Al Alloys: A Review

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding technique that has many advantages over traditional fusion welding, and has been widely adopted in the...     

Mechanical Properties and Metallurgical Characterization of Dissimilar Welded Joints between AISI 316 and AISI 4340

In the present study, the influence of six different process parameters and three interactions on joint tensile strength, toughness, fusion zone microhardness variation are studied during dissimilar tungsten inert gas welding between austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 and alloy steel AISI 4340. Detailed experimental study using fractional factorial experimental design and subsequent statistical analysis show that higher tensile strength, toughness can be achieved using ER 309 filler material and suitably selecting the other process parameters and heating conditions. Addition of small proportion of hydrogen in shielding gas increases the heat transfer efficiency, melting and subsequent penetration. Preheating of AISI 4340 material reduces the chance of solidification cracking and post-heating helps to improve the joint mechanical property. Microstructural observations show that improper selection of process parameters may lead to micro-pores and degrade the joint quality. Successful joining of the dissimilar materials greatly depends on the selection of optimum process parameters, filler material and shielding gas.     

Mechanical and Metallurgical Characterization of Dissimilar P92/SS304 L Welded Joints Under Varying Heat Treatment Regimes

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - This work was performed to characterize the dissimilar austenitic grade SS304 L and martensitic grade creep strength of an enhanced P92 steel welded...     

Improvement of Interfacial Strength with the Addition of Ni in Al/Cu Dissimilar Joints Produced via Laser Brazing

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Dissimilar metal joining between Al and Cu is effective to reduce the cost and weight of electrical components. In this study, dissimilar laser lap...     

2219铝合金及变极性等离子接头的低温力学性能

通过拉伸试验．测定了2219-T87铝合金母材及其变极性等离子焊焊接接头不同温度下的力学性能。利用光学昆微镜与扫描电镜等手段,对母材和焊接接头的微观组织及断口形貌进行了观察和分析,研究了低温对母材和焊接接头性能的影响。试验结果表明,该铝合金具有低温增强增韧现象,适用于低温条件下工作;VPPAW接头强度塑性提高的同时低温延伸率变化不大。探讨了低温对母材及焊接接头性能的影响机理。