Macro- and micromixing in a novel sonochemical reactor using high frequency ultrasound

This paper deals with the influence of ultrasound on macro- and micromixing in a new developed sonochemical reactor. Unprecedented piezoelectric transducer arrangement with a high frequency of 1.7 MHz has been used in this novel reactor. Macromixing quality has been investigated visually and the Dushman reaction (iodide-iodate) coupled with a neutralization reaction have been examined in order to characterize micromixing quality. In addition, the effect of liquid viscosity on the segregation index has been studied. The results show that this new developed reactor can establish reasonable macro- and micromixing inside the reactor. Moreover, the performance of this reactor has been compared with a stirred tank reactor equipped with a Rushton turbine impeller. It is found that with the same input electrical power, the obtained segregation index for stirred tank reactor is approximately 10% more than proposed new ultrasound reactor, which means the sonoreactor works more efficiently.     

Experimental Study on the Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Ultrasonic Loop Airlift Reactor

The promoting effect of ultrasonic wave on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the loop airlift reactor was studied. The gas holdup, liquid circulation velocity, mixing time and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient were examined and compared, with and without ultrasonic wave in the reactor. The experimental results show that ultrasound has almost no notable effect on the gas holdup, but has a tendency to decrease gradually the liquid circulation velocity and increase the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient; and the effect on the mixing time is relatively complex. At low superficial gas velocity, the low powered ultrasound promotes the radial mixing of fluid; with the ultrasonic power increasing, ultrasonic vibration obstructs the axial mixing of fluid. Moreover, the effect of ultrasonic wave on the mixing time gradually decreases with the increase in the superficial gas velocity. Therefore there exists an optimal ultrasonic power for hydrodynamics and mass transfer. Correlations were also proposed for the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the reactor.     

Electrochemical water disinfection Part III: Hypochlorite production from potable water with ultrasound assisted cathode cleaning

A new type of electrochemical reactor for use in electrochemical water disinfection was tested. To solve the problem of the formation of calcium carbonate scales on the cathode surface a cathode which simultaneously acts as a sonotrode was used. This sonotrode is an efficient means for in situ cleaning the cathode surface from calcareous deposits formed during hydrogen evolution from potable water. The production rate of active chlorine from potable water in the new reactor in dependence on current, ultrasound intensity, and flow-through velocity was measured. The production of active chlorine is not significantly changed by the effect of ultrasound.     

超声波气升式内循环反应器流体力学性能研究

研究了超声波对气升式内循环反应器流体力学性能的促进作用,重点考察比较了有无超声波时气升式反应器性能及超声功率对反应器气含率、液体循环速度、混合时间等的影响。实验证明,超声波的加入对气含率未见影响,有使液体循环速度逐渐减小的趋势,而对混合时间的影响较复杂。在小气速下,小功率超声波促进流体的径向混合,随着超声功率的增加,超声振动阻碍流体的径向混合,因而存在一个最佳的超声功率,并且超声波对混合时间的影响随着表观气速的增加而逐渐减小。提出了该反应器流体力学关联式。     

Combined Ozone and Ultrasound for the Removal of 1,4-Dioxane from Drinking Water

Ozone, ultrasound, and ozone/ultrasound processes were evaluated for the removal of 1,4-dioxane from tap water using a continuous flow reactor with on-line aqueous ozone measurement. The addition of ultrasound to ozone was found to significantly boost removal. The removal of 1,4-dioxane by ozone/ultrasound process exceeded the sum of the removals from ozone alone and ultrasound alone. Ultrasound alone showed less than 20% removal of 1,4-dioxane. The effects of reactor pressurization and bicarbonate as a hydroxyl radical scavenger were also studied. It was observed that at constant aqueous ozone concentration, additional pressure in the reactor tended to mute the 1,4-dioxane removal boost noted in the ozone/ultrasound process, while additional pressure did not affect 1,4-dioxane removal via ozone alone. The removal of 1,4-dioxane was found to be dependent on the consumption of aqueous ozone, and the consumption of ozone was found to be increased by either the addition of ultrasound or by increasing pH. Rate constants were calculated for various ozone concentrations for the ozone and ozone/ultrasound processes and the systems were fitted to a Chick–Watson model.     

Solid effects on hydrodynamics and heat transfer in an external loop airlift reactor

The effect of a solid presence on global hydrodynamic parameters and heat transfer in an external loop airlift reactor has been experimentally investigated. Results obtained in both two- and three-phase flow are presented in this study. Two different external loop airlift reactor sizes have been used and local hydrodynamic characteristics including local gas hold-up and bubble velocity have been obtained in two-phase flow. Optical and ultrasound probes have been used to obtain this information, respectively. It was found that an increase of solid hold-up leads to a decrease of liquid velocity and heat transfer coefficient. Measured in a two- and three-phase reactor using a horizontal-heating probe, a correlation of the average gas hold-up and heat transfer coefficient is proposed. Correlation parameters are identified in homogeneous and heterogeneous flow regimes, which have been derived from the gas slip velocity concept. The experimental liquid velocity and gas hold-up in the riser have been represented in a satisfactory way by a hydrodynamic model, either in the absence or in the presence of solid particles.     

超声波技术及应用(Ⅰ)--超声波技术

概述了超声波的发展历史;介绍了超声波具传播方向性强、介质振动强度大、在液体中可产生空化现象等特点。并对超声化学反应器的4种形式：液哨式反应器、清洗槽式反应器、变幅杆浸入式反应器和杯式反应器的结构特点以及适用范围和优缺点进行了分析。指出超声波的作用效应主要有力学效应、热学效应、光学效应、电学效应和化学效应。     

超声内环流气升式反应器传质性能的研究

研究了超声内环流气升式反应器中空气-水-离子交换树脂体系的气液传质与液固传质性能.分别采用电极动态法和离子交换树脂法实验测定了气液传质和液固传质系数.重点考察了表观气速、超声电功率对于气液传质系数以及液固传质系数的影响.实验表明,内环流气升式反应器中表观气速对于气液传质性能影响较大,而超声作用对气液传质影响不大.该反应器中液固传质系数随表观气速的增加而增大;无超声作用情况下,当表观气速达到一定程度时,液固传质系数保持一恒定值.超声作用时,气速增加到4 cm·s-1左右,传质系数达到最大值,随后液固传质系数随着表观气速的增加而逐渐减小,传质系数仍然大于无超声作用时的值.超声对液固传质有较强的促进作用,电功率在150 W左右时,超声对液固传质的促进作用最佳,是不加超声作用时传质系数的两倍左右;但随着电功率的进一步增大,液固传质系数呈现下降趋势.     

Gas-liquid and solid-liquid mass transfer in three-phase sparged reactors with and without ultrasound

Gas-liquid and solid-liquid mass transfer in three-phase sparged reactor has been studied with and without super-imposed ultrasound. The results show marginal enhancement in mass transfer coefficient due to ultrasound. Thus it has been concluded that the reported enhancement in the rates of heterogeneous reactions due to ultrasound is likely due to other, e.g., chemical, effects of ultrasound.     

超声波辅助制备活性炭基铁酸锌脱硫剂

采用超声波辅助沉淀法制备活性炭基铁酸锌脱硫剂。通过在固定床反应器中模拟煤气气氛下进行硫化实验,研究了催化剂的硫化行为。运用BET、XRD、测定机械强度等分析测试手段对脱硫剂结构特性和机械强度进行了表征。制备实验结果表明,用超声波沉淀法制备铁酸锌是可行的,且制备所得铁酸锌基本形成了尖晶石结构。随着超声波功率、温度及作用时间的增长,产生的空化作用使生成的晶粒较小,在活性炭上分散得更为均匀,且纯度很高,几乎没有杂相。     

超声内环流气升式反应器中环己烯环氧化反应的研究

Epoxidation of cyclohexene to cyclohexene oxide was studied in a new type reactor-the ultrasound airlift loop reactor. The influences of ultrasound intensity, molar ratio of isobutyraldehyde to cyclohexene and oxygen gas flow rate on the conversion of cyclohexene and selectivity of cyclohexene oxide were investigated and discussed, and the optimal operation condition was found, under which 95.2% conversion of cyclohexene and 90.7% selectivity of cyclohexene oxide were achieved. The ultrasonic airlift loop reactor utilizes the synergistic effect of sonochemsitry and higher oxygen transfer rate. Possible reaction mechanisms were outlined and the reason of ultrasound promotion of epoxidation reactionwas analyzed.     

Ultrasound cavitation technique for up-gradation of vacuum residue

Generally, upgradation of the petroleum residue to valuable product is done through the catalytic and thermal cracking using very high temperature and pressure. The ultrasound assisted cavitation is the novel technique to intensify the cracking of asphaltene present in the vacuum residual feedstock.The up-gradation of residue was carried out with application of low frequency (24 kHz), high intensity ultrasound under atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature in a batch reactor.In the present work, vacuum residue, having high viscosity was subjected to acoustic cavitation for different reaction times (15 min to 90 min) and with different probe diameters at ambient temperature and pressure. The effect of ultrasound on the upgradation of residue (asphaltene degradation) has been studied with surfactant as emulsifier as well as without surfactant. Also, the effect of acoustic cavitation has been studied on the physico-chemical properties of residue.The study revealed that the asphaltene content of the vacuum residue decreased from 13.5 (initial asphaltene present in residue) to 7% (wt.%). It has been also observed that the physico-chemical properties of residue reduced with the influence of ultrasound energy.     

低强度超声波对短程硝化污泥的影响

以周期性超声辐照的污泥为研究对象,在序批式反应器（SBR）中开展超声波对短程硝化效果的研究,并进一步研究超声波对酶活性、脱氮速率、胞外聚合物的影响。结果表明,0.1~0.7W/mL的超声波均可促进短程硝化,最高亚硝酸盐积累率（NAR）达98.21%。超声波通过强化氨单加氧酶（AMO）活性,抑制亚硝酸盐氧化酶（NXR）活性促进短程硝化,AMO活性最高同比增长63.84%,NXR活性最高下降89.03%。比脱氮速率、反应器脱氮速率并不完全与酶活性变化趋势一致,AOB关键酶活性仅与比氨氧化速率（SAOR）变化一致,而NOB关键酶活性与反应器亚硝酸盐氧化速率（NOR）一致,超声波引起的污泥减少对AOB菌群数量的负面影响大于NOB。周期性超声后,污泥EPS的总量随声能密度先增加后减少,超声波对LB-EPS的剥离大于TB-EPS,对多糖的剥离大于蛋白质,较高的声能密度会造成蛋白质的积累。     

超声波内环流气升式反应器处理印染废水

采用超声波内环流气升式反应器对某印染厂印染废水进行处理研究。考察了反应时间、臭氧流量、超声声强对印染废水的脱色率及COD去除率的影响。结果表明,随着反应时间的增加,脱色率和COD去除率均增大,最佳反应时间为30 min;脱色率及COD去除率随着臭氧流量的增加而增大,最佳流量为200L/h;超声声强最佳值为0.5 W/cm2,此时脱色率及COD去除率分别为74.8%、35.6%。实验证明,对印染废水的脱色率及COD去除率,超声波内环流气升式反应器处理效果大于超声与臭氧单独作用简单之和,脱色率和COD去除率分别提高了23.0%和6.5%。超声波内环流气升式反应器结合了超声波的声化学作用及内环流气升式反应器供气效率高的特点,发挥了超声波与内环流气升式反应器的协同效应。     

Surfactant-free emulsion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate using intensified processing methods

The feasibility of enhancing the latex yield and colloid characteristics in the surfactant-free emulsion polymerisation (SFEP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate (MA) through the use of intensified processing technologies is reported in this paper. The effects of high power ultrasonic energy as a well-established technique for mixing and mass transfer enhancements were compared with thermal initiation in a conventional mechanically agitated reactor. Although increases in ultrasonic power input resulted in higher rates of reaction and larger particles in the MMA polymerisation, reaction yields were nevertheless found to be low compared with the thermally initiated stirred tank reactor experiments. This was attributed to the low frequency ultrasound used (24 kHz) that was observed to provide excellent emulsification but was ineffective in terms of radical generation. The results for a thermally initiated SFEP of MA in a narrow channel reactor as an example of a continuous flow reactor technology showed that reaction rates were comparable with those achieved in the stirred tank reactor but at only a fraction of the specific power input whilst smaller particles with a tighter distribution are generated. These effects highlight the process intensification characteristics of the narrow channel reactor for the SFEP of MA.     

流体弹性对圆盘反应器功率特性的影响

以工业聚酯终缩聚圆盘反应器开发应用为研究背景 ,分别考察了圆盘反应器在黏性和黏弹性介质中的功率特性 ,通过对两种实验介质中功率特性的比较 ,得出弹性对圆盘反应器功率消耗的影响程度 ,并给出相应的功率消耗关联式 ,为聚酯终缩聚圆盘反应器国产化开发应用提供功率设计依据 .     

Analysis of dominant flow structures and their flow dynamics in chemical process equipment using snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition technique

Snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique has been applied to reveal the dominant flow structures, their dynamics and length scales in six widely used industrial equipments (stirred tank, bubble column, Taylor-Couette flow (annual contactor), ultrasonic reactor, jet reactor, and channel flow). The variation in length scale of structures within an equipment, with change in its operating conditions (Reynolds number and power input) or change in its geometric configuration (sparger and impeller designs), has been brought out in this work. The planar data set for POD analysis was obtained from particle image velocimetry (PIV) and large eddy simulation (LES) studies. The dominant spatial topology was analyzed by using the velocity and vorticity POD modes. The modes have revealed the following flow structures: the ascending streaks and bursts in channel flow, the vortex tube and leading edge vortices in jets, the irregular small chaotic vortices in Taylor-Couette flow, the variation in plume oscillation and flow structures in the vortical region of bubble column resulting from changes in sparger design, the high intensity vortices near the source of ultrasound in the ultrasonic reactor and the effect of impeller designs on dominant flow structures and near blade vortices in the stirred tank. The length scales of structures are obtained by applying image processing on the spatial modes. The dynamics of these flow structures in each of the items of equipment is captured by reconstructing the flow field using appropriate spatial and temporal modes that contribute to these structures. Further, a unique attempt has been made to correlate the length scale distribution with the mixing time.     

超声波气升式内环流反应器合成乙酸苄酯

以乙酸、苯甲醇为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂,在常温下用超声合成乙酸苄酯。实验考察有无超声、超声声强、不同通气量、不同气体性质及不同反应器等参数对催化合成乙酸苄酯的影响。实验结果表明:在超声频率为10 kHz条件下,超声声强为1.0 W/cm2,反应体系中空气流速为0.3 L/m in时,合成乙酸苄酯的酯化率最佳,酯化率达到65.8%。实验中采用的超声波气升式内环流反应器较普通的气升式内环流反应器具有较好的优越性,合成方法反应条件温和,操作简单且反应速度很快。     

Analysis and performance of a countercurrent moving-bed chromatographic reactor

A theoretical and experimental investigation of a countercurrent moving-bed chromatographic reactor is the subject of this paper. In this reactor a reversible heterogeneous reaction takes place on catalyst particles passing downward through an upcoming gas stream. The behaviour of an ideal reactor model was examined for different values of feed concentrations and reactor length. It is predicted that reaction and separation can be achieved simultaneously and that under appropriate operating conditions, a reactor fed at the bottom with the species more favoured by thermodynamic equilibrium can lead to 100% product purity with overall conversions lower than a conventional fixed bed reactor. The effect of nonidealities on the reactor performance is also discussed. Finite adsorption and axial dispersion have a generally deteriorating effect on overall conversion and product purity. An improved reactor configuration with a bottom stripping section is suggested. Its operating conditions can be tailored so that predicted performance exceeds that of a fixed bed both in yield and product purity. The hydrogenation of mesitylene with excess hydrogen over a Pt on alumina catalyst was used for an experimental investigation of the reactor. The experiments, performed in a 1/2″ i.d., 7′ long column, resulted in products of higher purity than the equilibrium prediction, and overall conversions comparable to a fixed bed reactor.     

超声气升式反应器处理乐果水溶液

Ultrasonic airlift loop reactor （UALR） shows potential and wide application for wastewater treatment. In this paper the performance and efficiency of UALR in dimethoate degradation were presented. The effects of O3 flow rate, ultrasonic intensity and initial concentration of dimethoate on degradation rate were investigated. UALR imposed a synergistic effect combining sonochemical merit with high O3 transfer rate. The results showed that UALR not only increased degradation rate, but also was better than the simole sum of degradation by O3 and ultrasound separately. Under the operation conditions of O3 flow of 0.34 m^3·h^-1, ultrasonic intensity 3.71 W.cm^-2, and initial concentration of dimethoate at 20 mg·L^- 1, the degradation rate of dimethoate increased to 80%. UALR seems an advisable choice for treating organic wastewater and this process may have wide application prospect in industry.