Flutter mechanism for rectangular prisms in smooth and turbulent flow

The aim of the present work is to clarify the flutter mechanism for suspended long span bridges via a parametric analysis on flutter instability for a set of given deck profiles. Several wind tunnel tests in the DIC-CRIACIV boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) have been carried out on spring suspended section models such as rectangular cylinders of different slenderness ratios B/D=5 and 12.5, where B is the longitudinal length of the prism and D is the height of the prism. The main experimental parameters needed for examining whether a given bridge profile is flutter-prone below a certain mean wind velocity are the flutter derivatives, so a system identification procedure (combined system identification method, CSIM) has been developed to extract simultaneously all flutter derivatives from two degrees of freedom (2DoF) section model test results (coupled vertical-torsional free vibration tests). The parametric analysis includes the investigation on (1) the effects of model dynamic properties on BLWT test results, (2) the consequence of turbulence on bridge stability, (3) the possible definition of an aerodynamic stability performance index (β) for rectangular cylinders for designing purposes.     

Flutter and buffeting performances of Third Nanjing Bridge over Yangtze River under yaw wind via aeroelastic model test

Third Nanjing Bridge over Yangtze River in China is a long-span steel cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 648 m and a closed streamline cross-section of single box. The flutter and buffeting performances of the bridge under yaw winds were investigated via a wind tunnel test of full bridge aeroelastic model at a geometric scale of 1:120. The service state and three key construction states including the longest single-cantilever state, the longest double-cantilever state with a temporary pier, and the longest double-cantilever state without any temporary pier, were considered in the test. The test was conducted in both smooth and simulated boundary layer wind fields with various combinations of wind yaw angle and inclination angle. The model was elaborately designed and manufactured, and the modal properties of the service-state model were checked before the test. The natural frequencies and mode shapes were identified automatically using a self-developed special software from the acceleration signals recorded in an ambient vibration test, where an “artificial” turbulent wind with lower mean speed of 1 m/s was used as a major ambient excitation addition to the “natural” one from the slight ground trembling. The modal damping ratios were checked using free-decay vibration approach. The testing results show that the bridge has enough aerodynamic stability for all structural states and wind directions concerned, and the most unfavorable buffeting responses often occur in yaw wind case with a yaw angle between 5° and 30°.     

An evaluation exercise of a wind pressure distribution model

The wind pressure distribution (WPD) around a building is an important parameter for multi-zone airflow simulation. The input is usually in the form of pressure coefficients (C_p). The values of C_p are traditionally derived based on wind tunnel studies. However, since it is not possible to always conduct wind tunnel tests to obtain the C_p values, alternative approaches have been suggested. One approach involves the use of statistical regression analysis of data obtained from wind tunnel studies. In this paper, C_p values of a shophouse building under investigation are generated using wind tunnel, a WPD model, which is based on the regression analysis of wind tunnel data as well as based on wall averaged values from published data. Using the C_p values obtained from the wind tunnel as the reference, the accuracy of the C_p values generated by the WPD model and the wall averaged values are analysed and discussed. The effects of such accuracy on the computed air flow rates and age of air for the building using a multi-zone network airflow model are also considered.     

风雨联合作用下大跨桥梁颤振稳定性试验研究

针对风雨联合作用下的大跨桥梁颤振稳定性,以一开槽双箱梁桥梁为研究对象,通过在大气边界层风洞中搭建的风雨联合作用试验系统,完成基于自由振动法的节段模型颤振试验。通过分析不同雨强下该桥梁主梁的颤振导数以及颤振临界风速,进而获取降雨对大跨桥梁颤振稳定性的影响规律。试验结果显示:颤振导数随雨强变化而变化,其中体现扭转气动阻尼特性的颤振导数变化较为显著,随雨强增大,颤振临界风速先增大后减小。试验结果表明:降雨对大跨桥梁的颤振导数以及颤振临界风速均有一定影响。     

覆冰导线三自由度耦合舞动稳定性判定及气动阻尼研究

利用风洞内支架式三自由度频率可调的弹簧悬挂装置对D形覆冰六分裂导线节段气弹模型进行舞动试验,在不同气动力特性的风攻角下调整竖/扭自振频率比及风速,激发并记录纯竖向、纯扭转、竖扭耦合和扭转水平耦合等失稳舞动。分别基于实测响应和三自由度舞动响应非线性数值模拟结果识别导线的竖向和扭转气动阻尼并与Den Hartog或Nigol舞动理论计算值进行对比,研究导线气动阻尼与气动特性、自振特性及风速之间的关系。试验结果发现：由于Den Hartog或Nigol系数正负不同以及竖/扭频率比不同,导线气动负阻尼绝对值会随风速提高以指数形式增大或者是随风速提高先增大后减小至小于结构阻尼;用单自由度舞动理论来预测三自由度舞动存在较大缺陷且偏于不安全。基于特征值摄动法提出覆冰分裂导线竖向-水平-扭转三自由度耦合的舞动稳定性判断条件式,解释了无法用Den Hartog或Nigol单自由度稳定性判断条件式说明的舞动现象,并得到试验结果的验证。     

超高层建筑气动弹性效应双向受迫振动风洞试验研究

通过双向受迫振动风洞试验对高347m的长沙世茂广场模型的气动弹性效应进行研究,模拟结构平面两个轴向的一阶振动,同步测量了振动模型上的表面风压和模型顶部位移。在对振动模型横风向和顺风向的气动弹性力分析基础上,识别了该模型气动阻尼比和气动刚度比,计算并分析了气动弹性效应对结构风致响应和等效风荷载的影响。分析结果表明,在100年重现期风速作用下,该模型气动阻尼比为正值,气动刚度为负,气动刚度相对于结构刚度较小,对结构自振频率影响不大。考虑气动弹性参数后,顶部最大位移响应可减小5%,最高居住层最大加速度响应可减小10%,由等效风荷载计算得到的基底总剪力和基底总弯矩减小1.1%左右。分析表明,双向受迫振动风洞试验是一种有效且有实用前景的超高建筑气动弹性参数识别方法。     

Identification of aerodynamic parameters for eccentric bridge section model

The equations of motion for bridge deck section model elastically suspended in wind tunnel are formulated about mass center of the system using the Lagrangian approach, accommodating both the elasticity and damping eccentricities in the formulation. The Subsection Extended-Order Iterative Least Square (SEO-ILS) algorithm is developed in the state space for direct identification of system matrices from free vibration data of section model obtained from wind tunnel testing. The flutter derivatives can be extracted straightforwardly from the difference in the system matrices identified at zero wind velocity and at a specific wind velocity, respectively. By making use of complex modal decomposition technique, a procedure is employed to correct the system matrix at zero wind velocity considering both eccentricities. The proposed method is applied to identify the flutter derivatives of a thin plate section model and the section model of a suspension bridge. The results show a favorable agreement between the flutter derivatives of a thin plate obtained with the proposed method and those derived from the analytic formulae. The identified direct flutter derivatives of the suspension bridge section model also are in good agreements with those obtained using Scanlan's method. It is shown that the use of the corrected system matrix at zero wind velocity leads to better accuracy in identifying the flutter derivatives especially at high reduced wind velocity than using the original system matrix, and the eccentricity is found to have more influence on the cross flutter derivatives than on the direct flutter derivatives.     

大跨度中承式拱桥节段模型风洞试验

风致振动是大跨度中承式拱桥设计的主要控制因素之一,本文介绍了重庆菜园坝长江大桥风洞主桥节段模型静力三分力试验以及节段模型动态试验的主要内容及相应的结果,介绍了由于双拱干扰下的主拱静力三分力试验和涡振试验及其结论．试验表明,桥梁主桥具有良好的气动稳定性,主拱在风载下受力极为复杂。由于前榀拱尾流的影响,后拱阻力系数起伏较大。当两榀拱相距较近时,后拱的阻力系数为负数,随着间距的增大逐渐增大。试验结果将为大桥的抖振、涡振以及颤振分析提供依据。     

双车交会过程的风-车-桥耦合振动研究

侧向风作用下,双车交会过程中车辆和桥梁的风荷载会发生突变。以大跨度悬索桥为工程背景,通过车桥组合节段模型风洞试验,测试不同状态车辆和桥梁各自的气动力系数。针对强风作用下双车交会过程,通过风-车-桥耦合振动分析,对比分析双车交会情况下车辆和桥梁的响应,讨论双车间距、风速、车速等因素的影响。研究表明双车交会时背风侧车辆风荷载突变使车辆的横向响应显著增大。     

Investigation of the vibrational behaviour of a cable-stayed bridge under wind loads

During the design stage of a new traffic bridge of the cable-stayed type an investigation has been carried out to determine the vibrational behaviour of the structure under wind loads. On a two-dimensional model wind tunnel experiments were carried out to establish the flutter stability of the bridge and to determine resonance vibrations due to vortex shedding.During construction of the actual bridge vibration measurements were performed and the wind-induced vibrational behaviour of the structure was observed.     

环境随机振动频域法全桥气弹模型模态识别

提出了用一个人工低风速的紊流场作为主要环境随机振动源的环境随机振动试验方法，并用该试验方法和随机振动信号频域分析方法对南京长江三桥全桥气弹模型进行了模态识别。经与有限元计算结果比较后可知，所识别的全桥气弹模型固有频率和振型结果令人满意。     

Simplified prediction of wind-induced response and stability limit of slender long-span suspension bridges, based on modified quasi-steady theory: A case study

The Hardanger Bridge is currently under construction in Norway. It will have a main span of 1310 m and a girder that is only 18.3 m wide, which implies that wind-induced vibration is a major concern in the design. Buffeting response and flutter analysis of the Hardanger Bridge are treated in this paper. The self-excited forces are modelled using aerodynamic derivatives obtained from free vibration tests, quasi-steady theory, and a suggested modified quasi-steady theory. The stability limit predicted using aerodynamic derivatives corresponded well with the wind tunnel results, while the quasi-steady theory severely underestimated the critical mean wind velocity for the section model used in the wind tunnel tests. A new set of modified quasi-steady coefficients are suggested, where the experimental results of the aerodynamic derivatives are used to obtain frequency-independent model coefficients. The critical velocities predicted by the modified quasi-steady coefficients differ only by 4-5% from estimates based on the aerodynamic derivatives. The response predicted by the suggested simplified aerodynamic model is also presented, and the results indicate that adequate estimates are achieved.     

Comparison of the dynamic responses of monopiles and gravity base foundations for offshore wind turbines in sand using centrifuge modelling

Monopiles and gravity base foundations (GBF) are two of the most commonly used foundations for offshore wind turbines. As resonance can cause damage and even failure of wind turbines, understanding the difference between the dynamic responses of monopiles and GBFs under free vibration is important. However there is little experimental data regarding their natural frequency, especially from model tests carried out at correct stress levels. This paper presents the results of novel monopile and GBF tests using a centrifuge to directly determine the natural frequency (f_n) of the foundation-soil system. The natural frequencies of wind turbine monopiles and GBFs in centrifuge models were measured during harmonic loading using a piezo-actuator, with the results confirming that soil-structure interaction must be considered to obtain the system’s natural frequency as this frequency reduces substantially from fixed-base values. These results will contribute in preventing resonance induced damage in wind-turbines.     

Aerodynamic interference effects and mitigation measures on vortex-induced vibrations of two adjacent cable-stayed bridges

By examining the two neighboring Haihe Bridges with semi- and full-closed bridge decks, the aerodynamic interference between the two decks on the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and the corresponding aerodynamic mitigation measures are investigated via a series of wind tunnel tests with a spring-suspended sectional model aided with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The results show that the VIV responses of both bridges can be significantly affected by the aerodynamic interference and that the extent of the influence varies with the shapes of the windward and leeward decks. The VIV amplitudes of the windward bridge are often fairly close to those of the single bridge. However, those of the leeward bridge are magnified substantially by aerodynamic interference if the same structural and aerodynamic configurations are adopted for the two bridges. Otherwise, the VIV responses are not significantly increased and may even be reduced by the aerodynamic interference if different configurations are employed for the two bridges. Furthermore, an effective combined measure of adding wind barriers and sharpening the wind fairing noses of the two box decks is presented for mitigating both the vertical and torsional VIV responses of the windward and leeward bridges.     

桥梁箱型吊杆涡振与驰振耦合振动的数值模拟

为研究桥梁箱型吊杆涡振与驰振耦合状态下的风致振动机理,基于某大跨度钢桁架拱桥大长细比箱型吊杆的节段模型风洞试验参数与试验结果,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件FLUENT对模型的耦合振动进行了数值模拟,通过FLUENT的后处理功能进一步研究分析了不同振动状态下的气动力和尾流旋涡特征信息。研究结果表明:数值计算得到的风振曲线与试验的实测结果吻合良好,在涡振与驰振的耦合振动过程中,随着振动幅值的不断增大,尾流旋涡脱落由小振幅阶段规则的卡门旋涡形态转化为大振幅阶段的复合模态特征,气动升力也由小振幅阶段的单频特征逐步转化为大振幅阶段的多频特征。     

Modal analysis of suspension bridge deck units in erection stage

A long suspension bridge located in a typhoon region may be exposed to a high risk of wind-induced large vibrations during the construction stage because of its long construction period. The dynamic properties of the bridge in different construction stages therefore have to be well understood in bridge design, so that a proper wind tunnel test or further dynamic response analysis can be performed. To this end, this paper presents a detailed finite element modeling and modal analysis of the Tsing Ma long suspension bridge when the first few deck units are erected at the bridge midspan. The three-dimensional finite element model includes not only the deck units but also the main cables to which the deck units are suspended through hangers, the bridge towers, and the side span cables. The results from the numerical analysis show a clear picture of how dynamic properties are transformed from the tower-cable system to the tower-cable-deck unit system. The results indicate that wind-induced vibration of a cable suspension bridge during the construction stage may be more critical than that of the completed bridge. The predicted natural frequencies and mode shapes of the tower-cable-deck unit system are also compared with the measured results, and the comparison is satisfactory.     

Long-term monitoring of wind-induced responses of a large-span roof structure

A long-term monitoring of the wind acceleration responses of the World Cup Stadium's roof structure in Jeju-do, Korea was carried out. Modal properties were extracted from collected data using the system identification technique, and variations of modal properties associated with the change in temperature and vibration amplitude (wind speed) were examined. The investigation indicated that up to a 5% increase in the natural frequencies was accompanied by a 27.2 °C rise in temperature. It also indicated approximately 5% decreases in the natural frequencies and increases of more than twice the damping ratios with an increase in five times the vibration amplitude. In addition, the reliability of the natural frequency prediction for this type of structures using the current analytical technique was examined by comparing with measured natural frequencies. In the FE model, nonlinear effects caused by the geometric stiffness and stress stiffening were included. The analytical natural frequencies showed good agreement with the measured values within a difference of 5%. An analytical prediction of wind-induced responses of the structure was made based on the wind tunnel test results, the analytical natural frequencies and mode shapes, including the added mass effect. Predicted wind-induced responses showed reasonable match with the measured accelerations during typhoons and winter storms.     

Aerodynamic stability of cable-stayed bridge with new Vierendeel-type girder

An aerodynamic study is described showing the stability of a new type of double deck cable-stayed bridge having both upper and lower flat, shallow, streamlined box girder decks connected by vertical members only. In long span, cable-stayed bridges the longer the span, the more important the aerodynamic stability of the structure becomes. Even though cable-stayed bridges evidence structural damping, the measure of the aerodynamic stability of such a bridge is whether or not a cross-sectional shape of the suspended structure is stable against flutter oscillation and vortex-excited oscillation. The experiments presented in this paper, therefore, focus on the aerodynamic stability against these phenomena in a partial scale model of a cable-stayed bridge of new design. The three aerodynamic components of force have also been measured. For comparison, a wind-tunnel experiment has been carried out using a partial model of a conventional suspended structure of a typical truss type double deck cable-stayed bridge. It is shown that the new system is superior to the truss type from an aerodynamic stability viewpoint.     

主梁断面形状对车-桥系统气动特性影响的风洞试验研究

确定车辆和桥梁各自的气动参数是车-桥耦合振动分析的基础。为研究主梁断面形状对车辆和桥梁气动特性的影响,利用自制的三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,针对8种分离式双箱主梁断面进行多工况模型风洞试验。通过对不同模型及工况试验结果的对比,讨论不同主梁断面形状下车-桥系统的雷诺数效应,得出不同行车位置处车辆和桥梁各自气动参数随主梁宽高比的变化规律以及其阻力系数的取值方法,为后续抗风设计及风-车-桥耦合振动研究提供参考。     

分离式公铁双层桥面桥梁-列车-风屏障系统气动效应风洞试验研究

为探究侧风作用下分离式公铁双层桥面桥梁上、下桥面间气动干扰效应对列车气动效应的影响,在无风屏障和设置风屏障两种情况下,分别针对单独铁路桥和标准间隔高度下的公铁双层桥面桥梁,通过大比例尺节段模型风洞试验测试了列车的气动力系数以及铁路桥面轨道上方的风速剖面变化规律。为了进一步探究公铁双层桥面间隔高度对列车气动效应的影响,测试了多种间隔高度下列车气动力系数以及铁路桥面轨道上方的风速剖面变化规律。结果表明,公铁双层桥面间气动干扰效应对列车气动效应有一定的影响,间隔高度的改变会引起铁路桥面风速剖面以及列车气动力系数的变化,对比分析可知,无风屏障时间隔高度仅需满足铁路桥梁基本建筑限界即可,设置风屏障后,当间隔高度≥15m时,铁路桥面风速剖面以及迎风侧轨道处列车气动力变化趋于平缓。