HR－1型奥氏体不锈钢氢渗透行为研究

采用超高真空气相氢渗透实验技术研究了ＨＲ－１型奥氏体不锈钢的氢渗透行为，测量了氢的扩散系数，及氢渗透率。还就试样表面氧化对其氢渗透行为的影响进行了研究，结果表明：试样表面氧化导致氢扩散系数及氢渗透率显著降低，渗透激活能增大，扩散激活能不变。     

低活化铁素体/马氏体钢CLF-1氢氘的渗透行为

低活化铁素体/马氏体钢(RAFM钢)作为聚变堆结构材料中最有前景的候选材料,其氢同位素渗透行为备受关注。采用氢同位素气相驱动渗透的方法,对中国低活化铁素体/马氏体钢CLF-1的氢同位素渗透行为进行了研究,研究了温度、气体压强、样品表面状态等因素对其渗透行为的影响。结果表明:氢、氘在RAFM CLF-1钢中渗透扩散过程为体扩散控制,渗透率与温度的关系式均遵循Arrhenius关系;在实验测试过程中,由于样品表面发生氧化现象和缺陷捕获造成H₂和D₂渗透实验中渗透通量出现下降的现象。     

吸气剂材料的吸氢动力学理论

以非蒸散型吸气剂材料为研究对象，提出了一种吸氢动力学的基本模型。氢的吸入过程将由表面吸附、表层渗透和体内扩散3步组成。通常情况下，必须对它们的动力学方程同时求解。在氢通过化学解离吸附进入体内(亚表面层)的吸入过程中，表面势垒对氢从表面渗透至体内的障碍作用不可忽略。在低的体氢浓度条件下，采用晶格一气体模型描述体扩散过程，并讨论了影响吸气速率的因素。     

SiC薄膜的阻氚性能研究

在不锈钢基体表面用离子束混合技术沉积SiC薄膜,然后用能量为5 keV的H+对其辐照直至剂量达到1×1018/cm2,再用二次离子质谱分析(SIMS)分析H+在SiC薄膜中深度分布和正离子谱,研究薄膜的阻氢性能和阻氢机理;最后采用渗透实验对涂覆在不锈钢基体表面的SiC材料的氚渗透系数进行测试,对其阻氚性能进行验证.结果表明,在不锈钢基材表面涂覆的SiC薄膜具有良好的阻氢性能,可将氚的渗透率降低4个数量级以上,SiC薄膜的阻氢是由于氢与薄膜中的硅、碳悬挂键反应形成诸如C-H、C-H2、C-H3、Si-H、Si-H2和Si-H3引起的.     

氢在TiC膜-1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢中的渗透行为

用离子束辅助沉积法在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢表面制备了TiC膜,并对其进行了XPS,SEM及SIMS等微观结构分析,测定了氢在有TiC膜的1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢中的渗透率.研究结果表明,制备的TiC膜致密性好且均匀,厚度约为15 μm; TiC膜中有大量的CH-4负离子存在,在473～773 K范围内,氢的渗透率降低了4～5个数量级.     

Ti-Mo互扩散界面吸氢同位素效应的离子束分析研究

为探究Ti-Mo互扩散对金属吸氢的影响,本文采用离子束分析方法对Ti-Mo薄膜的膜-基互扩散界面的吸氢同位素（H和D）效应进行了研究。通过氩离子刻蚀减薄的方法有效降低了表面碳、氧杂质对样品吸氢的影响。吸氢结果表明,对于表面洁净的样品,氢化后固相中氢或氘的浓度均沿着深度随钼原子含量的增加而减小。在单一气体吸氢实验中,氢原子浓度减小的趋势较氘原子缓慢;而在氢氘混合气体吸氢实验中,当容器中的氢氘压强比p(H2)∶p(D2)≥05∶1时,固体中氘氢浓度之比随钼浓度的增加而降低,但当p(H2)∶p(D2)<05∶1时,氘氢浓度之比随钼浓度的增加而升高。因此,由于Ti Mo界面的互扩散,吸氢出现了显著的氢同位素效应,钼的存在不利于体系对氢同位素气体的吸收。     

用激光脉冲法测量几种反应堆材料的热扩散率、比热和热导率

介绍激光脉冲法测量材料的热扩散率、比热和热导率方法在本实验室中的使用情况,以及对金属(纯铁、电弧熔炼钨、铀和铍)、陶瓷(二氧化铀、氧化铍)和石墨等材料的测量结果.     

用于氢同位素纯化的Pd-Zr选择渗氢复合膜

为了获得低成本、高渗氢率、长寿命、高强度的选择渗氢膜,耐熔金属锆(zr)被选作复合膜的基体。在真空度为3.0×10-7Pa下,采用离子轰击刻蚀去除其表面氧化层,实验发现在其表面上仍有少量氧化锆的存在。在真空度为6.6×10-6Pa下,采用离子溅射镀膜法,在锆片直径为50 mm、厚度为0.23 mm的双表面上分别镀上了一层厚约400 nm的钯薄膜。采用X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对锆表面及复合膜表面进行了分析。渗氢实验显示这种复合膜的渗氢系数φ为9.917×10-8mol/m·s·Pa1/2(温度623 K,高压侧0.2 MPa,低压侧0.1 MPa),是相同条件下的商用钯银合金膜的6.8倍。研究结果表明,这种Pd-zr选择渗氢复合膜对核燃料和聚变燃料的纯化及反应堆增殖剂中氚的提取具有很大的应用前景。     

带热浸铝涂层MANET Ⅱ马氏体钢的氢渗透性能研究

在300～450℃温度范围内,分别在氢气相和液态铅锂合金相中,开展了带热浸铝涂层MANET Ⅱ马氏体钢的氢渗透性能研究.结果表明,实验所得到的氢渗透率减低因子(PRF),在气相中为620～263,在液态铅锂合金相中为45～30.但仍然没有满足DEMO聚变堆的设计要求.涂层的自修复效应在400 ℃以上是明显和有效的.从渗透通量与样品上游氢压的关系来看,涂层使得表面效应对渗透过程的影响很大.在上游小流量及在液态铅锂合金中鼓泡充氢可以导致渗透通量升高.扫描电镜和能谱分析(SEM-EDS)的结果表明,样品表面被液态铅锂合金所浸润的部分出现微裂纹,而未浸润部分没有出现微裂纹.微裂纹很肤浅,仅仅影响涂层的最外表面薄层,没有贯穿整个渗铝层而到达基体.未浸润表面的Al/O原子比约为2/3,浸润表面约为1/1,表明液态铅锂合金对渗铝层表面的Al2O3薄层造成了损伤.总的看来,造成氢渗透阻挡层性能退化的原因,是涂层外表面与液态铅锂合金相互作用,以及涂层在升、降温过程中产生热应力释放.     

预辐照对铍在EDM-1中冲刷腐蚀的影响

本文通过构建旋转式冲刷腐蚀实验装置来研究中子和γ预辐照对铍在EDM-1(1号电火花加工油)中冲刷腐蚀的影响。用天平测量铍试样质量变化,用扫描电子显微镜观察其微观形貌,用X射线光电子能谱仪分析表面成分。实验结果表明,在腐蚀前期以腐蚀介质与铍表面发生化学反应生成腐蚀产物为主,在腐蚀后期以腐蚀介质对铍的机械冲刷腐蚀为主;EDM-1中的硫元素在腐蚀过程中转变成氧化物SOx和SO2,分别以化学和物理吸附分布在腐蚀产物表面和内部;对比相同腐蚀条件下受不同预辐照铍试样的腐蚀程度,受单独γ预辐照的铍试样的腐蚀程度最大,受中子和γ共同预辐照的铍试样的次之,未经预辐照的铍试样的腐蚀程度最轻,表明预辐照促进了铍在EDM-1中的腐蚀。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.