考虑回收品质量可控的再制造闭环供应链决策

研究回收品质量可控背景下的再制造闭环供应链决策问题。考虑质量投入与奖励函数2种控制变量对再制造过程中回收品质量的影响,构建集中决策与分散决策下制造商主导的Stackelberg博弈模型,采用逆向求解法求解2种决策条件下的模型最优解,并利用数值模拟分析回收品质量对各参数的影响。研究表明,相较于分散决策,联合决策具有更高的经济性收益性与风险敏感性;不论是分散决策或是联合决策,回收价、供应链企业利润等都与回收品质量呈正相关;消费者强烈的绿色偏好与回收价格偏好能够对供应链利润产生积极影响。     

基于CVaR准则与ORP-RRP契约的闭环供应链决策模型

研究了基于预期订货量与实际回收量的回馈与惩罚ORP-RRP契约下的闭环供应链的协调问题。在CVaR准则下,提出了随机需求下单一风险厌恶型的零售商和单一风险中性的制造商组成的闭环供应链模型,探讨了供应链成员的决策行为、风险因子和废旧品回收敏感性系数;对废旧品回收价格和最优订货量的影响;研究结果表明：所建立的模型与ORP-RRP契约有效可行,可为供应链管理提供决策参考.     

Integration of closed loop distribution supply chain network and 3PRLP selection for the case of battery recycling

The increased use of lead acid batteries in automotive vehicles will increase the demand for lead and to meet this increasing demand used batteries are identified as a most important source of lead through recycling. Since recycled lead is a costly commodity, the market potential for reclaiming the secondary lead from the used batteries has been growing. For this purpose, a multi-echelon, multi-product closed loop distribution supply chain (CLDSC) network is designed and integrated with the selection process of best third-party reverse logistics provider (3PRLP) to achieve cost efficiency and delivery schedules in reverse logistics. A fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (FMCDM) model based on the VIKOR method is used for the selection of best 3PRLP. To optimise the proposed network, a mixed integer linear programming model is developed and solved using LINGO 8.0 optimisation software package for the case of battery recycling and decisions are made regarding raw material procurement from the supplier, production, distribution and amount of reclaimed/recycled material. Since the main aim of this study is to optimise the CLDSC network, the supply chain cost of the forward distribution supply chain network is found and compared with the total supply chain cost of the CLDSC network and the results show that a cost reduction can be achieved in the case of CLDSC network. Finally, model experiments for varying rate of returns are conducted to study the percentage of cost savings.     

碳税情形下考虑低碳偏好的收益共享契约协调模型

研究考虑碳税和消费者具有低碳偏好情形的供应链碳减排的协调问题,得到实现供应链碳减排协调的必要条件。通过引入数量折扣策略,构建供应链碳减排的收益共享契约协调模型,解决纯粹的收益共享契约无法协调供应链碳减排的问题,并给出契约参数需要满足的条件。在消费者的低碳偏好以加法形式来影响市场需求时,通过模型优化,给出供应链的最优产品订购量和最优碳排放水平的确定方法。研究发现,在供应链协调时,供应商提供给制造商的批发价格是碳税的减函数,是碳排放水平的增函数;供应链系统的订购量与碳税成反比,而碳减排水平与碳税成正比,与碳减排系数成反比。     

考虑再制造投资的闭环供应链网络均衡模型

针对企业投入资金以提高回收产品再制造率的闭环供应链问题,建立了再制造率的投资函数,构建了制造商回收的两层闭环供应链网络。利用均衡理论和变分不等式理论描述决策者的决策行为,在利润最大化的基础上考虑排放最小化。运用修正投影算法,求解出网络中不同回收标准与补贴政策下企业的最优生产决策,并分析企业的投资效率对回收再制造过程的均衡决策的影响。算例结果表明,最低回收标准的上升会减少环境排放,提高回收补贴却会导致排放量的上升,且再制造投资效率越高的企业此效应越明显。     

Optimal stock-out risk when demand is driven by several mixed-model assembly lines in the presence of emergency supply

This article focuses on the calculation of the optimal stock-out risk when resorting to emergency supplies is allowed. The studied context is a supply chain where several distant mixed-model assembly lines trigger the demand of a component used for assembly. When the cumulated lead time of a component exceeds the frozen horizon of the material requirement planning (MRP) of at least one of the assembly lines, its demand becomes stochastic. This leads to a mix between production to stock and production to order for the component of interest. The periodic replenishment policy is designed to address demand uncertainty in consistence with MRP information. To prevent stock-out propagation along the supply chain, the emergency supply is used as a last resort. The calculation of the optimal order-up-to-level and its associated optimal stock-out risk are based on a single-period trade-off between holding cost and emergency supply cost (transportation and production).     

A Study of the Bullwhip Effect for Short Life Cycle Products in Supply Chain Management

Shorter product life cycles present new challenges to managing production and logistics not adequately addressed in supply chain literature.This research addresses issues pertaining to the management of supply chains in a short life cycle environment.In this paper,we study the short life cycle environment;then we develop the optimal inventory policy of the indirect manufacturer by explicitly using his demand as an output of the retailer's optimal ordering policy.Finally,we also provide causes of the bullwhi...     

An integrated operations-marketing perspective for making decisions about order penetration point in multi-product supply chain: a queuing approach

This study is dedicated to strategic decision-making regarding order penetration point (OPP), which is the boundary between make-to-order (MTO) and make-to-stock (MTS) policies. This paper considers a supply chain in which a manufacturer produces semi-finished items on an MTS basis for a retailer that will customise the items based on MTO policy. This two-echelon supply chain offers different products to a market comprised of homogenous customers who have different preferences and willingness to pay. The retailer wishes to determine the optimal OPP, the optimal semi-finished goods buffer size, and the price of the products with assumption of price sensitive demand function. Moreover, we consider both shared and unshared capacity models in this paper. A matrix geometric method is utilised to evaluate various performance measures for this system, and then, optimal solutions are obtained by enumeration techniques. The suggested queuing approach is based on a new perspective between the operations and marketing functions which captures the interactions between several factors including inventory level, product pricing, OPP, and delivery lead time. Finally, parameter sensitivity analyses are carried out and the effect of demand on the profit function, the effect of prices ratio on completion rates ratio and buffer sizes ratio and the variations of profit function for different prices, completion percents, and buffer sizes are examined.     

Coordination of dual-channel supply chains under demand disruptions management decisions

This paper examines optimal decisions and coordination models for a dual-channel supply chain when the two end competition market demands are simultaneously disrupted. Firstly, we developed the pricing and production decisions models without demand disruptions and propose a revenue sharing contract to coordinate the dual-channel supply chain where the manufacturer is a Stackelberg leader and the retailer is a follower. We derived the conditions under which the maximum profit can be achieved in detailed. We compared the profits under normal case and disrupted case and quantified the information value of knowing demand disruptions. We proposed an improved revenue sharing contract to coordinate the dual-channel supply chain with demand disruptions. The results indicate that the adjusting prices and production quantity are the optimal decisions whether the demand disruptions case or normal case. We also find that the original revenue sharing contract is a special case of improved revenue sharing contract and the market scale change, channel substitutability and deviation cost affected the improved revenue sharing contract under demand disruptions. Finally, we further conduct numerical experiments to show how the demand disruption affects the decisions.     

Impact analysis of customized demand information sharing on supply chain performance

In today's dynamic market environment, rapidly changing customer preferences increase the customization of products and the diversification of demand mix. Companies should understand how the demand mix influences supply chain performance and react properly to fulfil customer satisfaction as to what the customers want. This paper investigated the impact of information sharing of the demand mix on the supply chain performance, under increasing product customization, by changing customer demand pattern and production capacity. The results of simulation analysis demonstrated that a demand mix can be determined that produces the best supply chain performance. A real multi-echelon automotive supply chain was analysed for each of six performance measures and the demand mix information significantly influenced five of them. Demand variation and production capacity also resulted in significant impact on the performance measures.     

A study of the optimal production strategy for hybrid production systems

Due to increased environmental awareness, the issue of recycling and disassembling damaged or malfunctioning products after consumption to obtain useable parts for remanufacturing has become essential. This study considers a hybrid production system with both external and internal reverse logistics in which the external recycled products are utilised for remanufacturing to satisfy demand first, and then the ordinary manufacturing process may supplement this if there is any shortage in production. In addition, the defective items produced internally by either the manufacturing or the remanufacturing process can also be repaired by a remediation process. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal strategy for the manufacturing, remanufacturing, disposal, and remediation rates. Three conditions are considered in which the production strategy varies with different yield rates and capacity limits. The impacts of related factors on the production strategy are investigated to probe the trade-offs between product consumption and environmental protection.     

基于模糊需求的三级供应链库存协调策略

以一个制造商、一个分销商和一个零售商组成的三级供应链系统为研究对象,将市场需求预测视为一个三角模糊数,利用模糊数学工具和运筹学计算得到了无协调机制情况下供应链成员企业面对模糊需求时最优决策的具体表达式。然后,在此基础之上,通过构建一个关于分销商的目标规划问题建立了基于转移支付的三级供应链库存协调模型。为了验证模型的有效性和可行性,设计了一个应用算例。算例分析表明:在模糊需求环境下,利用转移支付协调机制,制造商和零售商的收益不变,但分销商和供应链的总收益增加了。     

Optimal order quantity and product modularity for a two-echelon returnable supply chain

This study considers a supply chain consisting of a manufacturer, a retailer, customers and a returnable and modular product with uncertain demand, in which customers return the unsatisfactory products to the retailer, and the retailer returns the unsold products to the manufacturer. We investigate the effects of the manufacturer’s refund for the retailer’s unsold products and the product modularity under the decentralised and the centralised strategies. We confirm that the order quantity and customer’s return probability both affect the optimal modularity level of the product, and that the optimal modularity level is related to the refund policy. Also, a strategic alliance between the supply chain members is more advantageous to product innovation based on modularity for a returnable chain. Finally, managerial insights and remarks are offered.     

一类短生命周期产品的回购合同

在考虑短生命周期产品具有价格弹性的随机需求情况下,研究了基于供应链环境下的短生命周期产品回购合同策略,分别分析了零售商和供应商在没有协调情况下各自的最优决策以及在回购合同协调下双方的最优决策,推导出了在回购合同下零售商的最佳订货量和最优零售价,以及供应商的最优回购价格的取值范围,并通过数值分析,验证了在回购合同下双方的最优决策能使供应链的整体利润达到集中控制下的最优状态.     

具有政府回收约束的闭环供应链回收再制造决策模型

在回收和再制造的闭环供应链中,一个第三方替制造方从用户中买回废旧产品。为了激励废旧产品的回收再制造,政府对制造商设定一个最低回收率,并且对制造商的回收进行奖惩;同时考虑第三方的回收努力,建立了基于第三方负责回收的多级再制造闭环供应链模型,设计了政府与制造商之间的奖惩函数;讨论比较了制造商不回收废旧产品、没有政府奖惩时回收再制造废旧产品和考虑政府约束时回收再制造废旧产品等3种情形下的最优策略,并且分析了参数变化对回收率和供应链成员企业收益的影响;结合国内某家电制造商废旧家电回收再制造的运作情况进行了仿真计算与分析。     

授权模式下OEM和第三方的生产和回收定价竞争策略

假设第三方再制造商（第三方）需要向原始设备制造商（OEM）缴纳授权费才能进行回收再制造，OEM和第三方在正向供应链销售市场与逆向供应链回收市场均存在竞争。文章建立了以双方闭环供应链利润最大化为目标带约束条件的古诺博弈模型，通过K-T条件求出第三方部分再制造和第三方完全再制造两种情形下两企业最优的产品生产量以及废旧品回收价格。最后分别通过解析方法和数值算例分析了单位授权费等参数对决策变量和最优利润的影响。     

制造商主导下差别主体努力的闭环供应链决策研究

针对再制造节约成本和努力水平对闭环供应链成员回收决策产生影响的问题,构建制造商主导下M模式、R模式和T模式3种不同主体回收模式,利用Stackelberg博弈知识,建立模型,采用数学优化法求解闭环供应链废旧品回收过程中单位价格、回收数量以及回收商利润的最优值,运用对比分析法得出闭环供应链混合回收的最优决策。研究表明,再制造节约成本较大对主体回收均有促进作用;回收努力成本系数的增加,使节点企业利润和闭环供应链系统整体利润均呈现下降趋势,最终利用算例求解,检验结论的合理性。研究为供应链各个主体的最佳定价策略提供有效的参考。     

价格随机条件下的应急双向期权数量弹性契约

旨在用期权应对批发价格波动的风险,用数量弹性契约来应对市场价格和市场需求随机波动带来的风险,探索双向期权数量弹性契约协调供应链的内在规律。将双向期权契约与数量弹性契约相融合,协调批发价、市场价格和市场需求均随机波动的供应链,寻找最优的供应链决策,并进行了算例仿真。研究结果表明：在批发价格波动时,采用双向期权弹性契约比采用基准数量弹性契约效果更好。双向期权弹性契约可以协调批发价格和市场价格均随机的供应链。     

受需求扰动的供应链系统最优跟踪控制

针对动态供应链系统中市场需求扰动引起的牛鞭效应问题,提出一种基于前馈补偿的最优跟踪控制设计方法.首先,针对需求扰动可模型化为线性外系统的情形,引入了一个渐近稳定的期望系统;然后,基于线性二次型性能指标,给出了受需求扰动的供应链系统的前馈反馈最优跟踪控制器设计方法.控制器的反馈增益和前馈增益可分别通过求解Riccati方程和Stein方程得到.仿真结果表明,提出的前馈反馈最优跟踪控制方法能有效抑制需求扰动对供应链系统的影响,改善供应链系统的动态性能,且该方法明显优于经典的最优跟踪控制.     

Coordinating a supply chain under demand and cost disruptions

In this paper, we investigate the coordination of a supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and n Bertrand competing retailers under disruptions of market demand and production cost. We present a coordination model of a supply chain under normal scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that the coordination scheme designed for the initial production plan should be revised when disruptions of market demand and production cost occur. To resolve this issue, we consider the possible deviation costs caused by disruptions and propose optimal decision models for different disruptions under centralised decision-making. We present an improved revenue-sharing contract model to coordinate the decentralised supply chain under disruptions. The proposed models are then further analysed through numerical examples.