制造/再制造集成物流网络设施选址模型及算法

首先构建了一个制造/再制造集成物流网络:在该网络中,正向物流和逆向物流都是双层结构的,所有的物流设施均有能力限制,且假设再制造产品与新产品同质,都可以用来满足顾客的需求.在此基础上建立了一个混合整数非线性规划(MINLP)模型.然后提出了混合启发式算法求解.该算法用禁忌搜索法确定整型变量,用基于优先权的遗传算法解决多阶段运输问题.最后通过一个算例说明了模型和算法的有效性.     

The Integration Model of Closed-Loop Supply Chain Resource Allocation Considering Remanufacturing

Logistics resource planning is an integration model of materials requirement planning and distribution resource planning which is a resource allocation technology. It is a technology of satisfying both production material supply and resource allocation optimization which is based on inventory management. For the remanufacturing supply chain, recycling and rebuilding of products form a reverse materials movement loop which challenges the traditional logistics resource planning system. For the characteristics of reverse logistics of remanufacturing supply chain, we propose a closed-loop supply chain resource allocation model based on autonomous multi-entity. We focus on integration resource allocation model of materials requirement planning and distribution resource planning considering remanufacturing.     

Heuristics for solving disassemble-to-order problems with stochastic yields

Within the realm of reverse logistics, remanufacturing has become renowned as a popular option in many reverse logistics settings. In remanufacturing, firms take back products at the end of their use, disassemble them to obtain components, and reassemble these components into a “good as new” remanufactured product. As a process, remanufacturing requires parts as an input, parts which are gained mostly from recovered products. As the quality of the returned products are not known in advance, likewise the amount of good quality parts recovered from the returned product is subject to uncertainty. In this paper, we develop two heuristics of different sophistication which take into consideration that the yields of disassembly are stochastic. The methodology is further illustrated with a numerical example, and performance of the heuristics is examined through a performance study. The performance study indicates excellent performance for the more sophisticated heuristic, but also reveals under which conditions the more simple heuristic can be recommended for application.     

A strategic framework for the design and implementation of remanufacturing operations in reverse logistics

Reverse logistics (RL) is a systematic process that manages the flow of products/parts from the point of consumption back to the point of manufacturing for possible recycling, remanufacturing, or disposal. Although the concept of RL is well-known in logistics and supply chain management, the available holistic literature and theory of RL are scarce. This paper surveys current RL literature and identifies the present state of theory in RL by formulating the propositions for strategic factors. The approach used is grounded theory development. The strategic factors are in turn delineated and evaluated in terms of specific sub-factors associated with each factor by the use of interview protocol and within the context of an in-depth analysis of two companies in different industries that are engaged in remanufacturing/recycling operations within RL systems. The analysis of these case studies, using the grounded theory approach, resulted in insights regarding their RL practices. Based on these insights and strategic factors and sub-factors, a framework for effective design and implementation of remanufacturing/recycling operations in RL is provided. This framework allows for the determination of the viability of returned products/parts in the RL system. The findings outline how our RL theory is enhanced and how our understanding of RL practices with respect to remanufacturing/recycling operations is improved. In conclusion, managerial implications and future research directions are presented.     

多品种高残值易逝品再制造闭环网络规划

提出了高残值易腐性产品的概念以及特征,并建立了以高残值易腐性产品为显著特征的、具有市场分销、产品回收、再制造功能的闭环物流网络规划模型.在此网络规划模型中创新地加入与产品的市场生命周期时间长度相关的一个参数,使得闭环物流网络能体现不同产品品种在不同生命周期长度下的整体优化.该网络规划除了能指导整个配送网络的优化,提高整个网络的柔性,还能获得不同产品品种的以成本最低为目标下的最优回收率.最后利用LINGO 8.0为该数学模型编写求解程序,并使用一个数值实例进行模型分析,对模型结论进行验证.     

A study of the optimal production strategy for hybrid production systems

Due to increased environmental awareness, the issue of recycling and disassembling damaged or malfunctioning products after consumption to obtain useable parts for remanufacturing has become essential. This study considers a hybrid production system with both external and internal reverse logistics in which the external recycled products are utilised for remanufacturing to satisfy demand first, and then the ordinary manufacturing process may supplement this if there is any shortage in production. In addition, the defective items produced internally by either the manufacturing or the remanufacturing process can also be repaired by a remediation process. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal strategy for the manufacturing, remanufacturing, disposal, and remediation rates. Three conditions are considered in which the production strategy varies with different yield rates and capacity limits. The impacts of related factors on the production strategy are investigated to probe the trade-offs between product consumption and environmental protection.     

Progress of remanufacturing engineering and future technology

After development for decades, abroad remanufacturing has formed a complete industrial system. At present, the research emphases are on marking logistics management and market cultivation theory of remanufacturing products, and so on. The Chinese remanufacturing starts fairly late. After 10 years of development, it formed a remanufacturing mode with Chinese characteristics that is sustained by high-tech industries, using the surface engineering
technology to restore the size and improve properties, and combining manufacturing, study and research together. The remanufacturing mode is not only circular but also economic. With the development of science and technology, future remanufacturing technology will break the previous limits, explore and understand the limits of micro machining. It will carry out the waste product remanufacturing in the micro-nano scale, and extend the remanufacturing industry to a more broad space.     

Use of linear physical programming and Bayesian updating for design issues in reverse logistics

Reverse logistics aims at capturing the remaining value in end-of-use products. This also means saving natural resources, energy, clean air and water, landfill space, and money. Strategic planning (also called designing) of a reverse supply chain is a challenging problem due to various crucial issues, such as what end-of-use products to collect, where to collect them, how to reprocess them, where to reprocess them, etc. To this end, this paper addresses the following two crucial issues, and proposes a quantitative decision-making model for each of them: (i) how to select efficient collection centres? and (ii) how to evaluate whether repairing an end-of-use product is more sensible than remanufacturing/recycling the same? For the first problem, we propose a Linear Physical Programming model, and for the second problem, we employ Fuzzy Logic and Bayesian Updating. The models are demonstrated via numerical examples.     

Optimal control of production and remanufacturing in a simple recovery model with linear cost functions

One aspect in reverse logistics concerns returns of used products and recovery for another life cycle. Remanufactured parts can be used for assembly of new products or the entire (upgraded) product can be sold again. Limitations and enormous waste disposal cost, the duty for manufacturers to take back used products from customers, and the fact that returned products can be regarded as a resource for material requirements are reasons for a consideration of product recovery. In this paper, we present an optimal control approach to optimize the production, remanufacturing, and disposal strategy with respect to dynamic demand and returns.     

A framework of reverse logistics for the automobile industry

Reverse logistics has become more and more important to the automobile industry, owing to various reasons including unavoidable product recalls, legislative policy regarding environmental and sustainable issues, etc. In fact, the need for recovery of returned vehicles has been receiving more attention than ever before due to growing environmental concerns. Ironically, not many automobile manufacturers have a satisfactory reverse logistics system for recovering and reusing returned vehicles. This is partly because the effort devoted to this area is not very systematically investigated. In this connection, this paper aims at investigating the reverse logistics activities of the automobile industry, and to provide a framework for those activities. Firstly, the drivers for reverse logistics in this industry are revisited. Key components which are valuable and feasible for reuse or remanufacture are then identified. Based on this investigation, a framework of reverse logistics for the automobile industry is proposed. This is based on several evaluation factors (i.e. value of reversed products, legislation perspective and cost issues). Implementation issues and managerial implications are also summarised.     

Redesigning an integrated forward–reverse logistics system for a third party service provider: an empirical study

This paper models the logistics business for a large third party service provider and incorporates both forward and reverse product flows for the company. The model that we propose in this paper incorporates price, transportation mode and outsourcing cost. We compare our model with a reduced model that was obtained from past literature and show through Monte Carlo simulation the superiority of the full model in profit generation for the third party service provider. The full model considers multiple transportation modes across the forward and reverse logistics network based on the firm's business structure, whereas the reduced model has only one transportation option from point to point. Additionally, the full model allows for an option to outsource remanufacturing unlike the reduced model that does not permit such outsourcing options. One of the major contributions of this paper is a thorough analysis through the incorporation of pricing and transportation mode of an integrated forward and reverse logistics supply chain.     

Product acquisition management: Current industry practice and a proposed framework

Remanufacturing requires that used products (cores) be obtained from the enduser at the end of their current life cycle so that the value-added may be recovered and the products returned to functional use again. The acquisition of cores to be remanufactured in such recoverable manufacturing systems is a complex set of activities that requires careful coordination to avoid the uncontrolled accumulation of core inventory, or unacceptable levels of customer service. The authors report on current industry practice via an extensive survey of North American remanufacturing firms. The authors propose a formal framework for Product Acquisition Management (PrAM) to coordinate, monitor, and provide an interface between reverse logistics and production planning and control activities. Finally, a series of managerial guidelines for the organization of PrAM activities is proposed. We conclude that managers should take actions that consistently reduce the variance inherent in a remanufacturing environment.     

Implementing just-in-time philosophy to reverse logistics systems: a review

Just-in-time (JIT) and reverse logistics are two important philosophies. Coincidentally, both are related to reducing the impact on the environment. However, they are sometimes in conflict with each other. The former focuses on moving the materials smoothly which require a stable demand and supply, but the latter is weak in terms of predicting how many returned products will be processed. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the impact of JIT to reverse logistics systems. After an extensive literature review based on a model developed for this purpose, different functions, namely reverse logistics structure, process model, product life cycle, information system model, and JIT performance, have been identified that have great impact on integrating JIT with reverse logistics. In short, a process model with JIT can have a better control on cost and efficiency of reverse logistics activities, and product life cycle management with JIT helps to design the product that consider the reverse activities in various process models. An information system can support both process model and product life cycle management for JIT reverse logistics. Details are presented in this paper.     

A multi-agent architecture for reverse logistics in a green supply chain

Green supply chain issues have attracted a lot of attention in recent years with growing awareness of environmental concerns. This has drawn the considerable world-wide attention of academics and practitioners. Therefore, recycling has now become an integral component of the supply chain. Recycling of used products and the related logistics management pose a significant challenge to manufacturing industries. In order to resolve the complexity of the task, this study proposes a multi-agent architecture to handle recycling and reverse logistics issues, which have so far been neglected. It addresses the different aspects of recycling such as waste classification, recycling, logistics and reuse of products. Additionally, it also discusses how the agent communicates and acts autonomously to facilitate the efficient logistics of materials between different units. The proposed agent architecture can assist manufacturing industries in efficiently managing their green supply chain system and complex logistics issues.     

废旧电脑的逆向物流优化模型与应用研究

加强废旧电脑的回收控制已经成为急需解决的关键问题.分析了逆向物流的国内外研究现状,目前主要研究方向包括逆向物流网络规划、库存控制和生产计划等.通过建立电子产品制造企业供应链,分析了电子产品回收的基本原理,建立废旧电脑逆向物流的优化模型.根据模型提出了废旧电脑在珠江三角洲地区的逆向物流解决方案,计算结果表明模型合理可行,在没有政府补贴下废旧电脑的逆向物流运营是亏损的.     

A framework for identifying differences and similarities in the managerial competencies associated with different modes of product life extension

It has been noted in the past that economically sound, environmentally preferable life extension modes such as remanufacturing and recycling have special characteristics that complicate the management of their production, logistics and associated operations. This paper considers these complicating characteristics from the perspective of the nine different modes of product life extension. In doing so, a framework and guide is provided to what issues, resource requirements and management capabilities are required for specific life extension modes. This framework provides guidance to practitioners and academics on commonalities between different product life extension modes, thereby assisting practitioners in leveraging current internal skills and capabilities and researchers in determining the generalizability of research.     

Impact of quality regulation policy on performance of a remanufacturing supply chain with non-waste returns

Quality issues in a remanufacturing supply chain with non-waste returns have been reported many times. To address these issues, the government proposes different quality regulation policies. This paper develops a multi-agent simulation model to study how the quality regulation policy affects the performance of a remanufacturing supply chain with non-waste returns. Here, the main performance includes profit and hazard ratio of products. Our results indicate that self-regulation of the market cannot realize a desirable outcome (low hazard ratio and high manufacturer’s profit). Adjusting quality regulation probability is more efficient than adjusting the penalty for inferior products. From the view of increasing manufacturer’s average profit, or improving the government’s efficiency, the best policy is the solely adjusting supervision probability policy. From the view of reducing hazard ratio, the best policy is adjusting supervision probability- penalty policy. The appropriate penalty for inferior products can realize the desirable outcome. With an increasing supervision probability, the hazard ratio decreases, and the manufacturer’s average profit increases because the remanufacturing cost and penalty for inferior products decrease.     

再制造物流网络的研究现状及发展趋势

分析了再制造的特点，从再制造物流网络的布局、生产计划和库存三个方面概括了最新的研究成果和方法，并就再制造的进一步发展作了简要分析。     

A robust optimisation model for hybrid remanufacturing and manufacturing systems under uncertain return quality and market demand

In remanufacturing research, most researchers predominantly emphasised on the recovery of whole product (core) rather than at the component level due to its complexity. In contrast, this paper addresses the challenges to focus on remanufacturing through component recovery, so as to solve production planning problems of hybrid remanufacturing and manufacturing systems. To deal with the uncertainties of quality and quantity of product returns, the processing time of remanufacturing, remanufacturing costs, as well as market demands, a robust optimisation model was developed in this research and a case study was used to evaluate its effectiveness and efficiency. To strengthen this research, a sensitivity analysis of the uncertain parameters and the original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM’s) pricing strategy was also conducted. The research finding shows that the market demand volatility leads to a significant increase in the under fulfilment and a reduction in OEM’s profit. On the other hand, recovery cost reduction, as endogenous cost saving, encourages the OEM to produce more remanufactured products with the increase in market demand. Furthermore, the OEM may risk profit loss if they raise the price of new products, and inversely, they could gain more if the price of remanufactured products is raised.     

Engineering Management Problems of Remanufacturing Industry

Remanufacturing in China is still in its early stage and faces pressures from society, policy, technology and management. Considering the current state of remanufacturing in China, this paper researched several key management issues involving various aspects from the perspective of remanufacturing players. Based on a needs analysis on the trend of remanufacturing development in China, the following six key management problems were researched; risk management of remanufacturing players, remanufacturing production management, remanufacturing quality management, authentication mode of remanufacturing in China, subsidy policy of remanufacturing industry, and performance assessment of remanufacturing. The characteristics of issues were analyzed and the corresponding countermeasures were put forward.