Present state and future plans of telecommunications services inHungary

The paper reviews the current state and the development strategies of telecommunications in Hungary. Telephone systems are predominantly analog, with a relatively low main-line penetration ratio (14.5% by the end of 1993) and several years waiting time. Advanced telecommunications services are scarcely established. However, the significance of telecommunications has been recognized, therefore intensive development and modernization plans were formed, the legislative environment has been liberalized, the state-owned network operator has been partly privatized, and the full restructuring of the telecommunication sector is in process. Over the last several years, Hungary focused on the basic network infrastructure and fixed telephone service, but mobile telephony was also urgently required for the rapid satisfaction of business needs. The need to join Europe accelerates the pace of digitalization and the introduction of new telecommunication services, as well as the establishment of international cooperation to harmonize the expansion of international links. The paper summarizes the general features and development goals for this decade     

New Telecommunication Systems Under Development in France

This paper presents a review of the main telecommunications systems now under development in France. First, it gives the general objectives, the basic options, and the general design of the new electronic switching system E. 1 defined by CNET, with the principal characteristics of the E.10 and E.12 variants, and general planning of studies and development in process in this field. Then a summary of the new transmission systems under development such as digital systems on cables, radio relays, or circular waveguide, as well as analog systems, including submarine and space systems is given. Finally, some considerations are given to the increasing use of information processing for the telecommunication network, and to the development of specialized networks for new kinds of information.     

What is telecommunications circuit switching?

This article is an attempt to provide one with no knowledge of telecommunications circuit switching with some insight into its complexity and technological progress. This subject has for many practicing telecommunication engineers been treated as enigmatic. The problem is that switching is a combination of many details. The power of modern technology has added to the complexity of the features and services that can be offered economically by these systems. Perhaps in no other area of telecommunication does the evaluation of the choice of technology and system architecture so obfuscate the true purpose of the system. The functional requirements of a switching system are relatively simple and easily understood, but the service and feature requirements are growing and being implemented at a rate greater than ever before. With its growth has emerged a new era of switching. It is the desire of the author to place the past and current technology, as well as the fundamentals into prospective so that the reader may be prepared for the new era in telecommunication circuit switching.     

Present State and Trends of Public Communications in the Fedearal Republic of Germany

The introduction gives an account of the historical development of telecommunications in Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), the legal status of the Deutsche Bundespost, its relationship with the German telecommunication industry, and the status of the broadcasting organizations. On the basis of the present state of the art, the future trends in switching and transmission as well as in cable and radio engineering are described. Of special weight are the new data and telephone switching systems and the requirements for future broad-band services. Research and development are concentrated on these projects, allowance having to be made for the present state of the networks in the Federal Republic of Germany.     

State of Telecommunications in Developing Countries--An Overview

This paper examines the state of telecommunications in developing countries with special emphasis on telecommunication technology and telephone statistics such as number of telephones, telephone density and demand. First, the notion of a developing world is formulated in terms of social and economic conditions, and its existing telecommunication needs are reviewed. Then the state of telecommunication is portrayed in terms of various international telephone statistics and is compared with those of the industrialized world. Typical government-controlled telecommunication organizations responsible for providing telephone services, associated manpower, and training needs are then discussed. The technology is reviewed from the viewpoint of local capabilities, ancillary industries, and foreign know-how as well as the pricing policy for telecommunication services, based on highly unsatisfied demand. At the end, two aspects of telecommunication in developing countries are explored: 1) the administrative aspect that emphasizes growth and production, and 2) the users aspect that represents a long waiting period, heavy investment, poor voice quality, and inadequate maintenance.     

Cost impact of telecommunications switch software problems ondivested Bell operating companies

Bellcore has developed a model to support the periodic calculation and reporting of customer costs resulting from poor quality in telecommunications switching system software. This model is designed to provide, as a primary output, total switching system software cost of poor quality, along with a breakdown of this total by major cost component. The primary input to the model is software RQMS data, described in Bellcore's reliability and qualify measurements for telecommunications systems, TR-TSY-000929, and reported by switching system suppliers to the divested Bell operating companies (telcos) on systems operated by these companies. Telco and switching system supplier alike are expected to benefit from the ongoing application of the model, through which accumulated maintenance cost information will be made available to support telco switching system management functions and supplier quality improvement efforts     

Commercial, legal, and international aspects of packet communications

Packet switching technology emerged rapidly in the 1970's as another viable mode of communications switching, along with circuit and message switching. Since packet switching offers economical and versatile data communication capabilities in a multiuser environment, it is particularly well suited for furnishing public data communication network services. Public packet networks are now established or being developed in most industrialized countries, and the introduction of these networks has raised policy issues relating to the structure and regulation of the national networks, and the interconnection of national networks into an international packet switching system. This paper reviews these issues and concludes that public packet switching network services will continue to be regulated in all cases; that competitive packet networks will coexist in the U.S. and in Canada, but that only one national packet network will exist in each of most other countries; that packet networks will aggravate the problem of distinguishing nonregulated data processing services from regulated data communication services; that international interconnection of public packet networks based upon CCITT standanh will occur rapidly over the next several years; and that a unified international packet switching system will eventually emerge similar to today's international telephone and telex systems.     

The Emergence of Clusters in the Global Telecommunications Network

Studies of international telecommunication networks in past years have found increases in density, centralization, and integration. More recent studies, however, have identified trends of decentralization and regionalization. The present research examines these structural changes in international telephone traffic among 110 countries between 1989 and 1999. It examines the competing theoretical models of core–periphery and cluster structures. The initial results show lowered centralization and inequality in the network of international telecommunications traffic. Statistical p * procedures demonstrate significant interactions within countries in blocks of similar economic development status, geographic region, and telecommunications infrastructure development status. Specifically, countries with less developed economic and telecommunications status showed significant increases in tendencies to connect to each other and to reciprocate ties. Altogether, the result supports the idea that the global telecommunications network is moving toward a more diversified structure with the emergence of cohesive and interconnected subgroups. The findings have implications for global digital divide and developmental gap issues.     

Switching systems in the 21st century

The historical forces that have shaped the current structure of telephone switching systems and how telecommunication engineers think about switching systems are discussed. The ways in which the new service-driven forces will change the switching system structures and how they are viewed are examined. It is argued that the general trend toward more and more telecommunication services with faster and faster deployment schedules is leading toward the second big separation of central control within switching systems. The first was the centralization of connectivity control within each switch early in the century, and the second is the separation of the services provided from the associated connectivity actions required to provide the services. One of the primary differences between the two separations is that the first favored leaving the results of the division on the switches, while the second separation permits the services to be provided by systems on or off the basic interconnection machines     

Telecommunications in Russia

National telecommunications has undergone significant changes. Some of these changes and the main principles of the national telecommunications system are described. First the milestones of the previous years are considered. Afterward, the structure of the public switched telephone network (PSTN), the basis of national telecommunications, is presented. We then deal with statistics and forecasting. Two tables present the development of the main telecommunication networks. A third table allows us to compare telecommunications development in the republics of the former USSR. Three figures show the forecasts of the main indexes of future telecommunications. General evolution tendencies inherent in Russian telecommunications are described next, including new technologies and services. One example related to modern equipment application is described. Finally, we deal with aspects of Russian telecommunications liberalization     

基于交换系统的CDR话单准确性稽核模型研究

收入保障系统的建设已经成为国际电信业运营管理的一个目标和方向.本文基于交换机成对下单原理,结合国内电信企业的实际情况,提出了一种适合国内电信运营及支撑现状的基于交换系统的CDR话单准确性稽核模型.湖南某大型电信企业基于该稽核模型进行了工程实施试点,结果表明:本文提出的稽核模型具有良好的可操作性,能有效地发现交换机CDR话单生成过程中所存在的收入漏洞.     

A New Electronic Telephone Accounting System for Local Telephone Calls

Telephone switching systems provide facilities to measure subscriber usage for billing purposes. As new telephone services are offered, additional equipment is often required to appropriately measure this usage. Rate plans are being considered by telephone companies to more appropriately reflect service rendered on local telephone calls and additional equipment is required. This paper describes an electronic local message accounting system to measure local call usage which can be appliquéd to Panel, No. 1 crossbar, No. 5 crossbar, and Step-by-Step switching entities. Magnetic tape records for each local call provide: directory number of the calling party, distance to the called party, duration, and time of call termination. This information allows subscriber billing based on many and varied criteria which are established by software at the revenue accounting office. The system is presently in widespread use. The first installation occurred in January 1972, and now almost 5 percent of all telephones in the United States are served by the system.     

The listening phone

Automatic speech-recognition systems can now support applications from the desktop to public telecoms networks. In comparison with the desktop, the telecommunications network is a challenging environment for speech recognition. The system must work for any speaker and any telephone handset, the bandwidth is restricted and the environment tends to be noisier. Also, feedback, which is restricted to audio responses, is slower than the visual feedback available in a desktop system. Inevitably, telephone-based speech recognition is more restricted than recognition in desktop systems, but this does not prevent many useful applications from being just a phone call away. The author descibes the principles of speech recognition and the systems     

Telecommunications in Brazil

Article 21, paragraph XI of the Brazilian Federal Constitution determines that telecommunication services must be exploited through a government controlled monopoly. Accordingly, all public telecommunication services are exploited by the Brazilian Telecommunications Company (Telebras). Telebras is the holding company of the so-called Sistema Telebras (Telebras System) consisting of 27 state based operating companies (OCs) and of EMBRATEL (Brazilian Telecom Enterprise), in charge of interstate connections and of the international gateway. The Federal law of 1972 that created Telebras also granted it power to exploit the services through its controlled or associate companies. Telebras owns over 97 percent of all telephone lines in the country. The remaining 3 percent are exploited by a private company (an exception foreseen in the Constitution) and two municipal companies. The newly inaugurated federal administration has submitted to the Congress a revised institutional model for the country, which includes the breakup of the state monopoly in telecommunications. The article discusses particularities regarding the future trends of the new approach to be enforced for the exploitation of telecommunication services and technology, and the evolution of the country's telecommunication networks     

Public switching deployment in China

An overview of telecommunications switching systems currently deployed in China is presented. The hierarchy of China's automatic public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the common channel signaling that is being deployed in the PSTN are discussed. China's national synchronization network, switching deployment, and numbering plan are also discussed     

Microcomputer applications in telephony

The application of microcomputers and other large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit products such as microcomputer memory peripherals, digital coders and decoders (codec), and channd filters to telephone switching systems, transmission systems, and to high-feature telephone instruments is discussed. Switching and transmission systems which use standardized digital transmission formats are described, and line circuit and common control functions are briefly discussed for digital switching system architectures using microcomputer control. A high-feature electronic telephone and trends in digital telephony are also reviewed as they relate to potential applications of products based on large scale integration techniques.     

A view of reliability and quality measurements fortelecommunications systems

The authors present a customer (telephone company) oriented view of R&Q (reliability and quality) measurements for telecommunications systems based on Bellcore's experience and work in this area. On behalf of its clients, Bellcore has published its preliminary view of generic requirements for supplier quantification of several aspects of system reliability and quality measurement. These generic requirements are contained in Bellcore's `Reliability and Quality Measurements for Telecommunications Systems (RQMS),' TA-TSY-000929 (1989). The measurements are applicable to network switching elements (local switch, tandem, signal transfer point, service control point, packet switch, adjunct, etc.), operations systems, and transparent systems. Their scope covers system, software, hardware, firmware, and product support, and they are directed toward the system test, first office application, and general availability system life-cycle stages. Issues covered by this document are discussed in some detail     

Network planning methodology and practice in China

The methods used in local network planning for the public telecommunications network in China are discussed. Network modeling, computer simulation, and planning software used in the planning process are described. A computer-aided planning tool for local telephone networks (CAPTLN), composed of three software modules that provide traffic forecasting, network optimization, and network economic analysis for the local network of the public switched telephone network (PSTN), is also discussed. Other tools are similarly used for all other parts of the PSTN network, such as international access, toll switching and trunking, signaling and synchronization     

关于电信业务转售的探讨

电信业务转售是指从其他拥有设施的电信公司购买电信服务或租用电信设施,重新包装成自有品牌的电信服务,再销售给用户,从中获取利润。它包括批发转售和简单转售两种形式。本文还伸张了转售的特点、作用、对其的归类管理以及常见的几种业务转售,也包括电话卡转售、移动通信业务转售和住宅小区整体规则电信服务。     

Analog blocks in telecommunications systems

Monolithic realizations of general telecommunications systems require high-performance internal circuits. To achieve these results digital and analog solutions are available. The general trend is toward digital implementations which guarantee high density and easy design. However, in each overall system there are some blocks requiring necessary an analog solution. Furthermore the entire system performance is often strictly dependent on the performance of the analog section. In this paper the role of analog blocks in three telecommunications systems (ISDN, line card and telephone set) is described.