2008年热带气旋对红海湾风电场发电量影响分析

通过对汕尾红海湾风电场2008年发电量以及影响风电场的热带气旋的统计分析,探讨了登陆热带气旋对风电场发电量的影响,以期为受热带气旋影响地区风机设计、风场选址及运营管理提供依据.     

基于激光雷达扫描数据的湍流强度影响下风力机尾流特性研究

以张家口市某风电场作为实验场地,利用激光多普勒雷达(WindMast WP350和Wind 3D6000分别扫描风力机的来流和尾流)对风力机的尾流以及风场风况进行测量,并分析湍流强度变化以及探究湍流强度对风力机尾流特性的影响。研究发现,随时间改变的大气环境对湍流强度的影响较为明显,而高度对湍流强度的影响较小;湍流强度对风力机尾流有较大影响,湍流强度越大,则尾流恢复越快且尾流宽度和深度越小;随着沿轮毂中心轴向距离的增加,尾流速度衰减在尾流发展4D～6D(D表示风力机直径长度)后加速下降。     

台风过境风电场的CFD数值模拟方法研究

以台风烟花过境沿海陆上风电场期间,风电场内特别是风电机组位置的风速、风向和湍流强度的微尺度分布及其随时间的变化为研究对象,基于中尺度WRF模式的模拟结果建立CFD计算域的边界条件,建立台风大气边界层风速、风向廓线参数化模型,以及考虑中尺度热带气旋和台风边界层内卷效应的风场CFD计算模型。算例结果表明,所建立的台风大气边界层风场CFD计算模型可反映台风大气涡旋在风电场微尺度范围的流动特性,风电机组轮毂点的计算风速和实测的机舱风速符合较好,表明所研究的方法可进一步应用于台风影响地区风电场内风电机组台风风险的精细化评估,开展考虑台风风险的微观选址优化等。     

台风影响下的正常湍流模型（NTM）设计

收集了2003年以来88个测风塔29个热带气旋(TC)影响期间逐日10 min测风资料,研究发现:TC中心及附近湍流强度超过IEC标准A类,特别是风速达16~29 m/s时最大可超出标准0.04,IEC标准正常湍流模型(NTM)不能完全描述台风影响下中心及附近区域的情形。TC中心及附近湍流模型NTM表达式应为σ95%=Iref(0.884V)hub+8.172,湍流强度A、B、C类分别定义为0.18、0.16和0.14,更高级别的湍流强度类定义为0.20。     

台风对风电场的危害及对策

台风对风电场的影响有正面也有负面的,它给部分风电场带来良好发电效益的同时,也对直接登陆区域的风电场造成严重的危害。通过台风对风电场的危害分析,阐述了近海风电场在设计选型时必须考虑的问题,并提出了风电场生产阶段防范台风危害的对策。     

风电场湍流积分长度演变实验研究

实验研究5×3对齐式排布的风电场湍流积分长度(Λ)的演变规律,主流向和展向机组间距分别为10倍和2.5倍风力机直径(dT)。采用一维热线测速仪获得风电场不同位置的高分辨率流场数据。分析结果表明,Λ在水平面上呈近似对称分布,而在竖直方向上由于受边界层影响呈非对称分布。受旋转风力机的影响,Λ在风力机后方发生剧烈的衰减,而随着外部流场大尺度湍流微团的不断渗入,Λ随下游距离的增加逐步恢复。特别地,从第3排风力机尾流开始,风电场流场基本呈现稳定平衡状态,下游风力机前端位置的Λ约为整个风电场来流湍流积分长度的60%。在风电场上方约0.5 dT以上高度的流场结构受风电场影响较小。     

风力机尾流相互干扰的数值模拟

结合制动盘理论与CFD方法,采用FLUENT软件对置于有限面积的风电场内的9台风力机尾流相互干扰情况进行数值模拟。风电场内风力机机组呈梅花型排布,考虑入流角分别为0°、15°和30°代表风力机的偏航现象,利用FLUENT提供的FAN边界将风力机风轮简化为无厚度的产生压力跃降的制动盘,采用N-S方程求解整个风电场的流场分布。该文给出流场的速度分布、涡量分布及风力机机组周围的风能密度与湍流强度分布,反映了上游风力机机组的尾流会对下游机组的流场产生干扰的现象。通过对风电场和风力机的成功模拟表明,制动盘理论结合CFD的方法适用于风电场和风力机的流场模拟,可为风电场微观选址和风力机排布提供参考,且计算量远小于完全数值模拟方法。     

不同水深海上风力机塔架地震动力响应研究

开发了风力机地震仿真平台SAF(Seismic Analysis Framework),以DTU 10 MW海上风力机为研究对象,建立其地震激励下的动力仿真模型,分析4种水深(20～50 m)时20组不同强度地震、额定风速湍流风与波浪流联合作用下风力机塔架动力响应。研究表明:地震作用对横向塔顶位移及横向平面内的塔基弯矩影响较大,来流方向塔顶位移及来流平面内的塔基弯矩主要受湍流风影响;在存在地震激励时,塔架不同高度处位移、剪切力及弯矩响应均大于湍流风与波浪流作用时;地震强度较弱时,不同水深处风力机塔顶位移与弯矩差距较小,但塔基弯矩随着水深的增大而增大;地震强度较大时,水深对风力机塔顶位移与塔基弯矩影响很大,相同地震强度的响应深水大于浅水。     

大型风力机尾迹双向流固耦合特性分析

风力机尾迹区域的流场特征对风电场的优化布置具有重要意义。文章基于流固耦合理论,采用ANSYS+FLUENT方法和滑移网格技术对NREL 5 MW风力机的尾迹特性进行了系统分析。结果表明:在风力机近尾迹区流固耦合情况下风力机的输出功率和轴向推力更接近NREL设计值;在远尾迹区、双向流固耦合情况下,轴向速度更早地在风力机下游6倍风轮直径X=6D处达到来流速度,而湍流强度也提前在X=2D处出现拐点开始下降,在X=6D处达到9.8%,流场进入低湍流度区,从而得到了风力机合理布置方面的重要结论,这将对风力机合理布置和风电场经济性的提高提供一定的参考。     

大气湍流稳定度对风力机尾流影响的模拟研究

利用Agel-TDM风力机动力模型,模拟分析不同湍流状态下单台风力机尾流的空间特征。研究结果表明:随着大气湍流稳定性增强,在水平方向上风力机尾流效应减弱,即风力机尾流距离减小;在铅垂方向,动量垂直输送加快,增强了风力机下游风速的恢复速率,风电场的实际出力能力提高。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.