聚对苯二甲酰癸二胺(PA10T)的结晶动力学

用差示扫描量热仪详细研究了聚对苯二甲酰癸二胺(PA10T)的等温与非等温结晶动力学。用Avrami方程描述了PA10T等温结晶动力学,发现PA10T在选定的结晶条件下晶体的生长模式是二维生长,成核方式为均相成核,并求出Avrami指数为2,结晶活化能为302.32 kJ/mol;研究PA10T非等温结晶动力学后,发现随着降温速率的增大,结晶峰值温度向低温移动,结晶度和结晶焓增加,结晶速率显著加快。用Mo方程描述了其非等温结晶动力学,F(T)值随着相对结晶度的增加而增加,α值基本保持在1.6,非等温结晶活化能为338.56 kJ/mol。     

等规度分布对双向拉伸聚丙烯非等温结晶动力学的影响

利用差示扫描量热仪研究了等规度分布对两种双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)薄膜专用料的非等温结晶动力学的影响。非等温结晶动力学结果表明:随降温速率的增大,两种BOPP膜的结晶起始温度T0、结晶终了温度T∞、结晶峰值温度Tp、结晶焓均降低;结晶速率常数Zc增大,半结晶时间t1/2逐渐缩短,结晶过程中的生长维数n在1~3之间;F(T)逐渐增大,a值逐渐减小。样品的等规度分布越均一,则其结晶速率越慢,半结晶时间t1/2越长,结晶速率常数Zc越小。     

SiO2-聚合物杂化微球改性聚丙烯的非等温结晶动力学

将原位乳液聚合制得的SiO2-聚合物杂化微球与聚丙烯熔融共混制备了SiO2/聚丙烯(SiO2/PP)复合材料,利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了SiO2/PP复合材料的非等温结晶动力学行为.结果表明,SiO2-聚合物杂化微球具有明显的异相成核效应,提高了PP的结晶温度和结晶速率,同时降低了PP的结晶度,提高了PP的结晶活化能.运用Mo法处理纯PP和SiO2/PP复合材料的非等温结晶动力学,结果显示SiO2-聚合物杂化粒子降低了聚丙烯在单位结晶时间内达到一定结晶度时所需的降温速率.     

SiO2-聚合物杂化微球改性聚丙烯的非等温结晶动力学

将原位乳液聚合制得的SiO₂-聚合物杂化微球与聚丙烯熔融共混制备了SiO₂/聚丙烯(SiO₂/PP)复合材料, 利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了SiO₂/PP复合材料的非等温结晶动力学行为。结果表明, SiO₂-聚合物杂化微球具有明显的异相成核效应, 提高了PP的结晶温度和结晶速率, 同时降低了PP的结晶度, 提高了PP的结晶活化能。运用Mo法处理纯PP和SiO₂/PP复合材料的非等温结晶动力学, 结果显示SiO₂-聚合物杂化粒子降低了聚丙烯在单位结晶时间内达到一定结晶度时所需的降温速率。     

聚丙烯/赤泥复合材料非等温结晶行为研究

以不同含量的赤泥(Red Mud)作为成核剂改性聚丙烯(PP),采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了PP/Red Mud复合材料的非等温结晶行为,并分析了基于Jeziorny理论和莫志深理论的结晶动力学,最后利用Kissinger法计算结晶迁移活化能(ΔE)。结果表明:PP中加入Red Mud后,复合材料的结晶起始温度To、结晶峰值温度Tp均有所提高;与纯PP相比,PP/Red Mud复合材料的半结晶时间t1/2和F(T)升高,而结晶速率常数Zc降低。当Red Mud含量为10%时,t1/2最小,Zc最大,说明加入10%的Red Mud对PP的成核作用最明显。当Red Mud质量分数为20%时,复合材料的ΔE最小。     

等规聚丙烯/豆油体系的非等温结晶动力学

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对等规聚丙烯(iPP)与豆油体系的非等温结晶动力学进行了研究,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了等规聚丙烯在豆油中的结晶形态．对实验数据用Ziabicki理论和Jeziorny方法进行处理,求出结晶动力学指数、结晶速率常数和结晶能力等数据,分析了降温速率及iPP初始浓度等对结晶动力学参数的影响．     

液晶聚合物β成核剂/等规聚丙烯的等温结晶动力学和熔融行为

将主链型液晶聚酯(PBDPS)大分子β成核剂与等规聚丙烯(i PP)熔融共混,得到不同添加量的i PP/PBDPS样品。利用差示扫描量热分析、X射线衍射、偏光显微镜等研究了i PP和PBDPS共混物的等温结晶动力学、结晶熔融行为、晶型结构和结晶形态。结果表明,i PP和i PP/PBDPS共混物的等温结晶动力学适用于Avrami方程,Avrami指数(n)从2. 62～2. 81变为2. 60～3. 25,晶体的生长方式为二维生长与三维生长并存。PBDPS起到异相成核作用,i PP结晶速率常数(K)随着PBDPS的添加而增大,半结晶时间(t1/2)随之缩短。使用Arrhenius方程计算了等温结晶活化能,并通过HoffmanWeeks外推法得到了i PP/PBDPS中α、β晶的平衡熔点。液晶高分子PBDPS能有效诱导i PP形成β晶型,β晶含量随着PBDPS添加量与结晶温度的提升而增大,当PBDPS质量分数为4%,结晶温度为130℃时,β晶含量高达92. 5%。     

改性纳米SiO2填充PLA/PBAT复合体系的 结晶动力学研究

利用Avrami方程,研究PLA及PLA/PBAT/SiO_2复合材料的等温结晶动力学,研究结果表明:PLA及其共混物的Avrami指数n值分别为2.06~2.29和1.91~3.05;样品的结晶常数K(T)、半结晶时间t_(1/2)和结晶速率τ_(1/2)均随结晶温度的升高先增大后减小;在相同的结晶温度条件下,PLA/PBAT/SiO_2样品的K(T)和t_(1/2)均高于纯PLA的。采用改进的Avrami方程,分析PLA及PLA/PBAT/SiO_2复合材料样品的非等温结晶过程。研究结果表明:PLA及其共混物的Avrami指数n_1数值范围为1.31~4.88,表明晶体生长模式均为二维生长和三维生长并存;所有样品的n_1均随着升温速率的增大而增大,且n_1均小于n2,Z_(c1)和Z_(c2)也随升温速率的增大而增大。基于Mo方程分析结果与基于改进的Avrami方程分析结果一致,进一步证实了纳米SiO_2的引入提高了PLA的结晶速率;且PLA/PBAT/SiO_2样品的结晶活化能ΔE均大于纯PLA的,说明PBAT及SiO_2的引入阻碍了PLA主链的链段向晶体生长表面的迁移过程。     

PTFE/SGM复合材料非等温结晶动力学

通过冷压烧结工艺制备了聚四氟乙烯/实心玻璃微珠(PTFE/SGM)复合材料。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了PTFE/SGM复合材料的非等温结晶行为,并利用Jeziorny模型对所得DSC数据进行处理。结果表明:Jeziorny模型处理PTFE/SGM复合材料的非等温结晶动力学过程是合理可行的;随着冷却速率的增加,结晶峰向低温方向移动,结晶温度范围增大,结晶度下降;SGM有一定的成核作用,提高了PTFE的结晶峰温和结晶速率,降低了结晶活化能,使PTFE更易结晶。     

HDPE/SiO_2杂化材料的结晶行为

通过熔融接枝反应将乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷(A-171)接枝到高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)分子链上,以四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)为前驱体,加入接枝的HDPE中,通过溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-Gel)制备了HDPE/SiO2杂化材料。采用DSC分析,研究了SiO2对HDPE结晶行为的影响。结果表明,SiO2在HDPE中起到异相成核的作用,使HDPE的结晶温度提高、微晶尺寸分布减小。随降温速率增大,结晶峰变宽,结晶温度Tp向低温方向移动。非等温结晶动力学研究表明,在冷却速率范围5℃/min~20℃/min内,杂化材料异相成核,近似一维生长。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.