含孔和切口C/C编织复合材料静态拉伸下的力学性能

通过对中心开孔、双边半圆切口和双边V型切口三种结构的静态拉伸测试及有限元模拟分析,比较了不同开孔/切口形式C/C编织复合材料的破坏行为.结果表明:三种开孔/切口形式的C/C试件在拉伸破坏中均表现为较强线性的应力-应变关系,且开孔/切口附近有明显的应力集中;板宽不变时,缺口强度对开孔/切口尺寸不敏感,而对其端部的曲率半径较敏感;孔端部材料不满足线弹性的破坏机制,发生了大规模的应力松弛,其尺寸随开孔/切口曲率半径的增大而增大,而对开孔/切口位置不敏感.     

开孔对平纹编织C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料力学行为的影响

通过拉伸、压缩和疲劳实验结合断口显微观察并与光滑试样进行对比,研究开孔对平纹编织C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料力学行为的影响.结果表明:开孔试样的拉伸行为和光滑试样一样表现为非线性,拉伸强度降低11.8%,拉伸破坏应变降低54.3%;开孔试样的压缩行为与光滑试样不同,低应力时表现为线性,应力增大到一定程度时由于裂纹闭合效应较为明显,开始表现出明显的非线性,压缩强度降低12.2%,压缩破坏应变降低54.9%;开孔试样的疲劳极限约为其极限拉伸强度的88%,与光滑试样相同;开孔试样在拉伸、压缩和疲劳载荷作用下都具有较小的应力集中系数,对开孔敏感性较小;开孔试样断口一般从孔中间穿过,破坏首先发生在试样孔边应力集中最严重的地方,断口方向与孔边初始缺陷有关.     

针刺C/C复合材料面内拉伸强度预测

为研究针刺碳纤维增强碳基体复合材料(针刺C/C复合材料)面内拉伸强度与渐进损伤,建立了针刺C/C复合材料代表性体积单元有限元模型。模型包含无纬布层、网胎层、针刺纤维束、界面4类子区域,并考虑了孔隙的影响。采用基于应变的破坏准则及指数型损伤演化规律研究无纬布层及针刺纤维束损伤,采用弹塑性本构研究网胎层损伤,采用内聚力牵引分离定律和二次应力破坏准则分析界面损伤。通过两步法计算了孔隙对材料性能的折减效果,并得到上述4个子区域的力学性能,通过ABAQUS UMAT预测了材料的面内拉伸应力-应变曲线及各子区域损伤起始、演化与失效过程,非线性趋势及拉伸强度数值与试验数值吻合较好,验证了该模型有效性。      

增强毡C/C复合材料的结构和性能

设计了两种不同结构的预制体,即碳布 碳毡(1#预制体)、无纬布 碳毡(2#预制体),经化学气相沉积(CVD)与浸渍树脂相结合的致密化工艺制备出了高密度的增强毡C/C复合材料.结果表明:1#、2#预制体制备的C/C材料表现出了良好的力学性能,其拉伸强度分别达61.25MPa和53.12MPa,其中2#材料的拉伸破坏表现出了假塑性.结合材料的微观形貌研究了预制体结构、界面对C/C复合材料拉伸性能的影响.     

密度对C/C复合材料热力学性能的影响

采用针刺预制体经化学气相沉积与沥青浸渍-高压碳化致密工艺制备C/C复合材料,通过控制沥青浸渍-高压碳化致密次数,获得了密度分别为1.70g/cm~3、1.82g/cm~3、1.89g/cm~3的三种C/C材料,测试材料的力学、热学性能。结果表明材料拉伸强度随密度升高而降低。当密度较低时,纤维/基体界面结合强度相对较低,可以延缓纤维断裂的发生;拉伸断口显示出假塑性断裂特征,有利于材料拉伸强度的提高。材料的压缩强度与剪切性能密切相关,且均随密度升高表现出先升后降的趋势。材料的热膨胀系数随密度升高而增大,材料中微晶之间的空隙在受热过程中可以吸收一部分膨胀量,因此对于C/C材料,降低密度有利于降低热膨胀系数。材料导热系数随密度升高而明显增大,且随密度升高,微晶尺寸增大,有利于晶格振动的传递,从而使得导热系数增大。热应力因子随密度升高而先升后降,作为热结构件使用时,采用密度为1.82g/cm~3的C/C材料可以获得相对较高的抗热震能力。在C/C材料研究开发中,可以综合对材料力学、热学性能的要求来对C/C材料密度指标进行设计。     

密度对C/C复合材料热力学性能的影响

采用针刺预制体经化学气相沉积与沥青浸渍-高压碳化致密工艺制备C/C复合材料,通过控制沥青浸渍-高压碳化致密次数,获得了密度分别为1.70 g/cm3、1.82 g/cm3、1.89 g/cm3的三种C/C材料,测试材料的力学、热学性能.结果表明材料拉伸强度随密度升高而降低.当密度较低时,纤维/基体界面结合强度相对较低,可以延缓纤维断裂的发生;拉伸断口显示出假塑性断裂特征,有利于材料拉伸强度的提高.材料的压缩强度与剪切性能密切相关,且均随密度升高表现出先升后降的趋势.材料的热膨胀系数随密度升高而增大,材料中微晶之间的空隙在受热过程中可以吸收一部分膨胀量,因此对于C/C材料,降低密度有利于降低热膨胀系数.材料导热系数随密度升高而明显增大,且随密度升高,微晶尺寸增大,有利于晶格振动的传递,从而使得导热系数增大.热应力因子随密度升高而先升后降,作为热结构件使用时,采用密度为1.82 g/cm3的C/C材料可以获得相对较高的抗热震能力.在C/C材料研究开发中,可以综合对材料力学、热学性能的要求来对C/C材料密度指标进行设计.     

对称切口拉伸法评价高强度涂层及平面应力有限元分析

由于粘胶结合强度的限制,常规拉伸法不能用于评价高强度涂层.利用对称切口拉伸的方'法,评价了不同喷涂和烧结工艺所得高强度涂层与基体的结合性能.结果表明,涂层与基体切口尖端的应力集中作用,使交界面产生裂纹并迅速扩展,导致涂层界面开裂.对应不同切口结构工艺参数,采用平面应力有限元对涂层/基体交界面上的应力分布进行了力学计算.结果表明:楔形切口和深U形切口两种情形下对涂层/基体交界面应力分布影响不大;沿界面方向的应力对涂层破坏有加速作用,切口尖端应力集中随切口切割深度的增大而减小.     

针刺C/C复合材料高温剪切强度研究

利用快速通电加热技术,模拟针刺C/C复合材料的高温工作环境;运用双槽口剪切试验方法对材料在不同温度下的剪切强度进行研究;通过扫描电子显微镜观察试样断口形貌;采用红外测温技术测定了试样槽口及剪切截面温度。结果表明:材料剪切强度在一定范围内随温度升高而增加,1 800 ℃时剪切强度达到最大(35.6 MPa);针刺C/C复合材料室温下的主要破坏形式为纤维拔出及断裂,而高温下纤维与基体界面结合强度高,纤维拔出少,发生脆性断裂;随着温度升高,电流增大,槽口与剪切截面温差增大,较大的热应力及电流烧损使得材料在2 300 ℃时的剪切强度显著降低。     

承受双向等拉应力平面贯穿型中心切口弹性应力集中系数的尺寸效应分析

采用线弹性有限元方法系统分析了350种不同尺寸条件下承受双向等拉应力平面贯穿型中心切口端部应力场,建立了垂直于切口长度方向的正应力分量Ktσy、应力第一不变量集中系数KtI1和Mises等效应力集中系数Ktσ等各项弹性应力集中系数的表达式。结果表明,各项弹性应力集中系数随切口长度与板宽之比2a/W的增大呈二次幂函数形式增大,随切口顶端半径与切口半宽之比r/a的降低呈指数函数形式增大。     

二维C/SiC复合材料在冲击拉伸下的损伤过程

利用分离式霍普金森拉杆实验装置(SHTB)和超高速照相机,对二维C/SiC复合材料进行了冲击拉伸力学性能实验研究,同时结合其宏观力学行为,分析了在冲击拉伸载荷作用下的损伤破坏过程。结果表明:材料的应力-应变曲线呈明显的非线性特征,其内部损伤破坏和裂纹扩展过程分为四个阶段:损伤积累于第一阶段,裂纹起源于第二阶段,屈服失效于第三个阶段,快速扩展于第四个阶段。     

The effective tensile failure stress of an uncracked brittle structure: failure at a blunt stress concentration

The paper proceeds from the basis that the dominant source of the geometry dependence of the effective tensile failure stress of an uncracked brittle structure is deterministic and is related to the formation of a damage zone at a free surface. The damage is represented by a cohesive zone, and failure, i.e. the attainment of maximum load, is associated with the attainment of an elastically calculated effective tensile failure stress. With regard to failure arising as a result of the formation of a damage zone at the surface of a blunt stress concentration, the paper predicts the extent to which the effective tensile failure stress increases with increasing severity of the stress concentration, i.e. as the root radius decreases.     

三维编织C/SiC复合材料的拉压实验研究

针对三维编织C/SiC复合材料进行了拉伸试验和压缩试验,得到了材料拉伸、压缩的主要力学性能参数、损伤发展情况及破坏规律。从宏观角度比较了在两种载荷下材料弹性性能及强度的区别,得到了一些试验研究结论。结果表明:三维编织C/SiC在拉伸和压缩载荷下的应力-应变曲线有明显的非线性特性;拉伸模量低于压缩模量;拉伸强度高于压缩强度;声发射数据可以用来检测材料内部损伤的发展。      

Shear fracture tests of concrete

Symmetrically notched beam specimens of concrete and mortar, loaded near the notches by concentrated forces that produce a concentrated shear force zone, are tested to failure. The cracks do not propagate from the notches in the direction normal to the maximum principal stress but in a direction in which shear stresses dominate. Thus, the failure is due essentially to shear fracture (Mode II). The crack propagation direction seems to be governed by maximum energy release rate. Tests of geometrically similar specimens yield maximum loads which agree with the recently established size effect law for blunt fracture, previously verified for tensile fracture (Mode I). This further implies that the energy required for crack growth increases with the crack extension from the notch. The R-curve that describes this increase is determined from the size effect. The size effect also yields the shear fracture energy, which is found to be about 25-times larger than that for Mode I and to agree with the value predicted by the crack band model. The fracture specimen is simple to use but not perfect for shear fracture because the deformation has a symmetric component with a non zero normal stress across the crack plane. Nevertheless, these disturbing effects appear to be unimportant. The results are of interest for certain types of structures subjected to blast, impact, earthquake, and concentrated loads.     

Experimental and numerical investigation on ductile-brittle fracture transition in a magnesium alloy

Tensile test on smooth and circumferentially notched specimens, systematic observation of fracture surfaces and large deformation finite element analysis were conducted to understand the deformation and failure behavior of a magnesium alloy (AM60). The plastic deformation is considered to be dominated by twining mediated slip. The tensile properties were not sensitive to the strain rates applied (3.3 × 10⁻⁴∼0.1). Corresponding to the same loading level, higher stress triaxiality but lower plastic strain was observed in the specimens with a smaller notch profile radius. Deformation and failure of the magnesium alloy were sensitive to the constraint level and ductile-brittle fracture transition occurred with decreasing the notch profile radius.     

Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of laser-welded lap joints with linear and circular beads in thin low carbon steel sheets

This paper presents a microstructural and mechanical characterisation of laser-welded lap joints in low carbon steel thin sheets. Different combinations of steel types (DC05, S355MC) and thickness values are used to assemble welded specimens with linear and circular weld bead. Metallurgical observations and micro-hardness tests are used to characterise the weld microstructure. Mechanical response in tensile test is then used to evaluate the static strength, rotation angle of weld bead and failure mode of welded specimens. Lap-joints with circular weld showed a lower rotation angle compared to linear welds. The fracture in all tested specimens occurred at the base metal, far away from the weld. A simplified mechanical model is finally proposed to derive theoretical formulae for estimating the tensile strength of welded joints as a function of material properties and weld geometry. The analytical results are in good agreement with experimental findings and they estimate an increased strength for circular welds, compared to linear weld with same lateral width. A design chart is also derived to allow a design of laser-welded joints with virtually equal strength of base metal and weld zone.     

高强高性能混凝土三轴拉压压力学性能试验研究

采用大型动静真三轴伺服液压试验系统,对单轴压强度为90.6 MPa的高强高性能混凝土进行三轴拉压压等比例试验研究,获得了各应力比下试件的破坏模式、多轴强度及应力-应变曲线。试验结果表明：高强高性能混凝土三轴拉压压应力状态下的破坏为典型的受拉破坏;最大主应力方向的极限强度远低于其单轴压强度,中间主应力效应不明显;拉应力的存在对最大主应力方向应力-应变曲线影响十分明显,呈现出明显的线性特征。基于试验结果提出了适用于高强高性能混凝土的强度准则,为高强高性能混凝土本构关系的建立提供了试验和理论依据。     

2D-C/ SiC 复合材料的宏观拉压特性和失效模式

通过拉伸、压缩实验, 从宏观上研究了平纹编织C/ SiC 复合材料在简单载荷作用下模量、残余应变及泊松比的变化。通过断口观察, 分析了材料在面内拉、压载荷作用下的损伤与失效模式。实验结果表明, 拉伸载荷作用下, 材料在低应力就开始损伤。0°纤维束表面基体开裂和层间裂纹是主要损伤形式。损伤后, 随着应力增加, 拉伸卸载模量、泊松比线性减小, 残余应变增加; 压缩应力-应变基本呈直线关系, 模量、泊松比基本不变。拉伸破坏表现为韧性断裂, 断裂机理为分层后0°纤维束的断裂、携带90°纤维束拔出; 压缩破坏形成一个与加载方向成13°的断裂平面, 破坏机理为层间裂纹、0°/ 90°纤维束之间裂纹和90°纤维束内裂纹的产生和迅速扩展、最后0°纤维束剪切断裂。      

Notched strength prediction of centre-hole carbon/carbon composites

The present work investigates the behaviour of 2D carbon/carbon (C/C) composites containing centre holes and proposes methodologies for the prediction of the residual strength of such C/C laminates. Two different concepts were adopted in order to understand the fracture behaviour of C/C composites in the presence of holes and to evaluate their strength. The first approach is based on the hypothesis of the existence of a damage zone around the hole, which originates during tensile loading. The second uses monitoring of the acoustic emission (AE) activity of the centre-hole specimen, loaded up to a stress level well below its failure strength, as an indication of damage formation, and combines it with a defined calibration curve. Both models predict very accurately the strength of notched laminates for a number of specimens tested.     

基于电磁超声的塑性损伤铝材抗拉强度预测

针对电磁超声信号信噪比低这一问题,在利用相对非线性系数预测抗拉强度的同时引入应力三轴度来提升塑性损伤试件抗拉强度预测的准确性.建立了电磁超声非线性检测塑性损伤试件的有限元三维仿真模型,计算两个特征参量:应力三轴度和相对非线性系数,研究试件的内部应力状态特征和电磁超声检测信号的频谱特征.仿真分析结果表明这两个特征参量敏感...