纳米颗粒分布对镁基复合材料强化机制的影响

Orowan强化、热错配强化和Hall-Petch强化是纳米颗粒增强镁基复合材料的主要强化机制,纳米颗粒在基体中的分布状态对起主导作用的强化机制具有重要影响.本文中对现有强化机制模型进行了适当修正,以纳米SiC颗粒增强AZ91D复合材料为例,通过理论计算分析了纳米颗粒完全分布于晶内、完全分布于晶界、在晶内晶界上均有分布的三种状态对镁基复合材料屈服强度的影响,并与实验结果进行对比.结果表明:颗粒完全分布于晶内时,增强效果最好,主要增强机制为Orowan强化;颗粒完全分布于晶界上时,增强效果最差,主要增强机制为Hall-Petch强化.颗粒在晶内晶界上均有分布时,多种强化机制共同发挥作用,增强效果随着晶内与晶界上颗粒比例的减小而逐渐减弱.     

Al_(72)Ni_(12)Co_(16)/A365准晶颗粒增强铝基复合材料的制备及其力学性能

制备了增强相体积分数为5%~20%的系列Al72Ni12Co16P/A356准晶增强铝基复合材料。其中增强相Al72Ni12Co16通过将严格按化学成分配比的Al72Ni12Co16浇于水冷铜基板上激冷凝固而获得。TEM和XRD分析结果表明所获得的材料为单相准晶材料。准晶增强铝基复合材料经热挤压处理后,绝大部分的铸造缺陷被消除,力学性能测试显示当准晶相的加入量为20%时,铝基复合材料的抗拉强度、屈服强度、弹性模量等性能分别从基体材料的275 MPa、200 MPa和70 GPa提高至410 MPa、350 MPa和102 GPa,而延伸率却从6%降低至3%。分析了准晶增强铝基复合材料的断裂机制和增强机制,准晶颗粒增强铝基复合材料的断裂机制可能有如下3种:界面及其附近区域脱粘、基体在集中的滑移带内撕裂和颗粒断裂,而其增强机制主要是细晶强化、弥散强化和固溶强化。     

纳米TiC颗粒弥散增强超细晶钨基复合材料的组织结构与力学性能

采用高能球磨和热压烧结的方法成功制备了纳米TiC颗粒弥散增强超细晶W基复合材料,并对其组织结构、室温力学性能进行了研究.研究结果表明,当纳米TiC颗粒含量较小时,高能球磨可以使TiC颗粒均匀分散到W基体中,烧结后,TiC颗粒尺寸约100nm,当纳米TiC颗粒含量较高时,局部出现团聚现象;纳米TiC的加入强烈的阻碍了W晶粒的长大并使复合材料的断裂模式由沿晶断裂为主向穿晶断裂为主转变,提高了材料的力学性能;在TiC含量为1%(质量分数,下同)时,材料的致密度、维氏显微硬度、弹性模量、抗弯强度分别达到98.4%、4.33、396GPa、1065MPa.纳米TiC颗粒对复合材料的强化机制主要是细晶强化和晶界强化.     

微量碳在钢铁材料细晶强化中的作用

通过调节热处理条件使微量碳处于完全固溶状态,析出状态或偏析在晶界,利用室温拉伸实验和光学显微组织观察,系统地研究了不同状下碳对高纯铁细晶强化效果的影响,结果表明,Hall-Petch关系式中的σ0项只受晶内固溶碳量的碳化物析出支配,而k项受碳在晶界的偏析量控制,且随偏析量直线增加。     

SiCp颗粒增强铝基复合材料塑性变形中过程的强化机制与断裂机制研究

综述了SiCp颗粒增强铝基复合材料的强化机制与断裂机制.分析了影响SiCp颗粒增强铝基复合材料强化、断裂的因素及其低塑性的原因,在此基础上提出改善其塑性的几点设想.     

颗粒增强铝基复合材料强化机制的研究现状评述

颗粒强化机制研究对于复合材料的设计及性能预测具有极其重要的意义,一直是复合材料学领域的研究热点。但相关的系统报道甚少,本文就颗粒增强铝基复合材料的强化机制从直接强化、间接强化与混合强化三个方面展开综述,并指出这些强化机制所存在的不足及其发展趋势。     

由聚碳硅烷生成纳米SiC颗粒增强B4C基复相陶瓷的结构与性能

制备了由聚碳硅烷（PCS）为先驱体裂解形成的纳米SiC增强的B4C基复合材料，并与直接球磨混合法制备的纳米SiC增强的B4C基复合材料进行了对比研究。实验结果表明，先驱体法制备的复合材料形成一种复杂的晶内/晶间结构；B4C内部的纳米SiC和Al2O3内部的少量纳米SiC、晶界处的层片状SiC、B4C晶粒内部的SiC亚晶界结构。材料的断裂方式以穿晶断裂为主，形成晶内裂纹扩展路径，增强了材料的韧性，采用PCS为先驱体工艺制备高性能的纳米复相陶瓷，其组织均匀性、致密度和力学性能均优于直接机械混合制备的纳米复合材料。     

SiC /AZ61镁基复合材料蠕变性能的研究

采用搅熔铸造法制备碳化硅颗粒增强镁基复合材料SiC/AZ61,通过动态机械热分析、显微组织观察和XRD衍射分析了其蠕变性能.结果表明:碳化硅颗粒的加入细化了晶粒,SiC大多分布在晶界处,颗粒镁基复合材料的蠕变性能与AZ61合金相比得到了显著的改善.蠕变性能的提高主要因为高温时具有高的热稳定性的SiC颗粒取代晶界处高温下易软化的β相(Mg17Al12)钉扎晶界,阻止了晶界的交滑移和位错的攀移.     

20vol%体积分数纳米Al2O3颗粒增强铝基复合材料的高温压缩性能

为提高铝基材料的高温力学性能以满足其在573 K以上用于航空航天装备结构件的性能需求,采用高能球磨结合真空热压烧结工艺制备了体积分数高达20vol%的纳米Al₂O₃颗粒(146 nm)增强铝基复合材料,对其微观结构和高温压缩性能进行了研究。结果表明：纳米Al₂O₃颗粒均匀分散于超细晶铝基体中,且复合材料完全致密;该复合材料具有优异的高温压缩性能：应变速率为0.001/s时,473 K时压缩强度高达380 MPa,即使673 K时依然高达250 MPa,比其他传统铝基材料提高至少1倍;通过对其流变应力进行基于热激活的本构模型拟合可以发现,该复合材料具有高的应力指数(30)和表观激活能(204.02 kJ/mol)。这是由于高体积分数纳米颗粒能够有效钉扎晶界,并与铝基体形成热稳定的界面结合,显著提高复合材料的组织热稳定性,而且在变形过程中与晶界有效阻碍位错运动,显著提高复合材料的热变形门槛应力(在473～673 K时为190.6～328.4 MPa),其热变形过程可以由亚结构不变模型进行解释。     

碳纳米管增强镁基复合材料强化机制的解析法研究

采用剪切滞后模型理论分析了碳纳米管增强镁基复合材料受载时作用在复合材料上各组分的应力;考虑复合材料各种强化机制,建立碳纳米管增强镁基复合材料的屈服强度模型,研究了各组分性能参数对复合材料屈服强度的影响。结果表明,CNTs的长度对CNTs/Mg复合材料屈服强度的影响有限;碳纳米管层数越多或分散越稀疏越不利于提高复合材料的屈服强度;在一定范围内屈服强度随着温度差的增加而增加;CNTs的体积分数对复合材料屈服强度的影响存在最佳值。这表明该模型预测的复合材料屈服强度与实验结果较吻合。     

Reinforcement in Al Matrix Composites: A Review of Strengthening Behavior of Nano‐Sized Particles

Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with the nano‐sized particles are very important materials for the applications in industrial fields. These aluminum matrix composites consist of an aluminum matrix and nano‐sized particles, which own very different physical and mechanical properties from those of the matrix. Nano‐sized particles show a more obvious strengthening effect on the matrix than the micro‐sized particles do, because of the high specific surface area which is positive for the pinning effect during the deformation process. Thus, the nano‐sized particle‐reinforced AMCs usually exhibit a good ductility. The main issues of the fabrication methods are the low wettability between the nano‐sized particles and the molten aluminum alloys, which is fatal to the conventional casting methods, and the agglomeration of nano‐sized particles which happened easier than the larger particles. Several alternative processes have been presented in literature for the production of the nano‐sized particle‐reinforced aluminum composites. This paper is aimed at reviewing the feasible manufacturing techniques used for the fabrication of nano‐sized particle‐reinforced aluminum composites. More importantly, the strengthening mechanisms and models which are responsible for the improvement of mechanical properties of the nano‐sized particle‐reinforced aluminum composites have been reviewed.

     

Effects of particle size and distribution on the mechanical properties of SiC reinforced Al-Cu alloy composites

This paper studied the combined effects of particle size and distribution on the mechanical properties of the SiC particle reinforced Al-Cu alloy composites. It has been shown that small ratio between matrix/reinforcement particle sizes resulted in more uniform distribution of the SiC particles in the matrix. The SiC particles distributed more uniformly in the matrix with increasing in mixing time. It has also been shown that homogenous distribution of the SiC particles resulted in higher yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation. Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the composite reinforced by 4.7 μm sized SiC particles are higher than those of composite reinforced by 77 μm sized SiC particles, while the elongation shows opposite trend with yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. Fracture surface observations showed that the dominant fracture mechanism of the composites with small SiC particle size (4.7 μm) is ductile fracture of the matrix, accompanied by the “pull-out” of the particles from the matrix, while the dominant fracture mechanism of the composites with large SiC particle size (77 μm) is ductile fracture of the matrix, accompanied by the SiC particle fracture.     

SiC颗粒增强铝合金基复合材料断裂与强化机理

对SiC颗粒增强铝合金基复合材料的室温拉伸断裂与强化机理进行了研究。结果表明:该类材料的断裂包括基体韧断、界面脱开和增强体颗粒断裂三种方式,均属于MNG模式;该类复合材料的强化效果取决于基体强度与界面强度的匹配关系,当基体的屈服强度达到某一临界值时,通过添加增强体颗粒来强化材料是非常困难的。      

新型自润滑YBa_2Cu_3O_7/Cu复合材料的制备及性能

采用草酸盐共沉淀法制备了YBa2Cu3O7(YBCO)粉体,利用真空热压烧结法制备了不同质量分数的YBCO/Cu复合材料,测定了YBCO/Cu复合材料的密度、硬度和电导率,利用MMU-5GA磨损试验机对YBCO/Cu复合材料进行了摩擦磨损试验。采用XRD、SEM和TEM对YBCO粉体及YBCO/Cu复合材料的微观结构、磨损表面形貌及物相组成进行了表征。研究了YBCO质量分数对YBCO/Cu复合材料组织及性能的影响。结果表明:所制备的YBCO粉体物相为Y123相,其层状结构明显,粉体纯度高、杂质少,粒度达到纳米级;纳米YBCO可显著细化YBCO/Cu复合材料的基体组织,提高复合材料的摩擦学性能。随着YBCO质量分数增加,基体组织中纳米YBCO颗粒分布均匀度降低,逐渐出现团聚;YBCO/Cu复合材料的电导率和密度降低,硬度先升高后降低,摩擦系数逐渐减小。3%YBCO/Cu复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好。YBCO/Cu复合材料强化机制为Orowan强化、热错配强化和细晶强化;其磨损机制主要为塑变磨损、磨粒磨损和疲劳剥落。     

Microstructure and strengthening mechanism of bimodal size particle reinforced magnesium matrix composite

One kind of (submicron + micron) bimodal size SiCp/AZ91 composite was fabricated by the stir casting technology. After hot deformation process, the influence of bimodal size particles on microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ91 matrix was investigated by comparing with monolithic A91 alloy, submicron SiCp/AZ91 and micron SiCp/AZ91 composites. The results show that micron particles can stimulate dynamic recrystallized nucleation, while submicron particles may pin grain boundaries during the hot deformation process, which results in a significant grain refinement of AZ91 matrix. Compared to submicron particles, micron particles are more conducive to grain refinement through stimulating the dynamic recrystallized nucleation. Besides, the yield strength of bimodal size SiCp/AZ91 composite is higher than that of single-size particle reinforced composites. Among the strengthening mechanisms of bimodal size particle reinforced composite, it is found that grain refinement and dislocation strengthening mechanism play a larger role on improving the yield strength.     

碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料颗粒表面改性技术研究现状

SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料因具有高的比强度、比刚度、耐磨性及较好的高温稳定性而被广泛应用于航空航天、电子、医疗等领域,但由于SiC颗粒高熔点、高硬度的特点以及SiC颗粒与铝基体间存在界面反应,碳化硅铝基复合材料存在加工性差、界面结合力不足等问题,已无法满足航天等领域对材料性能更高的要求,因此开展如何改善基体与颗粒之间界面情况的研究对进一步提升复合材料综合性能具有重要的科学意义。结合国内外现有研究成果,总结了SiC颗粒与铝基体界面强化机制、界面反应特点、表面改性技术原理及数值建模的发展现状,结果表明,现有经单一表面改性方法处理后的增强颗粒对铝基复合材料性能的提升程度有限,因此如何采用新的手段使复合材料性能进一步提升将成为后续研究热点,且基于有限元数值模拟方法进行复合材料设计也是必然趋势。最后针对单一强化性能提升有限的问题,提出了基于表面改性的柔性颗粒多模式强化方法,同时针对现有的技术难点展望了后续的研究方向,以期为颗粒增强复合材料的制备提供理论参考。     

微纳米SiO2/PP复合材料增强增韧的实验研究

为了研究无机刚性颗粒对通用塑料聚丙烯 (PP) 的力学性能的影响, 采用熔融共混方法制备了经硅烷偶联剂A-151处理的SiO₂/PP 复合材料, 并通过其缺口冲击、 拉伸、 弯曲试验和冲击断面的形貌观察, 分析研究了微纳米SiO₂颗粒大小、 填充量、 表面改性以及不同颗粒大小SiO₂混合物对PP复合材料增韧、 增强效果的影响。实验结果表明: 纳米SiO₂的加入可以同时改善其韧性、 刚性和强度; 填充量相同, 颗粒越细, SiO₂/PP复合材料的力学性能越好。SiO₂经改性后填充到PP基体中, 明显改善了颗粒在基体中的分散性及基体与颗粒之间界面结合性能, 使复合材料的综合力学性能得到提高。不同颗粒大小的SiO₂混合后填充到PP基体中, 混合SiO₂的协同效应使复合材料拉伸、 弯曲性能进一步提高, 对PP基体具有更好的增强效果, 但其冲击性能下降。      

超声化学原位合成纳米Al_2O_3/6063Al复合材料组织及高温蠕变性能

为研究纳米颗粒增强铝基复合材料的高温蠕变特性,基于6063Al-Al2(SO4)3体系,采用超声化学原位合成技术,制备出不同Al2O3体积分数(5%、7%)的纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料,通过高温蠕变拉伸试验测试其高温蠕变性能,利用XRD、OM、SEM及TEM分析其微观形貌。结果表明:施加高能超声可显著细化增强体颗粒并提高其分布的均匀性,所生成的Al2O3增强颗粒以圆形或近六边形为主,尺寸为20~100nm;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的名义应力指数、表观激活能和门槛应力值与基体相比大幅提高,均随着增强体体积分数的增加而提高,表明纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的抗蠕变性能提高;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的真应力指数为8,说明复合材料蠕变机制符合微结构不变模型,即受基体晶格扩散的控制;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的高温蠕变断口特征以脆性断裂为主,高应力下形成穿晶断裂,低应力下形成沿晶断裂和晶界孔洞;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的主要强化机制为位错强化与弥散强化。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of B4C/6061Al Nanocomposites Fabricated by Advanced Powder Metallurgy

In this study, B₄C/6061Al nanocomposites reinforced with various volume fractions of nano‐sized B₄C particles (B₄C/6061Al NCs) are successfully fabricated by a powder metallurgy route consisting of spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hot extrusion and rolling (HER). The microstructure evolution, phase composition, and mechanical properties of B₄C/6061Al NCs are experimentally investigate. The results show that nearly fully dense (maximum ≈99.21%) as‐SPSed NCs can be fabricated, and this can be attributed to joule heating at the particle contacts and tip spark plasma at the gaps. Nanosized B₄C particles mainly distributed in the 6061Al particles boundaries and formed inhomogeneous network materials in as‐SPSed NCs, while B₄C particles distributed relatively homogeneously in the 6061Al matrix after HER. No new phases are found in the B₄C/6061Al NCs over three deformation stages. The pin effect of the nanosized B₄C can suppress dynamic recovery and improve the driving force for dynamic recrystallization. The mechanical properties are further improved after HER, and the maximum ultimate tensile strength and yield strength for as‐rolled NCs are 305 and 168 MPa. The strengthening mechanisms mainly included load transfer strengthening, dislocation strengthening, Orowan strengthening, and fine‐grain strengthening.