建筑物小型热电联产在欧洲的发展

本文首先介绍了建筑物小型热电联产的特点及其在一些欧洲国家的发展与应用情况。然后指出了小型热电联产对环境污染的改善推广过程中应采取的措施，最后分析了小型热电联产的技术发展特点。     

发展小型分散热电联产的研究与探讨

介绍了小型分散热电联产的特点、主要型式，分析了小型分散热电联产的成因，还介绍了国内外发展简况，并提出了我国发展小型分散热电联产的几点建议。     

热电联产、冷热电联产和小型冷热电联产

2000年8月22日国家计委、国家经贸委、建设部、国家环保总局联合发出《关于发展热电联产的规定》,与1998年颁发的《关于发展热电联产的若干规定》相比,发展冷热电联产和小型热电联产的方向更明确了,实际上这两个规定是热电联产、冷热电联产和小型热电联产的规定,为我国建立节能、减少环境污染,提高人民生活水平创造了良好条件,我国发展冷热电联产的新时代已经到来。     

小型热电联产蒸汽供热系统的能耗分析

目前,有些小型热电联产系统运行不合理、冷源损失大、节能效果不理想.通过对某小型热电联产系统全年运行状况的凋查,计算了热电机组的发电效率、热效率及汽机冷源能量损失,分析了小型热电联产系统能耗大的主要原因,提出了提高热电联产系统能源利用效率、改进热电联产集中供热形式等措施,为热电联产系统改造和扩建工作提供参考.     

小型热电联产系统能耗分析

针对部分地区小型热电联产系统运行不合理、冷源损失大、节能效果不理想的问题,通过对某小型热电联产系统全年运行状况的调查,计算了热电机组的发电效率、热效率及汽机冷源能量损失,分析了小型热电联产系统能耗大的主要原因,提出了提高热电联产系统能源利用效率、改进热电联产集中供热形式的措施,为热电联产系统改造和扩建工作提供参考。     

热电联产、冷热电联产和小型冷热电联产

我国的热电联产应逐步走向冷热电联产。 2 0 0 0年 8月国家颁发的《关于发展热电联产的规定》,为发展冷热电联产和小型冷热电联产明确了方向 ,是节能、减少环境污染、提高经济效益的有力措施     

结合热电联产管理办法谈福建省热电联产发展方向

福建省热电联产经过近50年的发展,从企业自备发展成区域公用,从MW级发展到百万MW级,热电联产机组容量占比逐年提升。但也存在大型供热机组热电比低、以电养热,小型抽凝供热机组发电标煤耗高、综合热效率偏低的问题。从热电联产管理办法的实施角度,提出引导热电联产项目科学、合理、高效、经济的发展思路,以进一步提升福建省热电联产行业整体水平。     

国内天然气供暖和发电的发展现状及环境影响分析

对燃气锅炉供暖和燃气轮机热电联产的发展现状以及环境影响做了全面、客观的分析。研究发现小型燃气锅炉由于结构简单,烟气中的水蒸气及NOx含量较高,对形成雾霾具有促进作用;燃气轮机热电联产的烟气中NOx含量较低,但是国内目前无法掌握燃气轮机核心技术,投资及运行成本过高,阻碍了燃气轮机热电联产的发展。     

小型锅炉实行热电联产的可行性

从我区小型锅炉运行情况及工业汽轮发电机组发展状况,论述我区工业锅炉实行热电联产的可行性及必要性。阐明热电联产是企业一次投资,长期受益的行之有效的节能措施。     

Bowman公司和Nedalo公司签署供货协定

英国微型燃气轮机发电系统开发商Bowman公司和小型热电联产装置生产商Nedalo公司签署了一份供货协定。协定的第一阶段，Nedalo将在欧洲范围内销售Bowman电力系统，第二阶段在美国。 两家公司还公开了他们的第一张供货单，英国某处的一整套热电联产装置。 Nedalo是重要的热电联产设备供应商之一，在英国有450个用户，全欧洲有2000个用户。 Nedalo的商业负责人，Dudley McDonald解释说：“我们认为燃气轮机联产是小型热电联产的发展方向。我们非常高兴和这项多用途技术的重要开发商进行合作。” Bowman公司和Nedalo公司签署供货协定…     

Trigeneration in the food industry

In the food industry cogeneration plants are widely introduced. Many industries use cogeneration plants with either gas engines or turbines to cover their steam, hot water and electrical demands. The combination of an absorption refrigeration with a cogeneration plant allows to use all generated heat for the production of cooling. Absorption refrigeration plants working with ammonia as refrigerant can be driven either by steam, pressurised hot water or directly with the exhaust gases. Examples of typical plants are illustrated on different sectors in the food industry.     

我国热电联产的发展趋势

本文论述了我国热电联产的发展过程及其现状,我国热电联产已经从以燃煤为主向循环流化床锅炉电站,燃气蒸气联合循环热电厂,分布式热电冷联产等综合发展;指出热电联产的特点及其优越性,是城市治理大气污染和提高能源综合利用率的重要措施,针对我国目前热电联产还存在的资金来源、行业管理、供热成本及热价等问题,提出了发展我国热电联产的建议,进而论述了我国热电联产的前景和发展趋势。     

Front Cover

Mini cogeneration schemes using microturbines in Mexico are applicable to all developing countries. Modifications to the law of public service of electric power in Mexico makes it possible for industries to have permission from the Secretary of Energy and/or the Regulatory Energy Commission to develop cogeneration schemes. Generators could give their surplus power and energy to the electric utility. This implies that cogeneration schemes can operate synchronized to the electric utility system. The spirit of development of cogeneration schemes is sustained by the best use of the country's resources. The industries that may develop cogeneration schemes are those that require steam as a part of the industrial process or have exothermic processes such as paper mills, cement plants, sugar mills, petrochemical industries, steel mills, and refineries among others. These mentioned industries are users of electric power, and their demands and consumption are measured in terms of MW and MWh. At the present time, they are beginning to develop cogeneration schemes in Mexico in the area of Altamira and Tamaulipas with power wheeling to Monterrey and Nuevo Leon, as well as in San Juan del Rio, Bueretaro. New developments of combined-cycle plants with steam generation for industrial purposes can achieve efficiencies of the order of 75%, with important reductions in generation costs.     

Some problems with the development of combined generation of electricity and heat in Russia

The current state of cogeneration in Russia is analyzed. It is characterized by a sharp decrease in industrial heat consumption and a reduction in the demand for electricity. As a result many cogeneration plants presently operate under off-design conditions, which change their economic indexes to the worse. The ways of introducing small-scale cogeneration installations are considered, which show promise under the existing conditions of limited investments. The problems that accompany the introduction of modern highly efficient large-capacity power units at cogeneration plants are analyzed.     

Optimal planning and economic evaluation of cogeneration system

Cogeneration plants, which simultaneously produce electricity and heat energy, have been introduced increasingly for commercial and domestic applications in Korea because of their energy efficiency. The optimal plant configuration of a specific commercial building can be determined by selecting the sizes and the number of cogeneration systems and the auxiliary equipment based on the annual demands of electricity, heating and cooling. In this study, a mixed-integer, linear programming, utilizing the branch and bound algorithm was used to obtain the optimal solution. Both the optimal configuration system equipment and the optimal operational mode were determined based on the annual cost method for the installation of a cogeneration system to a hospital and a group of apartments in Seoul, Korea. In addition, the economic evaluation for the optimal cogeneration system depending on the fuel tariff system was calculated. A short payback period and higher internal rate of return on the initial investment were found to be essential for the adoption of cogeneration plants to hospitals and apartments.     

关于联产电厂热电单耗分摊的讨论

热电联产是节约能源、保护环境的一种重要供热方式,热电单耗分摊的重要性不容置疑。本文用建立在“现代节能理论”基础上的单耗分析理论对热电单耗进行分析,并与传统方法进行比较,得出合理的结论。     

Trends of distributed generation development in Lithuania

The closure of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, impact of recent global recession of the economy, as well as changes and problems posed by the global climate change require significant alterations in the Lithuanian energy sector development. This paper describes the current status and specific features of the Lithuanian power system, and in particular discusses the role of the distributed generators. Country's energy policy during last two decades was focused on substantial modernisation of the energy systems, their reorganisation and creation of appropriate institutional structure and necessary legal basis. The most important factors stimulating development of distributed generation in Lithuania are the following: international obligations to increase contribution of power plants using renewable energy sources into electricity production balance; development of small (with capacity less than 50 MW) cogeneration power plants; implementation of energy policy directed to promotion of renewable energy sources and cogeneration. Analysis of the legal and economic environment, as well as principles of regulation of distributed generation and barriers to its development is presented.     

燃气轮机在热电联产工程中的应用状况分析

燃气轮机是21世纪乃至更长时间内能源高效转换与洁净利用系统的核心动力装备.介绍了燃气轮机的发展现状及其在热电联产工程中的应用,简述了联合循环和简单循环燃气轮机电厂的基本组合方式,并列举了目前应用在热电联产工程中的几种主要的燃气轮机.阐述了燃气轮机相对于常规火电机组的优点,分析了影响燃气轮机在热电联产工程中推广的因素,并对我国燃气轮机的发展前景进行了展望.     

关于热电联产电厂热电单耗分摊的讨论

热电联产是节约能源,保护环境的一种重要供热方式,热电单耗分摊的重要性不容置疑,用建立在“现代节能理论”基础上的单耗分析理论对热电单耗进行分析,并与传统文革方法进行比较,得出了合理的结论。     

Economic buy-back rates for electricity from cogeneration: Case of sugar industry in Vietnam

Cogeneration of heat and power could be an attractive option for meeting electricity demand in Vietnam, which is facing acute shortage in generation capacity due to high demand growth spurred by rapid economic growth of the country. The sugar industry has significant potential for cogeneration. This paper focuses on the cogeneration potential of the sugar industry and estimates, based on avoided cost, the economic rate at which excess power could be sold to the utility. We found that cogeneration would be a financially viable option for medium and large size sugar plants. Time-of-day rates would be the most suitable form of buy-back rate and the IRR ranges between 12% and 15% in this case. The sensitivity analysis indicates that cogeneration plants would be vulnerable to changes in buy-back rates and investment costs. The internal rate of return is more sensitive to changes in buy-back rates than those in investment costs. Medium and large sized plants would be in a better position to withstand such changes in the business environment.