城市建筑能耗预测模型的国际研究与应用进展

总结城市建筑能耗分析的各种建模技术和模型节能预测方面的国际最新研究,包括城市建筑能耗模型的类型、技术方法的优势与局限,进一步总结、梳理相关文献,介绍如何根据不同研究目的选择适合模型的信息。结合国际经验讨论如何利用模型进行建筑能耗预测及节能性能评估和解决模型预测中的不确定性问题,并对未来的相关研究进行展望。     

城市规模的建筑能耗研究综述

城镇化速度的加快导致城市建筑能耗的快速增加,因此,城市规模的建筑能耗研究得到人们更多的关注。综述了国内外城市规模的建筑能耗研究现状。首先讨论城市建筑能耗分析与单体建筑能耗分析的差异,主要从4个方面论述,包括如何在城市环境中定义单体建筑、能耗数据获取、单体与群体建筑负荷差异、城市建筑之间的相互作用。然后将先前研究根据3个标准分类,分别是空间规模、建筑类型、能耗模型。综述表明,与城市规模的交通能耗研究相比,建筑能耗研究还处于非常初级的阶段,主要原因是缺少城市规模的群体建筑信息和能耗数据。同时,城市地理信息系统(GIS)的完善和新型统计学方法如贝叶斯和空间分析方法的出现,为城市规模建筑能耗的研究提供了新的机遇。     

自下而上的城市建筑群能耗模型研究综述

城市建筑群能耗模型是分析城市区域建筑能耗水平的重要工具,为城市区域的节能策略制定提供了有力支持。城市建筑群能耗模型可以分为自上而下和自下而上两种,因为自下而上模型能够更清楚地表示出个体建筑与整体区域之间的关系,更适用于城市层面,所以重点回顾了自下而上模型研究的最新进展。针对统计、物理、混合等3种主要的自下而上模型,分别从研究方法、模拟工具、数据获取、优缺点等方面展开评述,并对未来的相关研究进行了展望。综述认为,未来物理模型依旧会是自下而上模型研究的主导,而混合模型的研究、公开可用的数据库建立、跨学科的研究方法融合会进一步促进该领域研究的发展。     

基于人行为影响的住区建筑多主体集成能耗模型

在城市建筑节能研究中,政府常常依赖城市能源与碳排放模型工具制定并评估节能策略。而当前的城市建筑能耗模型受限于开发技术等因素,尚存在诸多不足,例如,考虑人行为对建筑能耗的影响,建立行为、日常活动及与环境相关的综合能耗模型。关于此类模型合理的数学形式、参数选择的方法以及不同行为的模拟方式等问题还尚待进一步研究。采用多主体(Multi-Agent)建模技术,设计集成建筑能耗模型,以住区中的居民作为模型中活动的主体,模拟使用者行为习惯、活动对建筑能耗的影响;采用ISO 13790标准模拟建筑的供热和降温需求,并在集成环境中设计统一的描述框架,以相对独立的环境模拟、行为模拟模块形式进行交互,实现热环境模拟和基于主体活动的设备能耗模拟的有机结合。研究表明,住区居民的用能行为是影响城市建筑能耗密度变化的重要因素,实现对住区主体行为特征的引导是实现城市建筑节能目标的有效途径。     

寒冷地区既有居住建筑外围护结构改造节能优化研究

以郑州地区某既有居住建筑为对象建立模型,应用DeST-H进行建筑能耗模拟分析,研究应用模塑聚苯板、挤塑聚苯板、聚氨酯泡沫板及石墨聚苯板4种保温材料在不同厚度下节能改造方案对建筑能耗的影响,进一步综合考虑外窗和屋面的节能改造,并结合经济性分析,提供合理的外围护结构改造方案,为寒冷地区既有居住建筑节能改造提供参考。     

建筑群能耗计算方法综述

快速城市化推动了经济和社会发展,但也导致了建筑能源消耗的持续增长.如何在满足人们日益增长的对建筑使用舒适性需求的同时,控制建筑用能的增长,实现节能和减排目标,具有非常重要的意义.城市建筑能源需求的准确量化能够为城市节能设计提供支撑,辅助城市形态生成和优化、建筑布局优化、建筑形体和构造设计、能源系统优化、能源计划和节能政策评估.近年来,国内外研究人员从不同角度开展了城市尺度的建筑群能耗计算方法研究和实践应用,也遇到了不同的技术难点.本研究对城市建筑群能耗计算的相关研究从以下三个方面进行综述:数据、模型和平台.通过文献综述,作者旨在指出当前的城市建筑群能耗计算方法的优势和局限,并提出以下几种可能的途径来提升城市能源计算方法:研发能够直接应用于城市建筑群能耗计算的微环境数据生成方法;结合数据挖掘技术,提升建筑信息数据的采集、过滤、转换能力;结合当前的人工智能技术,提升能耗计算的速度;研发可视化平台,实现城市设计的实时编辑和计算.     

城市能耗模拟方法的比较研究

在全球气候变暖的背景下,提高能源利用效率是绿色建筑和生态城市领域的重要研究内容之一。在建筑层面,能耗模拟分析技术已经相当成熟;在城市层面,进行能耗模拟的难度较大,由于单体建筑数量多、类型多、构造多样,城市设施复杂,必须研究新的方法技术计算城市能耗。本文针对目前国际上最新的城市能耗模拟方法,总结出城市能耗模拟的一般性流程,并基于该流程对城市能耗模型的模拟方法进行比较分析。城市能耗模拟方法的探索和研究能够为城市能源政策的制定、城市能源安全、城市节能提供强有力的技术支持。     

武汉地区高层住宅被动式节能设计参量影响关系分析

城镇化水平的提高促进了高层住宅的发展,也使之成为建筑节能领域关注的重点之一。基于武汉地区气候特征和能耗特征,选取塔式、板式高层住宅建立典型模型。通过能耗模拟计算,针对外墙传热系数、窗墙比、建筑朝向等不同被动式影响因素进行比较研究,探讨不同被动式因素与建筑能耗之间的量化关系,为高层住宅被动式节能设计提供思路和参考。     

建筑能耗模拟的校验方法及其应用

总结了建筑能耗模拟的校验方法与步骤,并将其应用于某建筑的能耗分析。采用Visual DOE4.0建立了建筑能耗基本模型,比较了模拟结果与实际能耗数据,对模型进行了调整和校验,直至误差符合相关标准。用经过校验的基本模型分析了该建筑的能耗构成,并模拟分析了三种节能措施的节能效果。     

陕南地区城镇居住建筑夏季能耗调研分析——以汉中市小区住宅耗电量为例

“双碳”目标和能源改革的实现需要制定节能减排政策提供支撑,夏季能源短缺问题的频繁发生为节能减排提出了现实需求,建筑能耗和碳排放在能源与环境问题中占比很重,住宅作为数量最多的建筑,住宅能耗变化对建筑能耗波动具有重要影响,但人们对住宅能耗情况却缺少关注。为此,本文以汉中市为例对陕南地区城镇住宅建筑能耗情况进行了调研分析,研究了陕南地区城镇住宅建筑的能耗水平、规律及特征。研究结果显示,夏季住宅建筑空调和灯具能耗占总能耗71%,是节能的重要设备;书房能耗密度最大为0.71kW·h/m²,具有较高节能效益;日能耗大小排序:书房>餐客厅>卧室,是节能的重点部位;居住人员的行为习惯具有较高的建筑节能效益。本文为陕南地区住宅建筑节能的相关研究提供了参考。     

Robustness of a methodology for estimating hourly energy consumption of buildings using monthly utility bills

The evaluation of building energy consumption under typical meteorological conditions requires building energy profiles on an hourly basis. Computer simulations can be used to obtain this information, but generating simulations requires a significant amount of experience, time, and effort to enter detailed building parameters. This paper considers a simple methodology for using existing EnergyPlus benchmark building energy profiles to estimate the energy profiles of buildings with similar characteristics to a given benchmark model. The method utilizes the building monthly energy bills to scale a given benchmark building energy profile to approximate the real building energy profile. In particular, this study examines the robustness of the methodology considered with respect to the parameter discrepancies between a given building and the corresponding EnergyPlus benchmark model used to estimate its profile. Test buildings are defined by perturbing several combinations of the parameters defined in the benchmark building model. The test buildings examined are similar to the EnergyPlus, medium sized office, benchmark building in Baltimore, MD, and a total of 72 distinct test building configurations are examined. The analysis reveals that the methodology can significantly reduce the errors introduced by discrepancies from the EnergyPlus benchmark model.     

A Design Methodology for Energy Infrastructures at the Campus Scale

To improve the design of large‐scale energy infrastructures such as campuses, energy managers need to predict the outcomes of interventions in buildings, as well as have sufficient insights in the implications of changes to the supply and generation network. This article develops a methodology to express overall network energy performance (NEP) with the aim to manage the properties of and multiple relationships between energy consumers and producers in the network. It is based on a directed graph that contains consumers and producers at its nodes, while the connecting arcs represent modes of energy exchange, thus expressing the overall energy topology. The NEP model supports decisions at the generation side, the consumption side, and defines the macroenergy connections, that is, which consumer nodes connect to which suppliers. Our approach forms a bridge between two competing approaches at opposite ends of the spectrum, (1) network models that use high‐fidelity dynamic building simulation models but typically break down under the computational weight of hundreds of buildings, and (2) the large scale geographical information system (GIS) approaches that are capable to handle large urban collections of buildings but whose building models are typically too shallow to inspect individual building performance. As an example, the article illustrates the use of the NEP model in the support of systematic improvement of a university campus energy performance.     

Assessing the value of information in residential building simulation: Comparing simulated and actual building loads at the circuit leve

Building energy simulation tools are now being used in a number of new roles such as building operation optimization,performance verification for efficiency programs,and-recently-building energy code analysis,design, and compliance verification in the residential sector. But increasing numbers of studies show major differences between the results of these simulations and the actual measured performance of the buildings they are intended to model. The accuracy and calibration of building simulations have been studied extensively in the commercial sector,but these new applications have created a need to better understand the performance of home energy simulations.In this paper,we assess the ability of the DOE's EnergyPlus software to simulate the energy consumption of 106 homes using audit records,homeowner survey records,and occupancy estimates taken from monitored data.We compare the results of these simulations to device-level monitored data from the actual homes to provide a first measure of the accuracy of the EnergyPlus condensing unit, central air supply fan, and other energy consumption model estimates in a large number of homes.We then conduct sensitivity analysis to observe which physical and behavioral characteristics of the homes and homeowners most influence the accuracy of the modeling.Results show that EnergyPlus models do not accurately or consistently estimate occupied whole-home energy consumption.While some models accurately predict annual energy consumption to within1%of measured data, none of the modeled homes meet ASHRAE criteria for a calibrated model when looking at hourly interval data. The majority of this error is due to appliance and lighting energy overestimates,f ollowed by AC condensing unit use. These inaccuracies are due to factors such as occupant behaviors and differences in appliance and lighting stocks which are not well-captured in traditional energy audit reports.We identify a number of factors which must be specified for an accurate model, and others where using a default value will produce a similar result.The use of building simulation tools reflects a shift from a component-focused approach to a systems approach to residential code analysis and compliance verification that will serve to better identify and deploy efficiency measures in homes. By better understanding the limitations of home energy simulations and adopting strategies to mitigate the effects of model errors, simulation models can serve as valuable decision making tools in the residential sector.     

Comparison between detailed model simulation and artificial neural network for forecasting building energy consumption

There are several ways to attempt to model a building and its heat gains from external sources as well as internal ones in order to evaluate a proper operation, audit retrofit actions, and forecast energy consumption. Different techniques, varying from simple regression to models that are based on physical principles, can be used for simulation. A frequent hypothesis for all these models is that the input variables should be based on realistic data when they are available, otherwise the evaluation of energy consumption might be highly under or over estimated.In this paper, a comparison is made between a simple model based on artificial neural network (ANN) and a model that is based on physical principles (EnergyPlus) as an auditing and predicting tool in order to forecast building energy consumption. The Administration Building of the University of São Paulo is used as a case study. The building energy consumption profiles are collected as well as the campus meteorological data.Results show that both models are suitable for energy consumption forecast. Additionally, a parametric analysis is carried out for the considered building on EnergyPlus in order to evaluate the influence of several parameters such as the building profile occupation and weather data on such forecasting.     

能耗模拟在建筑节能改造中的应用

建筑节能已成为国内建设节约型社会和发展循环经济的重要内容,对既有公建的节能改造是开展节能工作的重点.介绍了天津某科技馆的建筑节能改造工程和当前比较流行的能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus,通过对科技馆典型房间的模拟得出了该房间的动态冷热负荷.模拟结果和计算结果的对比表明,该软件可应用于节能改造工程的动态负荷计算.     

绿色建筑设计中对具有数据中心的两栋办公楼的能量建模分析

EnergyPlus是为上海研发中心的两栋办公楼开发的能量模拟模型,用来评估其采用环保设计之后节能效果,并与基准建筑相对比。作为国际IT公司的研发中心,这两栋楼中具有数据中心,使其不同于一般办公楼。数据中心的IT设备具有高能耗特点,并且需要24h不间断的空调运行。为了达到节能目的,设计时考虑了多种节能措施,如外墙采用高性能材料、轻型建筑系统和HVAC系统。通过能量模型,将提出的设计方式与ASHRAE90·1-2004 compliant budget模型进行对比,以强调与"应用标准"相比之下的节能效果,同时显示了潜在的LEED(tm)Credit EA1节能优化性能。同时,将其与中国规范对比,计算中国公共建筑节能标准中的节能量。整体房屋能量模拟结果显示:这种设计方式下的年均节能,按中国规范能达到大概27%,按ASHRAE建筑预算可节省21%,由于节能优化,可达到LEED信用4级。     

住宅建筑能耗的动态模拟

介绍了美国能耗模拟软件Energy Plus的计算原理与功能，运用Energy Plus对天津某住宅小区的建筑能耗进行了一定周期的模拟计算。模拟计算和实际测量结果的对比表明，该软件能够用于建筑能量动态负荷的定量计算和定性分析。     

西藏地区太阳能采暖建筑热工性能优化研究

西藏地区太阳能资源非常丰富且冬季温度低,该地区非常适合大面积推广太阳能采暖系统,以达到节能减排的目的。但是由于实际大部分太阳能采暖工程,忽略了建筑围护对太阳能主动式采暖系统初投资与运行费用的影响,造成了太阳能主动式采暖系统初投资过高、太阳能保证率低。为了分析建筑热工性能对太阳能主动式采暖系统的影响,笔者利用数值模拟方法,将建筑热工性能与主动式太阳能采暖系统作为一个整体进行计算分析,利用初投资费用最低与全寿命周期总费用最低两个目标函数,对主动式太阳能采暖建筑热工性能的保温性能进行优化。结果表明,提高建筑围护结构热工性能,不仅可以降低太阳能采暖建筑的采暖运行费用,而且可降低整个系统的初投资。     

树冠透射率对微气候和建筑能耗的 综合影响

现阶段中国城镇化率已超60%,城镇建筑运行能耗约占全国能源消耗总量的16.5%。老旧小区作为城镇建筑的重要存量,推动其绿化改造对改善建筑周围微气候和降低建筑能耗具有重大意义。目前,微气候和建筑能耗的模拟仿真分别基于不同的应用软件,且进行能耗模拟时并未考虑微气候因素对建筑能耗的影响。为定量评价和预测住区绿化改造对建筑周围微气候和建筑能耗的综合影响,基于Grasshopper平台,集合了微气候软件ENVI-met和建筑能耗软件EnergyPlus的模拟计算内核,开发了一种基于单平台耦合2类性能分析算法的协同工作流。研究结果表明,改变树冠透射率可使老旧小区建筑周围局部微气候的时空分布发生明显变化,从而显著改变建筑各楼层的夏季制冷能耗需求;长沙市城镇老旧小区绿化改造宜种植树冠透射率达0.05的树种,可使住宅建筑夏季制冷能耗日降幅最高至29.49kWh。