热固性树脂基复合材料固化变形解析预测研究进展

在外部成型条件和内部材料各向异性的影响下,脱模后复合材料构件不可避免的产生固化变形,解析预测方法可以快速的预估复合材料的固化变形并能解释其潜在的变形机制,因而被广泛研究。本文介绍了热固性复合材料固化变形的产生因素和来源,并重点了详述了平板和曲型复合材料构件固化变形解析预测方法的最新进展,并分析其优缺点,为复合材料固化变形预测提供方向和参考。最后简要讨论了当前复合材料固化变形解析预测的主要发展方向。     

复合材料残余应力和固化变形数值模拟及本构模型评价

为了评价不同固化本构模型,建立了预测复合材料构件残余应力/应变和固化变形的三维数值模型。该模型由热化学分析模块和热力分析模块构成,考虑了热化学耦合、材料性能的各向异性、化学收缩及黏弹性等因素。基于线弹性、黏弹性和Path-dependent三种典型的本构模型,预测了构件的残余应力/应变及固化变形。通过与试验结果对比,验证了所建数值模型的有效性,并重点研究了不同本构模型的适用性。结果表明,黏弹性本构模型最佳,对构件的残余应力/应变及固化变形的预测结果均较好; Path-dependent本构模型次之,对构件的残余应变和固化变形的预测结果较好,但对构件的残余应力的预测结果稍差;线弹性本构模型最差,除了对构件的残余应变和较薄构件的固化变形的预测结果较好外,其他预测结果都较差。     

基于黏弹性本构模型的热固性树脂基复合材料固化变形数值仿真模型

针对热固性树脂基复合材料热压罐成型工艺过程,采用广义Maxwell(麦克斯韦)黏弹性本构模型建立了残余应力和固化变形的三维模型。模型考虑了复合材料固化过程中的热-化学效应、材料的热胀冷缩效应、基体树脂黏弹性效应以及材料的各向异性。通过与文献中实验结果的比较,证明了所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。对复合材料C型制件的固化过程进行了数值模拟和实验对比,比对结果表明该数值模型具有较高的准确性。     

热固性树脂基复合材料构件固化变形数值模型

针对树脂基复合材料构件固化过程中的固化翘曲变形这一关键技术问题,通过引入剪切系数的方法来代替固化过程中模具与复合材料之间的相互作用,建立了预报树脂基复合材料构件固化变形的数值计算模型。通过少量实验数据来确定模具与复合材料之间的剪切系数,进而预测复合材料构件的固化变形。通过与文献中实验结果的比较证明了所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。实验与计算结果表明,该模型能够在不考虑复杂的材料参数变化的情况下对不同结构尺寸及不同工艺参数下的复合材料构件的固化变形进行较为准确地预测。     

热固性树脂基复合材料固化过程的三维数值模拟

针对热固性树脂基复合材料成型工艺的固化过程建立了数学模型,并采用有限单元法进行了三维瞬态数值分析。编制了有限元模拟程序CURESIM,通过具体数值模拟算例,表明本文中所建立的分析模型及算法具有较高的可靠性。模拟的固化过程并不特指某一成型工艺,因而模拟的数值方法具有一定的普遍性。模拟程序可以计算得到任意时刻复合材料内温度及固化度分布,通过数值模拟可以有效地优化固化加热工艺参数,提高产品质量。      

纤维缠绕复合材料固化过程残余应力/应变的三维数值模拟

采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对具有金属内衬的纤维缠绕复合材料圆筒在固化过程中残余应力及应变的变化规律进行了模拟计算。采用FORTRAN语言编制了用以分析固化过程中残余应力的子程序,该子程序考虑了固化过程中复合材料力学性质的变化和由于树脂固化收缩产生的化学收缩应变。算例结果表明：复合材料和金属内衬的残余应力在初始阶段均接近于零,当固化到一定阶段,残余应力迅速增加并且很快达到最大值,在降温阶段释放了部分的残余应力;在整个固化过程中,金属内衬受到压应力,而纤维缠绕层受到拉应力。本文中的三维有限元模型可以得到任意时刻复合材料的温度及固化度分布,通过数值模拟可以有效地优化复合材料固化工艺参数,提高制件的质量。     

树脂基复合材料制件微波固化数值模拟

以T800碳纤维/X850环氧树脂复合材料T型制件为结合对象,利用COMSOL Multiphysics仿真软件,建立了反映复合材料制件单馈口谐振腔体微波固化的有限元仿真模型,研究了微波腔体和制件内部的电磁场、温度场、固化度场的分布规律及其与微波输入功率的映射关系。结果表明：在微波腔体内和制件内存在相反的电场强度分布,在复合材料制件内,远离微波馈入端口的区域的电场强度要高于近馈入端口区域,且在制件棱角区域,电场强度存在较强的尖端效应;随微波输入功率增加,微波腔体及制件内部的电场强度均随之增加,制件内电场强度最大值出现在上、下表面,且下表面温度明显较上表面高;提高微波输入功率会导致制件升温过快,进而诱发温度及固化度梯度。在升温中后期的制件厚度方向,温度和固化度梯度较明显。本文推荐微波输入功率应控制在500 W以内。     

复合材料层合板的固化残余应力和变形分析

本文采用非线性有限元方法研究了复合材料层合板在固化后期降温过程的残余应力和变形问题。考虑了材料的热物理与力学性质随温度的变化以及变化率和应力间耦合的影响。给出了一些有意义的结果。     

热固性树脂基复合材料固化变形影响因素分析

采用整体-子模块化方法建立了描述复合材料固化全过程的三维有限元模型。以L 形层合板为例,分析了固化工艺、结构设计和模具等因素对固化变形的影响方式和程度。数值模拟结果表明：升温速率和对流换热系数通过改变峰值温度影响回弹角,固化压力通过改变树脂分布和含量影响回弹角;铺层方向引起的结构力学性能的变化是回弹角差异较大的主要原因,厚度对固化变形的影响需考虑其对峰值温度和结构刚度变化两方面因素的综合影响,拐角半径的变化对固化变形的影响较小;模具形式通过改变树脂分布梯度和模具对结构的作用力位置影响回弹角,模具材料和形式的选择对于固化变形控制具有重要意义。     

模具对复合材料构件固化变形的影响分析

通过光纤光栅的方法实验研究了在热压罐成型工艺过程中, 复合材料构件由金属固化模具与复合材料构件热不匹配导致的沿厚度方向和面内的固化残余应力发展, 得到了固化后残余应力沿构件厚度方向和面内的分布情况, 并分析了该残余应力分布的产生机制以及对构件固化后变形的影响。结果表明: 复合材料与模具之间的热不匹配导致的固化残余应变沿构件厚度方向呈梯度分布, 靠近模具端大于远离模具端, 并且该应变会引起构件固化后的翘曲变形, 变形以沿纤维方向为主。     

模具对复合材料构件固化变形的影响分析

通过光纤光栅的方法实验研究了在热压罐成型工艺过程中,复合材料构件由金属固化模具与复合材料构件热不匹配导致的沿厚度方向和面内的固化残余应力发展,得到了固化后残余应力沿构件厚度方向和面内的分布情况,并分析了该残余应力分布的产生机制以及对构件固化后变形的影响.结果表明:复合材料与模具之间的热不匹配导致的固化残余应变沿构件厚度方向呈梯度分布,靠近模具端大于远离模具端,并且该应变会引起构件固化后的翘曲变形,变形以沿纤维方向为主.     

Numerical aspects of finite element simulations of residual stresses in metal matrix composites

When a metal matrix composite (MMC) is cooled down from the fabrication or annealing temperature to room temperature, residual stresses are induced in the composite due to the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients of the matrix and reinforcement. A thermomechanical model describing these processes is presented considering that the reinforcement component has a thermo‐elastic behaviour and that the matrix material exhibits a thermo‐elastoviscoplastic behaviour. The model is implemented with a semi‐implicit forward gradient finite element method algorithm and the resulting code is used to perform numerical simulations and calculate thermally induced residual stress fields in MMCs. Several tests are performed on a continuously reinforced MMC and a short cylindrical particle MMC in order to optimize the algorithm and define its governing parameters. Good agreement was obtained with results from other authors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal residual stresses in metal matrix composites: A review

Recently, metal matrix composites (MMCs) have generated a considerable interest in the materials field because of their attractive physical and mechanical properties. However, during the fabrication of MMCs, thermal residual stresses are reportedly developed in the matrix as a result of the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients between the reinforcement and the matrix. It is well established that these residual stresses have a significant effect on the composite properties. For example, due to the presence of thermal residual stresses, it is almost never possible to achieve the maximum elastic response of the composites. In addition, yield stress and fracture toughness of the composites are significantly affected by thermal residual stresses. In this paper, a critical review of the published literature on thermal residual stresses in MMCs and their effect on composite properties are presented. Also, experimental and numerical techniques that are currently available to measure and estimate thermal residual stresses are reviewed and discussed.     

A Simple Method for Estimation of Residual Stresses by Depth‐Sensing Indentation

Abstract: The evaluation of residual stresses is an important aspect in many engineering applications, such as surfaces produced by mechanical or thermal treatment processes or even thin films deposited on substrates. Currently, there are several techniques for residual stress measurement. However, its application is limited by problems associated with the precision and simplicity of measurement, as well as their applicability to a wide variety of materials and situations. Indentation tests are widely used in determining the mechanical properties of materials, so it is very important to assess their sensitivity to the presence of residual stresses. In this context, recourse to numerical simulation of indentation testing proves to be an important tool to study the effect of residual stresses in the determination of hardness and modulus as well as the actual determination of residual stresses. This paper investigates the influence of the presence of equibiaxial residual stresses in the indentation test results. It proposes a methodology for reverse analysis to determine the sign and value of the equibiaxial residual stresses present in the surface of materials, from depth‐sensing indentation results. For applying this methodology, the elastic and plastic behaviour of the material must be previously determined.     

A comprehensive review on residual stresses in turning

Residual stresses induced during turning processes can affect the quality and performance of machined products, depending on its direction and magnitude. Residual stresses can be highly detrimental as they can lead to creeping, fatigue, and stress corrosion cracking. The final state of residual stresses in a workpiece depends on its material as well as the cutting-tool configuration such as tool geometry/coating, cooling and wear conditions, and process parameters including the cutting speed, depth-of-cut and feed-rate. However, there have been disagreements in some literatures regarding influences of the above-mentioned factors on residual stresses due to different cutting conditions, tool parameters and workpiece materials used in the specific investigations. This review paper categorizes different methods in experimental, numerical and analytical approaches employed for determining induced residual stresses and their relationships with cutting conditions in a turning process. Discussion is presented for the effects of different cutting conditions and parameters on the final residual stresses state.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-021-00371-0     

基于材料性能时变特性的复合材料固化过程多场耦合数值模拟

针对热固性树脂基复合材料固化过程中各种复杂的物理化学变化之间的相互影响,建立了基于材料性能时变特性的复合材料固化过程的二维多场耦合计算模型。该模型由已知的3个经典复合材料固化过程子模型构成,包括热-化学模型、树脂黏度模型和树脂流动模型。在此基础上,将固化过程中材料性能的时变特性引入多场耦合计算模型中。通过与文献中实验结果的比较,证明了所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。对AS4/3501-6复合材料层合平板的固化过程进行了数值模拟,重点研究了固化过程中纤维体积分数变化及材料参数的时变特性对固化过程中温度、固化度和树脂压力等参量的影响。分析结果表明:考虑纤维体积分数变化和材料性能的时变特性后,固化过程中复合材料层合板中心温度峰值明显减小,树脂压力随时间的变化将有所滞后。