平面编织复合材料层压板低速冲击后的压缩失效

采用超声C扫描检测、断口分析、有限元分析等方法研究低速冲击损伤对G803/5224与G827/5224两种平面编织复合材料层压板失效行为的影响。结果表明,低速冲击后压缩载荷作用下,G803/5224层压板最终为剪切分层失效,G827/5224层压板最终为剪切屈曲失效,两种层压板低速冲击后压缩的失效模式与未受损伤层压板基本相同。建立了平面编织复合材料层压板的损伤扩展与失效模型,该模型的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,可用于平面编织复合材料层压板的失效仿真。     

Glass/Epoxy复合材料叠层板面内剪切连续损伤模型

为确定S2玻璃纤维/环氧树脂(S2-Glass/Epoxy) 叠层复合材料面内剪切应力-应变关系,对S2-Glass/Epoxy 叠层复合材料面内剪切拉伸载荷下的弹、塑性连续损伤本构模型及应用进行了研究。基于平面应力状态下的连续损伤力学模型,通过典型面内剪切拉伸实验,分别建立了忽略塑性应变和考虑塑性应变的两种连续损伤力学(CDM)模型,并确定相关参数。通过ABAQUS/Explicit 用户子程序VUMAT接口,分别采用两种CDM模型对S2-Glass/Epoxy 叠层复合材料面内剪切拉伸实验进行有限元数值计算,与实验结果对比,验证模型可靠性,并分析单元类型对有限元计算结果的影响。研究结果表明: 忽略塑性应变的CDM模型可以很好地预测复合材料面内剪切失效强度,但不能较好地预测其非线性力学响应; 考虑塑性应变,将塑性硬化与损伤耦合后的CDM模型则能较好的预测复合材料非线性力学响应和面内剪切失效强度; 该平面应力状态下建立的CDM模型可用于壳单元进行复合材料有限元数值计算,横向剪切作用导致传统壳单元数值计算的载荷位移曲线略低于平面应力单元计算结果; 减缩积分算法有利于提高有限元数值计算结果的准确性。     

复合材料层合板剪切稳定性试验及强度预测

对无损伤及含冲击损伤的复合材料层合板进行了剪切稳定性试验,基于数字图像相关方法 (Digital image correlation,DIC)对层合板屈曲后屈曲行为进行了实时测量。试验结果表明：引入冲击损伤后,复合材料层合板剪切屈曲波形、屈曲载荷无明显变化,失效模式转变,承载能力下降了9.69%。随后,基于断裂面失效理论,建立了考虑剪切非线性效应的复合材料渐进损伤失效模型,并对复合材料层合板剪切失效过程进行了模拟。模型采用软化夹杂法将冲击损伤等效简化,直接将损伤区的几何边界信息写入材料模型中,不需要对冲击损伤区进行切割,从而保证了整体网格质量。与试验结果对比发现：模型考虑剪切非线性对屈曲载荷预测无明显影响,对后屈曲承载能力的预测精度影响较大,不考虑剪切非线性效应时的误差可达20%以上;软化夹杂法可以有效地模拟冲击损伤,预测的含冲击损伤的复合材料层合板的屈曲载荷、破坏载荷误差分别为-3.17%、-1.27%。     

基于Puck理论的复合材料层合板横向剪切失效分析

针对复合材料层合板三维失效分析问题,建立了一种基于Puck失效准则的分析模型。针对Puck失效理论中的基体失效,分别采用遍历法和分区黄金分割法（PGSS）的一维搜索算法预测了不同应力状态下基体失效的断裂面角度,并对比分析了两种算法的计算精度和计算效率。研究表明,PGSS具有较高的搜索精度和搜索效率。在ABAQUS有限元分析平台下,编写了基于Puck失效准则的VUMAT显式用户自定义材料子程序,对复合材料层合板横向（G₂₃）剪切性能进行了数值预测和渐进失效分析,并与试验载荷-位移曲线、DIC测得的应变场及破坏模式进行了对比。分析结果表明:当前的分析模型能较好地预测复合材料层合板G₂₃剪切试验的力学响应和破坏模式。      

基于多尺度方法的蜂窝夹层复合材料结构轴向压缩稳定性

为有效预测蜂窝夹层复合材料结构压缩失稳载荷和破坏模式,本文基于层压板宏细观多尺度数值分析模型,研究蜂窝夹层复合材料结构在轴向压缩载荷下的屈曲稳定性。基于改进的通用单胞理论模型,并结合ABAQUS用户自定义子程序接口,建立蜂窝夹层复合材料结构宏细观数值模型,预报蜂窝夹层复合材料结构失效载荷和破坏模式,并与试验结果对照,验证了模型的有效性。结果表明:通过本文建立的数值模型可以有效预测蜂窝夹层复合材料结构在压缩载荷下的失稳载荷和破坏模式,其一阶失稳载荷为128.12 kN,与试验结果误差为4.58%,蜂窝夹层复合材料结构破坏模式为先发生屈曲失稳,然后迅速破坏。      

复合材料层合板缺口强度的CDM三维数值模型

针对复合材料层合结构缺口强度问题,基于连续损伤力学（CDM）提出了一种三维损伤数值模型。模型区分了层内损伤（纤维失效、纤维间失效）和层间分层损伤的不同失效模式。采用三维Puck准则与Aymerich准则对上述2类损伤进行判定,材料失效后基于CDM中线性软化模型对材料损伤进行演化。模型考虑了复合材料层合板子层的就位效应和剪切非线性行为。对Carlsson的AS4/3501-6缺口拉伸强度试验进行数值模拟。结果表明:分析结果与试验结果吻合良好,证明了该模型能够准确地预测含缺口复合材料层合板面内拉伸强度。      

平纹编织SiC/SiC复合材料多尺度建模及强度预测

连续SiC纤维增强SiC基体复合材料（SiC/SiC）具有优异的高温力学性能、辐照稳定性及较低的氚渗透率,在核工程结构领域具有良好的应用前景,掌握其承载状态下的损伤演化和强度性能,对SiC/SiC复合材料的应用具有重要指导意义。本文基于平纹编织SiC/SiC复合材料的制备过程和组分材料分布的多尺度特性,考虑复合材料微观结构的局部近似周期性,建立了纤维丝尺度和纤维束尺度单胞模型。使用有限元分析软件对纤维丝尺度模型的弹性性能和强度性能进行预测,将这些性能参数代入纤维束尺度模型,引入Tsai-Wu失效准则,根据材料的不同失效模式并对失效单元进行方向性刚度折减,模拟了平纹编织SiC/SiC复合材料在单轴拉伸载荷下的渐进损伤过程。数值模拟曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,实现了对平纹编织SiC/SiC复合材料强度的有效预测。      

复合材料层合板开口翻边补强试验和数值研究

对复合材料开口补强层合板进行压缩试验研究。对复合材料开口非补强和开口补强层合板建立有限元模型,采用三维8节点厚壳单元 ( S8R),分别利用非线性分析和线性分析方法对复合材料的应力-应变响应进行模拟。通过试验数据与数值结果对比发现,几何非线性分析方法较线弹性分析方法能更好地符合试验结果。通过编制材料子程序 (UMAT) 来预测材料的损伤萌生和扩展,预测的应力-应变响应、损伤扩展、失效强度基本与试验结果一致。      

交变载荷对CFRP复合材料-铝合金粘接接头剩余强度的影响

为了给碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料粘接结构的安全设计及应用提供参考,针对CFRP复合材料-铝合金对接接头,研究了拉-拉交变载荷作用下的疲劳寿命特性及剩余强度变化规律。设计专用夹具,完成接头的制作及固化,并测试其拉伸、剪切准静态失效强度,在此基础上进行不同载荷水平下的疲劳寿命测试。选取特定载荷水平,测试不同循环次数后的接头剩余强度,并对失效形式进行观察分析。结果表明:CFRP复合材料-铝合金对接接头强度-寿命（S-N）曲线在单对数坐标上符合线性函数规律;随着交变载荷循环周期的增加,接头剩余强度呈先慢后快的下降趋势,而且在较大的载荷水平下,下降幅度更为明显;经历交变载荷循环前、后接头失效形式发生改变,由局部CFRP复合材料表层撕裂转变为局部界面破坏。结合试验测试所获得的初始失效准则,并引入疲劳退化因子,建立内聚力模型对交变载荷作用下的粘接接头强度衰减进行数值模拟,结果表明所建立模型能够有效预测交变载荷作用下的接头剩余强度。      

准静态压痕力作用下复合材料层压板的损伤阻抗分析

建立了一种复合材料层压板在准静态压痕力作用下的损伤阻抗的预测方法。首先分别针对基体破坏、分层、 纤维断裂等失效模式引入相应的失效变量 , 并建立不同失效模式下的刚度折减方法 , 然后采用基于应变描述的 Hashin和 Yeh失效准则并结合有限元方法 , 对复合材料层压板在准静态压痕力作用下的破坏过程进行渐进损伤分析 , 在此基础上进一步预测了层压板的损伤阻抗。采用商用有限元软件 ABAQUS/ Standard 的 UMAT用户子程序实现数值模拟。计算结果表明 , 分层起始与扩展是导致载荷2位移曲线发生第 1 次卸载的主要原因 , 当接触力达到其最大值时出现较明显的纤维断裂。分层起始载荷和最大接触力的预测结果与实验数据吻合良好。     

Failure Analysis of Bolted Joints in Cross-ply Composite Laminates Using Cohesive Zone Elements

A strength prediction method is presented for double-lap single fastener bolted joints of cross-ply carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite laminates using cohesive zone elements (CZEs). Three-dimensional finite element models were developed and CZEs were inserted into subcritical damage planes identified from X-ray radiographs. The method makes a compromise between the experimental correlation factors (dependant on lay-up, stacking sequence and joint geometry) and three material properties (fracture energy, interlaminar strength and nonlinear shear stress-strain response). Strength of the joints was determined from the predicted load-displacement curves considering sub-laminate and plylevel scaling effects. The predictions are in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data.     

Nonlinear response in glass fibre non-crimp fabric reinforced vinylester composites

This paper addresses the nonlinear stress-strain response in glass fibre non-crimp fabric reinforced vinylester composite laminates subjected to in-plane tensile loading. The nonlinearity is shown to be a combination of brittle and plastic failure. It is argued that the shift from plastic to brittle behaviour in the vinylester is caused by the state of stress triaxiality caused by the interaction between fibre and vinylester. A model combining damage and plasticity is calibrated and evaluated using data from extensive experimental testing. The onset of damage is predicted using the Puck failure criterion, and the evolution of damage is calibrated from the observed softening in plies loaded in transverse tension. Shear loading beyond linear elastic response is observed to result in irreversible strains. A yield criterion is implemented for shear deformation. A strain hardening law is fitted to the stress-strain response observed in shear loaded plies. Experimental results from a selection of laminates with different layups are used to verify the numerical models. A complete set of model parameters for predicting elastic behaviour, strength and post failure softening is presented for glass fibre non-crimped fabric reinforced vinylester. The predicted behaviour from using these model parameters are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results.     

复合材料层合板螺栓连接失效的数值模拟

基于二维有限元模型, 对复合材料层合板螺栓连接的破坏失效问题利用刚度降低的方法来模拟损伤演化过程。在ABAQUS 有限元软件中加入损伤子程序对螺栓连接强度和失效模式进行数值计算。计算结果表明, 该方法能够较好地反映和符合实验结果。对计算结果分析发现, 对于正交铺层, 剪切非线性不明显, 非线性和线性分析得到的计算结果差别比较小; 而对于角铺层, 剪切效应比较显著, 非线性和线性分析两种计算结果差别很大, 而且非线性分析比较适合于角铺层层合板的计算。配合间隙的大小对挤压强度会产生很大的影响, 随着配合间隙的增大, 连接强度大大降低。对于不同的配合间隙, 出现严重损伤的位置不同。间隙小时, 在远离螺栓孔中心线处损伤最大; 间隙大时, 损伤在靠近螺栓孔中心线位置最为严重; 间隙越大, 损伤峰值越高。      

A cubic spline implementation of non-linear shear behaviour in three-dimensional progressive damage models for composite laminates

An experimental study was carried out to characterise the constitutive response of carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy laminates. While maintaining essentially linear behaviour in the fibre and transverse directions, this material displays significant non-linear shear stress–strain behaviour to rupture. It is shown that the well known Hahn-Tsai non-linear shear model does not provide an acceptable fit for the strain range examined and so a novel approach was derived where a cubic spline interpolation method was used to capture the non-linear shear behaviour. The well known ply discount model, based on Hashin’s failure criteria, was also used to predict fibre and transverse matrix damage in the laminates. The spline approach is coupled with maximum strain failure criteria to predict the response in the in-plane and out-of-plane shear directions. The material Jacobian matrix is fully defined, thus allowing a full implicit material model to be implemented. Hence, the model is suitable for both implicit and explicit finite element codes. It is shown that the model accurately predicts the response of the material for load cases in which shear stresses dominate. The performance of the model is demonstrated by considering a number of laminate configurations and failure of an open-hole tension specimen.     

各向异性复合材料开孔板拉伸强度预测及模型验证

基于有限断裂力学方法建立了一种预测多向复合材料开孔板拉伸强度的通用和半经验模型。该模型同时采用基于应力形式的失效准则和基于能量形式的失效准则预测失效。模型仅需铺层弹性常数、无缺口层合板的强度以及0°铺层的断裂韧性等参数。基于线弹性断裂力学建立了多向复合材料层合板的断裂韧性与0°铺层断裂韧性之间的关系, 进而预测了任意铺层复合材料开孔板发生纤维主导拉伸失效时的强度。将模型预测结果与开孔板拉伸强度的试验数据进行了对比验证, 预测误差最大为9.7%, 与点应力和平均应力等方法的对比表明, 该模型的预测精度高于传统的特征长度方法。      

A methodology for hydrocode analysis of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composite under ballistic impact

Ballistic performance analysis of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) is critical for the design of armour systems against ballistic threats. However, no validated modelling strategy has been published in literature for UHMW-PE composite that captures the penetration and damage mechanisms of thick targets impacted between 900 m/s and 2000 m/s. Here we propose a mechanistically-based and extensively validated methodology for the ballistic impact analysis of thick UHMW-PE composite. The methodology uses a non-linear orthotropic continuum model that describes the composite response using a non-linear equation of state (EoS), orthotropic elastic–plastic strength with directional hardening and orthotropic failure criteria. A new sub-laminate discretisation approach is proposed that allows the model to more accurately capture out-of-plane failure. The model is extensively validated using experimental ballistic data for a wide range of UHMW-PE target thicknesses up to 102 mm against 12.7 mm and 20 mm calibre fragment simulating projectiles (FSPs) with impact velocities between 400 m/s and 2000 m/s. Very good overall agreement with experimental results is seen for depth of penetration, ballistic limit and residual velocity, while the penetration mechanisms and target bulge behaviour are accurately predicted. The model can be used to reduce the volume of testing typically required to design and assess thick UHMW-PE composite in ballistic impact applications.