居家养老模式发展的意义

目前,我国已经进入老龄化社会,老年人的养老方式和居住问题已经成为整个社会关注与重视的民生问题。对于老年人的养老模式,可大致分为居家养老模式、养老机构模式和独立老年公寓模式三种类型。     

基于可持续设计的老年公寓室外环境优化设计方法研究与实践

我国已经进入老龄化社会,老年人的居住环境受到越来越多的重视,老年公寓作为养老模式之一,其室外环境设计应该得到更多的关注。提出应用可持续设计手段辅助老年公寓室外环境的优化设计,为老年人提供舒适、健康、人性化的室外场地。最后以天津市某老年公寓室外环境可持续设计项目进行了案例分析。     

基于可持续设计的老年公寓室外环境优化设计方法矸究与实践

我国已经进入老龄化社会，老年人的居住环境受到越来越多的重视，老年公寓作为养老模式之一，其室外环境设计应该得到更多的关注。提出应用可持续设计手段辅助老年公寓室外环境的优化设计，为老年人提供舒适、健康、人性化的室外场地。最后以天津市某老年公寓室外环境可持续设计项目进行了案例分析。     

上海老年社区规划和老年住宅建筑设计的探讨

上海的老龄化现状和发展趋势使上海的老年社区和老年住宅成为人们关注的热点之一。首先概述了上海的老年社区和老年住宅的现状,再简述了上海目前的三种养老方式——传统居家养老、养老院养老和老年公寓养老,其中老年公寓是经济发达地区的发展趋势,因此进一步探讨了老年社区规划设计的基本构想及老年人住宅的建筑设计要点。     

混合养老模式下的老年公寓设计探索

1999年以来,我国人口老龄化程度日益加重,以家庭为单位的养老模式承受着巨大的压力。为了使老年人能够安全、健康和舒适地养老,发展前景广阔的老年公寓应运而生。本文以混合养老模式下的老年公寓为研究对象,通过对国外优秀实例的分析,寻找适合我国国情的老年公寓的建筑设计,旨在提高老年人的生活品质。     

老年公寓的类型探讨

依据两个主要的变量对我国目前老年公寓的类型进行了探讨 ,指出老年公寓是社会养老设施中的一个重要组成部分 ,其划分标准多种多样 ,老年人应针对各自情况入住。     

新时期关于老年公寓设计研究

当前我国社会的人口老龄化速度不断加快,同时加之独生子女的家庭比重相对较大,这些因素使得我国当前的养老问题十分突出.老年公寓是我国社会近些年兴起的一种养老模式,其在我国的社会中有了一定程度的发展.但是由于我国的老年公寓建设尚处于起步阶段,在公寓的设计建设中存在着一定的不足.为了推动老年公寓的发展,在老年公寓的建设中就需要充分结合老年人的特点进行设计建设.     

老年公寓公共空间适老化设计策略研究

近年来,我国人口老龄化趋势明显,养老问题已逐渐成为社会问题。随着我国家庭人口结构的变化以及老年人养老观念的改变,机构养老受到越来越多的关注与青睐。养老机构中公共空间的设计直接关系到入住老年人的生活品质,文章从适老化视角出发,探索我国老年公寓公共空间的设计原则与策略,以期为老年人提供集安全、舒适、便捷于一体的公共空间。     

老年公寓暖通空调设计浅析

本文主要针对我国日益增加的养老住宅需求，以老年公寓的设计、建造为例，简要分析了暖通空调设计应用于此类建筑模式时所应考虑、关注的问题。老年公寓作为一类特定的住宅模式，所采用的暖通空调系统及设备有其独特的使用要求，为老年人提供舒适的室内环境、良好的使用体验，关注老年人的健康和安全，是我们基本的设计目标。     

夏季自然通风住宅老年人适应性热舒适评价研究

为探究自然通风住宅中老年人适应性热舒适的特殊性,在重庆市对6家养老机构和14个居民小区进行了现场研究。结果显示,在夏季热环境中,老年人的热感觉投票值偏低,不满意率也较低,可接受上限温度值偏高。采用预计适应性平均热感觉指数APMV模型预测老年人的热舒适投票值,得到老年人的自适应系数λ=0.55。建议老年公寓采用Ⅰ级指标(0APMV0.5)进行热舒适评价,得到对应的老年人可接受温度范围为22.70~27.78℃。     

对我国老年公寓现存问题及设计方法的研究

随着老龄化社会的迅猛发展,老年人日益得到了政府及各界人士的关注,老年公寓生活的出现无疑为老年人提供了一种良好的养老方式。但是由于我国的老年公寓还处于起步阶段,还存在着许多问题,设计方法也有待改进。     

Thermal behavior and energy saving analysis of a flat with different energy efficiency measures in six climates

This article aims at studying the impact of many construction parameters of a flat on its energy performance and thermal comfort. The studied parameters are: the envelope thermal insulation, the orientation, the floor level, the ground coupling, the roof and the external walls absorption coefficient and the controlled mechanical ventilation. The TRNSYS based numerical study is performed in six different climates ranging from cold to desert one. The numerical model has been validated against experimental results obtained from summer and winter long term monitoring campaigns of the flat located in the Marrakech city, Morocco. The apartment’s heating and cooling loads as well as thermal discomfort indexes are calculated for the possible eleven configurations combining the studied parameters. The results show that high thermal insulation of the walls leads to an apparent summer overheating with an increase in the flat’s total thermal load by up to 18% in all the considered climates, except for the cold one. It was found that the walls’ light thermal insulation resulting from the cavity wall technique is sufficient to reach an acceptable level of thermal comfort thus preventing summer overheating. Similarly, thermal insulation of the slab-on-grade floor was found to perform an increase in thermal load for hot and moderate climates by at least 67%. The best combination of all the studied energy efficiency measures for each climate conditions was evaluated via comparison to a reference case that represents the actual apartment.     

A neural network evaluation model for individual thermal comfort

An evaluation model for individual thermal comfort is presented based on the BP neural network. The train data came from a thermal comfort survey. The evaluation results of the model showed a good match with the subject's real thermal sensation, which indicated that the model can be used to evaluate individual thermal comfort rightly. Taken a room air conditioner as an example, the application of the NNEM in creating a microenvironment for individual was discussed. The result showed that the NNEM can play an important role of connecting individual thermal comfort with the control on the air conditioner.     

Simulation of wind-driven ventilative cooling systems for an apartment building in Beijing and Shanghai

This paper presents a performance evaluation of two passive cooling strategies, daytime ventilation and night cooling, for a generic, six-story suburban apartment building in Beijing and Shanghai. The investigation uses a coupled, transient simulation approach to model heat transfer and airflow in the apartments. Wind-driven ventilation is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Occupant thermal comfort is accessed using Fanger’s comfort model. The results show that night cooling is superior to daytime ventilation. Night cooling may replace air-conditioning systems for a significant part of the cooling season in Beijing, but with a high condensation risk. For Shanghai, neither of the two passive cooling strategies can be considered successful.     

Study on outdoor thermal environment of apartment block in Shenzhen,China with coupled simulation of convection,radiation and conduction

Shenzhen City in China is developing rapidly now. Correspondingly, deterioration of the outdoor environment in phenomena such as heat island has become a serious problem. This aggravation of the thermal environment has spoiled urban sustainability. In this paper, (1) in order to predict the outdoors thermal environment in summer in an apartment block, unsteady coupled simulation of convection, radiation, and conduction is developed and used. The velocity, temperature, humidity, and MRT in the urban area are obtained from the simulation. In order to estimate the pedestrian level of thermal comfort in the outdoor thermal environment, the spatial distributions of New Standard Effective Temperature (SET¹) is calculated using the above results. (2) The actual situation of the outdoors thermal environment in summer in an apartment block in Shenzhen City is investigated by field measurements. (3) The effect of schemes to improve the outdoor thermal environment in this apartment block, such as changing building shapes, planting arrangements, etc. are examined using this prediction method.     

湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值研究

旨在探索湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值。以课题示范工程、样本量集中的广州市老人院为研究案例,结合现场实测与问卷调研,获得各气象要素（空气温度、相对湿度、黑球温度、风速）的逐时数据及老年人室外热舒适状况;借助Rayman模型,计算生理等效温度PET,运用SPSS进行回归分析建立老年人室外热舒适评价模型;并评析不同类型测点空间的热环境情况与特点。结论如下：（1）湿热地区夏季老年人室外热环境中性PET值为25.60℃;台湾、香港、广州等湿热气候地区,老年人与混合年龄层中性PET值接近,人群中性PET值具有一定普适性;（2）老年人热感觉中性范围为23.79℃~27.41℃,较混合年龄层窄;老年人室外环境热舒适PET范围为22.70℃~32.53℃,老年人对偏凉感觉（PET=23.10℃）更感舒适;老年人达到90%可接受率的PET范围是22.62℃~31.15℃;（3）老年人夏季热敏感度为3.62PET（℃）/TSV,夏季老年人对室外热环境敏感度明显高于混合年龄层,因此室外热环境设计对老年人具有更大影响;（4）在适当遮荫条件（植物或建筑）下,老年人在夏季依然乐于接受室外阳光辐射;但需综合运用遮阳、通风、降温等设计策略才能满足老年人对热环境的舒适需求。以期为湿热地区室外环境适老设计提供研究方法和设计目标的参考。     

小户型住宅的实用与舒适的设计探讨

在房地产的不断发展中,小户型受到了广泛的关注,成为房地产行业的主力军,得到了人们的青睐。本文以杭州江南春城的庭院深深为例,分析了小户型住宅的实用性和舒适性的设计要求,目的是为小户型住宅的设计提供指导和借鉴,进而为小户型的发展起到促进作用,并为人们生活质量的提高奠定坚实的基础和保证。     

Thermal and health outcomes of energy efficiency retrofits of homes of older adults

Mitigation of thermal stress and adverse indoor climatic conditions is important to older low‐income populations whose age, health, and economic circumstances make them vulnerable to indoor environmental conditions. This research examines whether energy retrofits in affordable housing for older adults can also improve indoor climatic (i.e., temperature, humidity, air infiltration) conditions and whether such improvements correspond with improved health and comfort of residents. An apartment complex for low‐income older adults in Phoenix was the study site. In 2010, renovations were undertaken to make it more energy efficient and to replace interior cabinetry, flooring, and paint with materials that had low or no volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Fifty‐seven residents from 53 apartment units participated in both baseline (pre‐renovation) and 1 year post‐renovation data collection trials. Environmental measures included temperature, relative humidity, and air infiltration. Health measures included general health, emotional distress, and sleep. Four questions addressed residents' perceptions of temperature quality. Results demonstrated a 19% reduction in energy consumption following the retrofit. In addition, fixed effects statistical models of the panel data showed significant stabilization of unit temperature from pre‐retrofit to 1 year post‐retrofit. Reductions in an apartment's temperature extremes of 27.2°C (81°F) and above also corresponded with improvement in occupant's reported health over the same time period, although not with occupant's perceptions of thermal comfort.     

Thermal comfort and productivity - Evaluation of workplace environment in a task conditioned office

The environment of workplace in an office involved in creative work was evaluated in 2005 and 2006. The M Company has installed partition based task/ambient conditioning systems (TAC) and several environment-friendly systems, such as double-skin and thermal-storage structures. It was intended to investigate the influence of the worker's behavior and task conditioning on worker's thermal comfort and productivity. In this survey, immediate thermal environment and worker's behavior were measured, and occupants' surveys of thermal comfort and feeling of fatigue were conducted. We found that both activity level of occupant and exposed thermal environment is greatly different one by one. It is suggested that an increase in metabolic rate according to worker's behavior influenced on their thermal comfort. Based on the knowledge obtained from this investigation, needs for TAC are discussed.