Das Hochhausensemble am Münchner Tor

The high‐rise buildings at the Münchner Tor in Munich. The load‐bearing structure of the two high‐rise buildings at the Münchner Tor in Munich are an important milestone in the advancement of high‐rise construction in Germany. Usually for buildings of this height, a frame construction with bracing cores made of reinforced concrete is used. The load‐bearing structure of the high‐rise buildings presented in this article, however, consist completely of a composite structure. This structure supports all vertical and – via the diagonals in terms of an end channel framing – horizontal loads. Only the thin slabs and the basement box are made of reinforced concrete. The construction principle used for the High‐Rise Ensemble in Munich has made it possible to construct a building of an hitherto unknown transparency and exceptional slimness.     

Bringing scientific knowledge from research to the professional fields: the case of the thermal and airflow design of buildings in tropical climates

The need for construction projects to be sustainable is becoming more widely recognised, partly because of diminishing world energy resources, and partly because recent world developments (for example, global warming and increasing oil prices) have made those involved in construction more aware of a new approach to building. We often hear now of buildings with a high environmental rating, of sustainable development, and of improved comfort. The stated objective is to construct comfortable buildings, which use little energy and produce little pollution. This desire on the part of construction project leaders has led to some problems amongst architects, engineers and university researchers who tend to work in isolation from each other. However, the only way to achieve an overall improvement in building design is by close collaboration between the various participants, from when the first sketch of the future building is made. Of course, this task appears difficult because these participants have different approaches, training and ‘tools of the trade’. This article aims to show that efficient cooperation between the professionals involved is possible. We will see that by producing an instructive working document, understandable by all and based on expert rules, it is possible to produce buildings which are adapted to the climate, and to spread the scientific knowledge to the more practical professions. We will illustrate our ideas by describing the methodology we used for a building project in the tropics. Finally, we will present a summary for the period 1997–2001 and will show the impact that such collaborations have had on the design of buildings in tropical climates.     

Vom Hofbräuhaus zum Deutschen Museum – Münchner Bauten aus Eisenbeton 1890 bis 1914 (2)

From Hofbräuhaus to the German Museum – reinforced concrete buildings in Munich from 1890 to 1914. This year (2008) Munich celebrates its 850‐year anniversary and in appropriate publications the authors try to work out the special Munich style. Little attention will be paid to a special chapter of Munich's history – the beginning of construction with reinforced concrete about 1900. Munich can claim that city to have been first in the new building technology and important buildings in reinforced concrete were designed and erected. Unfortunately, today this extraordinary architectural and engineering development is widely forgotten.     

Vom Hofbräuhaus zum Deutschen Museum – Münchner Bauten aus Eisenbeton 1890 bis 1914 (1)

From Hofbräuhaus to the German Museum – reinforced concrete buildings in Munich from 1890 to 1914. This year (2008) Munich celebrates its 850‐year anniversary and in appropriate publications the authors try to work out the special Munich style. Little attention will be paid to a special chapter of Munich's history – the beginning of construction with reinforced concrete about 1900. Munich can claim that city to have been first in the new building technology and important buildings in reinforced concrete were designed and erected. Unfortunately, today this extraordinary architectural and engineering development is widely forgotten.     

“3‐Liter‐Haus” im Bestand – Messkonzept und Messergebnisse von 3 Heizperioden

Energetic renovation of an residential building – measurement and measuring results of an “3 liter building” during 3 heating periods. In Germany 80 % of all buildings are considered “old” from the point of view of their demand of energy. They have a considerable energy consumption and environmental impact. As object of study was taken a residential building in Ludwigshafen (Germany), which besides the usual renovation works, it was renewed paying special attention to its energy requirements. The goal of the project was to convert the building into a “3 liter building” (30 kWh/m²a). To achieve this objective the heat losses by transmission were reduced, the passive solar gains were increased and the heat losses by ventilation were decreased by installing a new ventilation system with heat recovery. In the building several variables were measured during three heating periods. The measurements showed a good correlation with the average energy requirements calculated for a big building. However some of the apartments had big deviations in respect to these average values. Now regarding the coming Energy Performance Certificate as energy requirements and energy demand certificate, the question about the influence of the behaviour of each users gains importance in buildings with few apartments. The data collected during this study show interesting results, which question the Energy Performance Certificate for buildings with few apartments.     

Pilotprojekt der neuen Normengeneration im Kühlturmbau – Die Naturzugkühltürme von BoA 2 & 3 in Neurath

New Structural Design Standard for Cooling Towers – Pilot Project BoA 2 & 3 in Neurath Starting in 2006 RWE Power is erecting two lignite power plants with highly optimized efficiency (BoA) in Neurath near Cologne. These will be the second and third plant of this most advanced technique after the completion of BoA1 in Niederaußem in 2003. The most outstanding buildings of the new power‐station are the natural draught cooling towers with a height of 173 m. Their design and execution will be described in this paper. For the first time in cooling tower design the completely revised new edition 2005 of the VGB‐Guideline “Structural Design of Cooling Towers” was applied in connection with other related new design standards.     

Die Rolle des Prüfingenieurs im System der vorbeugenden Gefahrenabwehr

The task of the check engineer in the preventative risk management system. The historical development of building regulations is characterised by the principle of preventative risk management. The current building regulation demands, that public safety and order, especially life, health and natural conditions are not endangered by buildings. The building control is the task of the state and shall be administered by the building authorities. Usually the building control of structural stability and fire protection is delegated by the authorities to state approved check engineers. It is of main importance, that check engineers are not dependent on the investor's economic interests. Up to now this independence has been ensured, because the check engineers are appointed directly by the building authorities. Due to deregulations in recent years some federal states changed their building regulations in such a form, that the risk management was not guaranteed completely. The independence of check engineers and thus the quality of risk management was severely weakened by allowing private commissions. In additon several structures were released from the obligation of checking. These changes disagree with the safety concept of DIN 1055‐100, which is adjusted wih the European Codes. The required safety level presupposes the independent checking of the structural design. Further risks of independence and quality of building checks by the check engineers can occur due to an uncritical use of the European Services Directive. In accordance with the experiences of the check engineers current risk analyses show, that it is essential for a modern preventative risk management system to align extent and intensity of authorized controlling to the hazard potential of the particular building project. Corresponding to the proposal of the German Association of Check Engineers on the IABSE‐Symposium 2007 the controlling measures should be graduated on the basis of Eurocode EN 1990 according to three hazard classes.     

维也纳Wienerberg的城市Loft

维也纳的城市南部入口处有了一个新标志。建筑师Delugan Meissl在Wiener berger公司的原址上。即维也纳商业园附近及Massimiliano Fuksas双塔附近的位置上完成了被称做“城市Loft”的商住两用工程。此建筑具有高度的复杂性以及与众不同的平面布置设计，其象征是贯穿南侧立面的黑色玻璃带。     

Perceptions of building professionals on sustainable development: A comparative study between Hong Kong and Shenyang

It is logical to believe that the building professionals (architect, structural engineers, building services engineers, etc.) are the relevant persons that may influence the decision-making process on a real estate development process. Accordingly, the attitudes and perception of building professionals should have a significant influence on sustainable development. This article describes a survey concerning the perceptions of different building professionals, which include architects, construction engineers and building services engineers, on the environment, resource sustainability, and green consumerism in two major cities in China: Hong Kong and Shenyang. It is recognized that energy is central to sustainable development and in 2006/2007, the United Nation Commission on Sustainable Development will focus on energy issue. The discussion in this article will concentrate on the building professionals’ perception on energy related issues. Nevertheless, the findings in respect of their awareness of the environment, resources sustainability and other related issues are also summarized. At global level, apart from the need to preserve historical buildings, the professionals in Shenyang feel that ‘exhaustion of natural resources’ is of major concern and energy preservation is significant. However, the Hong Kong professionals do not consider energy resource sustainability is of urgency.     

Energetische Sanierung einer Kindertagesstätte in Plattenbauweise – Demonstrationsbauvorhaben “Plappersnut” in Wismar

Energy saving retrofitting of a prefabricated panel construction kinder‐garden – demonstration project “Plappersnut” in Wismar. The project “kindergarten Plappersnut” in Wismar focuses on cutting the energy consumption of the in 1972 build prefabricated plate construction down to one third by mainly 3 means: – improving the relation between building volume and outside surface by replacing the corridor building between the two main wings with a light membrane roof, covering the whole space, – eliminating energy loss through the building structure by coating the whole building with different isolation systems, – replacing all of the technical installation under the aspects of ecological energy supply and energy retrieving systems. The project was classed as a demonstration project of the EnSan‐Program, supported by the German Ministry for Economy and Technology.     

NordWestZentrum Frankfurt am Main – Teil 2: Erweiterungsneubauten

The NordWestZentrum in Frankfurt/Main – Part 2: new annexe. The NordWestZentrum was expanded once more in 2002–2004. As part of this project, the area previously occupied by a technical college was completely redeveloped, resulting in 430,000 m³ of enclosed space for new utilization. For the planning engineers, this construction project was a major challenge in terms of demolition, expert reports, modernization and safeguarding of the existing buildings as well as structural design for the new buildings with their special foundations, all under the motto “Bauen im Bestand und Bauen im Betrieb” which can be loosely translated as “construction within the existing buildings and construction during operations”.     

Belastungsversuche an “Siegwartdecken”

Stress Tests on “Siegwart” Ceilings. Two buildings in the Austrian District (Österreichviertel) of Dessau will currently be modernised and renovated. Fitted, hollow beams according to “Siegwart” were used as ceilings in the masonry buildings erected in 1939/1940. Separating cracks in almost all rooms impede the interaction between the neighbouring beams, so that a suitable calculated evidence of the load bearing capacity and appropriateness for use was not providable. This was achieved by using stress tests and comparative calculations.     

Dauerthema Wärmebrücken – Praxishinweise zur Anwendung von DIN 4108 Beiblatt 2 und zum energetischen Einfluß von Wärmebrücken

Endless story thermal bridges – practical remarks regarding the use of DIN 4108 Supplement 2 and the influene of thermal bridges on energy use The concept of dealing with the influence of thermal bridges on the energy use of buildings is given in the current German ordinance on energy savings in buildings (EnEV 2001). The well established approach is adopted and enhanced for thermal bridges both in new and existing buildings in the future edition of that ordinance, EnEV 2006 and in DIN V 18599‐2 which is to be used for non‐residential buildings in the future. When using the reduced (estimated value) for thermal bridges in the legal energy saving calculation, the planner of the building has to consider the examples for planning and performance in DIN 4108 Supplement 2. He also has to confirm that his individual solution for a thermal bridge is equivalent in energy terms to the given examples.In time for the new EnEV 2006, the DIN 4108 Supplement 2 is currently under revision. The once introduced concept is kept in principle and at a few points made more real‐life compatible or amended. The paper describes how thermal bridges are taken into account in the named legislation and gives remarks as to scope and meaning of DIN 4108 Supplement 2. Using practical examples the pssoble influence of thermal bridges on overal thermal transmission is demonstrated.     

Gefahr Spannungsrisskorrosion – Systematische Untersuchung des Brückenbestands in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern

In diesem Beitrag wird die systematische Untersuchung des Brückenbestands des Landes Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern hinsichtlich seiner Gefährdung durch Spannungsrisskorrosion beschrieben. Das Projekt war in vier Phasen gegliedert. Zunächst wurde ein Konzept erarbeitet, danach aus dem gesamten Brückenbestand die gefährdeten Bauwerke herausgefiltert und in Kategorien bzw. Bauwerksgruppen eingeteilt. 16 besonders gefährdete Brücken wurden genauer untersucht. In der zweiten Phase wurden die Erkenntnisse aus dieser 1. Phase auf den gesamten Bauwerksbestand übertragen und eine Prioritätenliste erstellt. Außerdem fanden Beprobungen erster ausgewählter Bauwerke statt. Auf die Phasen 3 und 4, bei denen weiterführende theoretische Untersuchungen für spezielle Bauwerke im Vordergrund stehen, wird in diesem Beitrag nicht näher eingegangen. Hazard stress corrosion cracking – Systematical analysis of bridges in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern. In this article, the systematic investigation of all prestressed bridges of Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern with regard to its exposure to stress corrosion cracking is described. The project was divided into four phases. First, a generally concept was developed. Then the endangered buildings were divided into categories. 16 bridges have been investigated. In the second phase, the findings from phase 1 have been transferred to all buildings in the stock and a priority list drawn up. In addition, first bridges were sampled. In the phase 3 and 4 were more theoretical studies and specific buildings in the foreground. These phases are not content of this paper.     

Vorgespannte Betontürme für Windenergieanlagen: Einflüsse nichtlinearer Materialeigenschaften auf die Eigenfrequenzen als Entwurfskriterium

Pre‐stressed Concrete Towers for Wind Energy Turbines: Influences of non‐linear Material Properties on the Eigenfrequencies as a Design criterion The fast increase of the wind energy market in Germany promoted a dynamic development of wind turbine technology in the last decades. New concepts in the fields of construction, control and generation resulted in improved quality and efficiency of the wind turbines. With the growing rotor size and tower height new questions arise for the structural engineers and the building companies. In order to distribute the large forces at the tower‐head down to the soil and to balance the eigenfrequency of the structure with the excitation of the wind‐turbine, in general pre‐stressed concrete towers are necessary in case of tower heights beyond 100 m. The present paper will summarize the main design criteria for such towers and will explore the influences which are relevant for a reliable dynamic design.     

Der Umbau des denkmalgeschützten Dieselkraftwerkes Cottbus – eine Herausforderung an die Ingenieure

Refurbishment of the historical Diesel Power Plant Cottbus – a challenge for engineers. The City of Cottbus took on the challenge to refurbish the former Diesel Power Plant (DKW) 50 years after closing down for re‐utilization as museum. The building assembly was designed in 1926 by Werner Issel, one of the best‐known architects of industrial buildings. Two years later the power generation started, and was stopped after only 30 years of operation. At that time the DKW was declared a historical monument. In 2008 the museum of modern art of the Brandenburgische Kulturstiftung will welcome visitors in the rooms of the former DKW. In this paper architects and engineers involved in the reconstruction process show some interesting aspects of fire protection and heat insulation requirements performed under preservation conditions, and at the same time fulfilling the requirements of the museum as public building.     

Instandsetzung einer “müden” Straßenbrücke mit orthotroper Fahrbahn

Repair of a “tired” road bridge with orthotropic deck. The proneness to fatigue of steel bridges with an orthotropic deck appears in many damages because of the increasing traffic of heavy vehicles. On the example of an aggrieved highway‐bridge the specific weak points and the executed damage analysis will be shown. The gained knowledge leaded to the development of different alternatives of repair and to the presented repair concept. To improve the global characteristics of the structure additional supports will be built, for the local strengthening a reinforced concrete slab will be built as composite structure with the existing steel deck.     

Tragkonstruktionen der BMW‐Welt in München

Structural engineering of the BMW‐World in Munich. The BMW‐World currently under construction in Munich will become the experience and distribution centre of the BMW‐Group (fig. 1). It is situated close to the olympia stadium, to the BMW administration building and to the BMW‐museum. The project designed by the Viennese architectural office Coop Himmelb(l)au offers in many respects extraordinarily complex and interesting tasks for the structural design. The following essay describes the different stages of structural engineering from the first design processes up to the realization phase for the main structural members of the building.     

东风集团总部及武汉经济开发区管委会办公楼

该设计的目标是通过现代的建筑和花园，为武汉经济开发区创造一个幽雅而充满人性化的环境。其中重要的是东风集团总部及武汉经济开发区管委会办公楼，都伴随着对水的主题的运用。另外两个部分：商务中心和专家公寓，与东风集团总部及武汉经济开发区管委会办公楼一样，都围绕着中央都市花园布置，而东风集团总部及其研发中心则在整个构图中成为一种独立的雕塑性元素。