Vereinfachte,wirklichkeitsnahe Ermittlung der Durchbiegung von Stahlbetonträgern unter Kriechbeanspruchung

Simplified, realistical Estimation of Deflection of reinforced concrete Beams under service Loads A calculation method, which is based on the assumption of affinity of moment and curvature, for simplified estimation of deflections of reinforced concrete beams under service loads is presented. The influence of creep deformations is considered realistically and enables computational close‐to‐practice calculation of deflections with minimum expense.     

钢筋混凝土梁长期荷载作用下非线性变形

钢筋混凝土梁在长期荷载作用下的非线性变形一直是研究者感兴趣的课题.本文阐述了如何分别考虑荷载、混凝土徐变与收缩对钢筋混凝土梁的变形影响,其中直接应用了作者导出的混凝土徐变和收缩相关系数的实用公式.     

Deflection and crack-width prediction of concrete beams reinforced with glass FRP rods

Concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars exhibit large deflections and crack widths as compared to concrete beams reinforced with steel due to the low modulus of elasticity of FRP. Current design methods for predicting deflections at service load and crack widths developed in concrete structures reinforced with steel bars may not be used for concrete structures reinforced with FRP bars. Thus, the ACI 440 Committee has provided design guidelines for concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars. Verification of the ACI 440 methods for predicting deflections and crack widths for glass fiber reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams are presented in this paper. In addition, improvement to the crack width equation was suggested to account for 2 layers of reinforcement. This study shows that ACI 440.1R-01 can be effectively used to predict deflections in concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars and crack width in beams with one-layer FRP bars. However, when FRP bars are placed in two layers, ACI 440.1R-01 can be used after some parameters are modified. Six full concrete beams reinforced with different GFRP reinforcement ratios were load tested and the measured deflections and crack widths were analyzed and compared with those predicted by the proposed models. The experimental results compared well with those proposed by the model.     

竹筋混凝土梁构件力学性能研究

基于钢筋混凝土结构理论,对竹筋混凝土梁的力学性能进行研究,提出了竹筋混凝土梁的计算方法。对竹筋混凝土梁的配筋、受弯和受剪承载力进行了计算,验算了挠度,并与钢筋混凝土梁进行了对比,为竹筋混凝土构件应用于结构次要部位的可行性提供参考。     

钢筋混凝土梁徐变效应试验研究与分析

基于徐变换算截面法推导了钢筋混凝土梁徐变收缩引起的截面应力计算公式,根据混凝土柱体2年试验观测,得到了素混凝土的徐变系数。编制了长期荷载作用下截面应力计算程序,并对完全开裂混凝土梁因徐变收缩效应引起的截面应力重分布规律进行了分析,与试验结果吻合较好,表明运用本文方法预测完全开裂混凝土梁的截面应力重分布是可行的。     

Long-term deflection of cracked composite beams with nonlinear partial shear interaction — A study using neural networks

A new study of the short- and long-term deflections of simply-supported composite beams using finite element analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs) is presented. In this study, two ANN models are developed and trained using the results of a finite element model developed by the authors in a companion paper. The finite element model accounted for the nonlinear load–slip relationship of shear connectors as well as the creep, shrinkage, and cracking of concrete slabs. The effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete slab are considered only for non-cracked concrete. A large database representing a wide range of different design parameters was constructed for the purpose of training and verifying the two ANN models. It was found that the two ANN models were capable of predicting deflections of composite beams not used as part of the training process. The ANN models were then used to evaluate the effects of non-geometric design variables on the short- and long-term deflections of simply-supported composite beams. Finally, the short- and long-term deflections computed based on the approaches given in the AISC specification and Eurocode 4 were assessed using the results of the finite element model. It was found that the AISC approach underestimates short-term deflections and overestimate long-term deflections when compared with the results of the finite element method.     

玻璃纤维混凝土梁挠度和裂缝宽度计算方法研究

利用梁的有效惯性矩 ,将玻璃纤维配筋率和弹性模量的影响在Branson公式的m系数中集中得以体现 ,提出了玻璃纤维混凝土梁挠度的计算方法 ,并基于已有的研究成果 ,给出了玻璃纤维混凝土梁裂缝宽度的理论计算公式 ,且与 6根不同配筋率的玻璃纤维混凝土梁的试验结果相比较 ,理论计算与试验结果比较接近     

钢筋混凝土梁力学性能的有限元模拟与分析

利用整体—局部均质化法计算了钢筋混凝土材料的有效力学性质,并用经典Mori-Tanaka理论、蔡氏半经验半理论公式验证了该方法的可靠性,同时将钢筋混凝土材料等效成一种材料,用有限元法计算了原始材料与等效材料简支梁受集中荷载作用及对称弯曲作用的变形和应力。     

Creep behaviour of CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams

The strengthening of reinforced concrete structures with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates has shown excellent performance and, as a result, this technology is rapidly replacing steel plate bonding techniques. The numerous studies that have been carried out to date on FRP-strengthened concrete elements have mainly focussed on the static and short-term responses; very little work has been done regarding the long-term performance. This paper addresses this issue, and presents results from a series of experiments on the time-dependent behaviour of carbon FRP-strengthened concrete beams. Twenty-six reinforced concrete beams with dimensions 100 × 150 × 1800 mm, with and without bonded CFRP laminates, were investigated for their creep behaviour. Different reinforcement ratios were used to evaluate the contribution of the external reinforcement on the creep resistance of the beams. High levels of sustained load were used in order to determine the maximum sustained load that can be applied without any risk of creep failure. The applied sustained loads varied from 59% to 78% of the ultimate static capacities of the un-strengthened beams. For most of the long-term tests, the applied sustained loads were higher than the service loads. This was done to account for the fact that strengthening is typically required when a structure is expected to carry increased service loads. The main parameters of this study were (i) the level of sustained load and (ii) the strengthening scheme. The results confirm that FRP strengthening is effective for increasing the ultimate capacities of the beams; however, there is virtually no improvement in performance with regard to the long-term deflections.     

纤维塑料筋混凝土梁受力性能的试验研究

根据９根梁在三分点竖向加载下的试验结果，对纤维塑料筋混凝土梁的受力过程、正截面强度、最大裂缝宽度、裂缝间距、挠度等进行了较为详细的研究，并提出了有关的设计建议。     

考虑收缩徐变影响的两跨钢-混凝土连续组合梁长期性能预测方法

为量化混凝土翼板收缩徐变对多跨钢-混凝土连续组合梁长期性能的影响,提出相应的预测方法,基于现有两跨连续组合梁长期试验结果对典型的组合梁设计方法进行适用性评述; 在此基础上,基于龄期调整的有效模量法并考虑混凝土的收缩徐变、开裂及组合梁界面相对滑移的综合影响,提出两跨连续组合梁长期中支座弯矩与跨中挠度的计算公式,并采用长期试验结果验证预测方法的可靠性; 进一步对比不同混凝土翼板类型(收缩徐变分布模型)对组合梁长期性能的影响。结果表明:采用龄期调整的有效模量法模拟混凝土徐变特征,考虑收缩产生的附加弯矩,采用折减刚度考虑混凝土开裂与界面滑移的影响,提出的两跨连续组合梁长期性能计算公式,可有效预测组合梁长期中支座弯矩分布与跨中挠度,计算结果与试验结果最大相差25.3%; 混凝土的收缩变形对组合梁长期性能影响显著,当不考虑混凝土收缩变形时,组合梁中支座弯矩与跨中挠度仅分别为试验值的41.1%和60.6%; 组合梁长期性能设计时,应根据楼板类型采用不同的收缩徐变模型,针对钢筋混凝土楼板采用均匀收缩、均匀徐变模型,针对组合楼板采用非均匀收缩、非均匀徐变模型。     

Zur praktischen Ermittlung der Verformungen von Verbundträgern und Flachdeckensystemen unter Berücksichtigung der Nachgiebigkeit der Verbundfuge

Simplified method for the determination of the influence of flexibility of shear connection on deflections of composite beams and slim‐floor systems. For composite beams and slim‐floor systems normally ductile shear connectors like headed studs are used. The flexibility of the shear connection influences the deformation behaviour of the structure especially where partial shear connection and/or ribbed concrete slabs with ribs transverse to the beam are used. For slim‐floor systems the special geometry of the cross section leads to a significant influence of the deformation behaviour of the shear connection on the deflections. Because the exact calculation of deformations under consideration of the flexibility needs a quite complicate theoretical model, for practical applications a simplified model based on a modified modular ratio method is presented.     

Creep effect on the behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars subjected to different environments

The effect of different environmental conditions on the creep behavior of concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars under sustained loads is investigated. This is achieved through testing concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars and subjected to a stress level of about 20–25% of the ultimate stress of the GFRP bars. Reference beams were loaded in the temperature-controlled laboratory (24 ± 3 °C). Other test beams were either completely or partially immersed in different environments (tap-water and sea-water) at elevated temperature (40 ± 2 °C) to accelerate the reaction. During the exposure period, which lasted for ten months, strains in concrete and GFRP bars as well as the midspan deflections were recorded for all considered environmental conditions. The results show that the creep effect due to sustained loads was significant for all environments considered in the study and the highest effect was on beams subjected to wet/dry cycles of sea-water at 40 ± 2 °C.     

钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土受弯构件在长期荷载作用下的试验研究

本文给出二批钢筋混凝土梁及四批未裂缝和已裂缝的预应力混凝土梁在长期荷载作用下的挠度和裂缝宽度试验结果。六批试验共持续14年。所有挠度增长曲线下面都绘出了相应的温湿度变化曲线。在附录中还对已裂缝的钢筋混凝土梁提出实用的刚度计算建议,建议公式是与规范TJ 10-74公式相衔接的。根据国内外182根梁长期荷载试验结果的验算表明,建议公式是适用的。     

具有初荷载的钢筋混凝土梁桥粘贴碳纤维布加固试验研究

通过对五片实桥模型T型梁粘贴不同数量、不同受力阶段碳纤维片材的破坏试验,研究了碳纤维布数量和二次受力对钢筋混凝土T型梁抗弯承载能力的影响,对梁的裂缝、挠度、刚度等做了调查分析,讨论了粘贴碳纤维布对正常使用状态的影响,提出了粘贴碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土简支T型梁的抗弯承载力计算方法,针对不同破坏形态讨论了不同的计算方法并予以一定简化。与试验结果比较表明该方法准确有效。     

Long-term deflection of cracked composite beams with nonlinear partial shear interaction: I — Finite element modeling

In this paper, a uniaxial nonlinear finite element procedure for modeling the long-term behavior of composite beams at the serviceability limit state is presented. The finite element procedure follows a displacement-based approach. The nonlinear load-slip relationship of shear connectors as well as the creep, shrinkage, and cracking of concrete slab are accounted for in the proposed finite element procedure. The effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete slab are considered only for uncracked concrete. The nonlinear iterative procedure adopted for tracking the nonlinear behavior of the composite beam implemented the total nodal deformations, not the incremental deformations, as the independent variables of any iteration. The results of the proposed finite element procedure were compared with the experimental results of four composite beams reported in the literature. The proposed finite element procedure was capable of predicting the deflections and stresses of the four beams with an acceptable degree of accuracy. A parametric study was conducted to study the effect of the nonlinearity of load-slip relationship of shear connectors and the cracking of the concrete deck on the long-term behavior of simply-supported composite beams.     

徐变影响混合结构施工期竖向变形计算

研究了钢框架-钢筋混凝土核心筒混合结构体系在施工期间的竖向变形问题。在分析中提出采用龄期调整的有效模量法(AMME)考虑施工期混凝土徐变的影响,并利用超级有限元-有限元耦合理论进行施工过程的模拟。算例计算结果表明,施工完毕时核心筒混凝土的徐变占到该层总变形值的38%~43%。由于混凝土的徐变,外钢框架与核心筒竖向变形差异值仅为只考虑弹性变形差异值的21%。徐变增加了外框架柱的轴力。对于连接外钢框架与核心筒的框架梁,徐变还使连接核心筒一端的支座负弯矩减小,而对于连接外钢框架柱一端弯矩则是增加。     

高强轻骨料混凝土梁的长期性能试验研究

进行了28d强度为60.8MPa和64.4MPa的3根高强轻骨料混凝土梁近1年的长期荷载试验。试验结果表明,在持续荷载作用下,轻骨料混凝土梁的长期变形在初期发展较快,后期发展较慢;受压区配筋能够约束梁的长期变形发展,配筋率越高,长期变形越小。结合编制的混凝土结构长期性能分析程序,基于材料收缩和徐变试验数据,对试验梁进行了计算分析,计算值与试验结果吻合较好。还分别采用几个规范方法对长期挠度增大系数进行了分析,结果表明,ACI318和ACI435方法与试验结果比较吻合,而《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010-2002)与《轻骨料混凝土桥梁技术规程》(报批稿)的计算结果对试验偏于不安全。     

钢筋砼梁在长期荷载作用下的变形

本文对剪跨比为２．５的钢筋砼梁在长期荷载作用下的变形进行了试验研究。建立了长期弯曲变形和剪切变形计算公式，并由迭加原理得到了考虑剪切效应的钢筋砼梁在长期荷载作用下的挠度公式，计算值与试验结果吻合良好。本文公式同时考虑了砼徐变和收缩的影响，还可用来根据梁的试验结果而确定砼徐变系数和龄期调整系数值。     

Closed-form expressions for long-term deflections in high-rise composite frames

This paper presents closed-form expressions for rapid prediction of long-term deflections in high-rise steel concrete composite frames subjected to service load. The closed-form expressions predict the inelastic mid-span deflections in beams of frames (typically for 20 years, considering cracking, and time effects, i.e., creep and shrinkage in concrete) from the elastic moments and elastic mid-span deflections (neglecting cracking, and time effects). The expressions also take into account the sagging moments developed in beams due to the substantial differential shortening of adjacent columns in high-rise frames. The expressions can be used for frames with any number of bays and storeys. The expressions have been obtained from trained neural networks. The training, validating, and testing data sets for the neural networks are generated using a hybrid analytical-numerical procedure of analysis. The proposed expressions are verified for example frames of different number of spans and storeys and the errors are shown to be small. The expressions can be used in every day design as they enable a rapid prediction of inelastic deflections with reasonable accuracy for practical purposes without detailed complex analysis and require computational effort that is a fraction of that required for the available methods.