浅谈轻质隔墙在大空间住宅中的应用

介绍了轻质隔墙具有新型轻质、隔音、防火、施工方便、品种多等特点，指出用户可根据住宅的布局和结构类型选择合理的施工材料，实现住宅由不变转为可变，由静态转为动态。     

Zur Adhäsion von Wärmedämmverbundsystemen auf Holzwerkstoffplatten

Adhesion of composite thermal insulation systems on wood‐based panels. Failure of the adhesive bond may occur if composite thermal insulation systems are attached to wood‐based panels in timber frame structures. In the past the causes of the adhesive failure have been unclear due to the lack of systematic studies. Based on experimental studies, this article describes and explains the relationship between changes in the topographical structure of wood‐based panels caused by the moisture contained in the adhesive mortar and the adhesive strength of mortar as a function of mortar composition. These empirical findings were used to derive normalised adhesion curves for the expected adhesion strength on the most commonly used wood‐based panels. An additional series of experiments revealed seasonal changes in the moisture content of the wood‐based panels as the main problem for the adhesive bond. The results were used to derive the maximum permissible moisture content variation in wood‐based panels depending on the composition of the adhesive mortar used. The findings enable scientifically sound evaluation of the adhesive bond between adhesive mortars and wood‐based panels and can be used for deriving application recommendations for composite thermal insulation systems in timber frame structures.     

Schalldämmung und Schall‐Längsdämmung von Fassadenkonstruktionen im Prüfstand – Erkenntnisse für die bauakustische Beratung in der Praxis

Airborne sound insulation and flanking sound insulation of façade constructions (Curtain wallings) in the test stand – findings for acoustic consulting in practice. Based on serial and single measurements for the determination of the weighted sound reduction index and of the normalized flanking sound insulation in horizontal and in vertical transmission direction of façades effects of the measurement procedure and of constructive façade details onto the measurement result are shown. For the performance of measurements of the weighted sound reduction index of façade constructions the possibility of the utilization of German standards DIN ENISO140‐3 in a test stand for wall constructions or of the in field procedure of DIN ENISO140‐5 in a test stand for the determination of the flanking sound insulation of façades is possible. Because the two measurement procedures lead to measurement results with systematically differences for the same façade construction, next to the formal aspect of the communicability of the two measurement procedures the mounting situation of façade elements in the test stand is taken into account. The influence of constructive details of the façade construction and their detailed effect on the determined weighted sound reduction index and/or the determined normalized flanking level difference is supposed to be shown due to carried out measurements of different façades. To that size, kind and order of the glazing, carrying out of façade molliums and façade transoms as well as construction of the façade connecting element as a single‐element for the determination of the normalized flanking sound insulation of a façade construction are taken into account.     

Aufdoppelung,Verstärkung von Vollholzbalken – Effiziente Balken‐, Pfetten‐ und Sparrenertüchtigung mit Doppel‐ und Vollgewindeschrauben

Stiffening of timber beams – efficiently bearing improvement of beams, purlins and rafters with double and fully threaded screws. In connection with the increasing renovation of old buildings there is often required the improvement of static, sound‐technical and thermal insulation quality of timber joist floor systems or roof structures. With new special screws acc. approvals a very effectively and “softly” stiffening is possible.     

The Modified Trombe Wall: A simple ventilation means and an efficient insulating material

This paper discusses the feasibility of reducing heat transferred into houses (insulation effect) and inducing natural ventilation by using a modified Trombe wall (MTW) under ambient conditions in Bangkok. It consists of a masonry wall, air gap and a gypsum wall which are common construction materials. It was found that the MTW with 2 m² of surface area, 14 cm air gap and dark in colour induced the highest natural ventilation rate, about 20–90 m³.h^?1. The light colour of the wall induced the lowest rate, but was still significant for the ventilation of houses. With such air flow rates, there is little potential to induce sufficient ventilation to achieve thermal comfort of the house, however, the proposed configuration of the MTW should be recommended for constructing new houses, mainly, because of its high insulation effect.     

Vergleichende Untersuchung raumakustischer Konzepte von Mehrpersonenbüros hinsichtlich Sprachverständlichkeit,Arbeitsgedächtnisleistung und Arbeitsbehaglichkeit durch Hörversuche

Comparative studies of room‐acoustic concepts for open‐plan offices with regard to speech intelligibility, short‐term memory perfomance and acoustic comfort. Increasing use of tempering the core of reeinforced concrete ceilings of open‐plan offices for cooling and if necessary for heating strongly limits the implementation of sound‐absorbing ceilings. In these cases the classic concept for offices with fully sound‐absorbing ceilings and screen barriers is not applicable anymore. As an alternative to this concept of screen barriers a so‐called partition wall concept is going to be implemented in these open‐plan offices. In this case a sound‐absorbing ceiling is not used anymore; instead room‐high partition walls are mounted, which are highly sound‐absorbing on both sides. The objective of the study was to compare these two concepts for open‐plan offices regarding speech intelligibility on the phone, ability to concentrate and acoustic comfort. In addition to that the effect of low‐frequency absorbers was investigated. To evaluate the acoustic concepts of theses offices audibility tests were conducted. For this purpose the room‐acoustic conditions of the office situations were auralized with the help of measured binaural room impulse responses of original open‐plan offices. For comparison an open‐plan office without room‐acoustic measures was included. With this procedure different office situations are directly comparable.     

Zur Prognose der Schalldämmung zweischaliger Membrankonstruktionen

Transmission‐loss prediction for double‐leaf membrane constructions. The sound transmission loss of double‐leaf membrane constructions can be predicted quite well, if the cavity between the membranes contains absorptive material. This is exemplified by a construction with a membrane distance of 20 cm and a 10 cm thick, open‐porous foam plate inside the cavity. The program LAYERS is used for the calculations. A previously applied approximate formula is inappropriate, because it does not correctly account for the incidence‐angle dependency of the sound transmission. In principle, a LAYERS prediction is also possible with an “empty”, only lightly damped cavity. However, the results are less accurate, since information about the absorption within the air or gas space and at the boundaries is scarce. Further uncertainties pertain to the distributions of incidence angles in testing facilities and their influence on the sound transmission loss.     

农村保温墙体的热湿性能分析

通过建立非保温墙体和XPS保温墙体模型,应用COMSOL Multiphysics软件模拟墙体的热湿变化规律,分析农村保温墙体的热湿性能.结果表明:水泥砂浆与混凝土交界面、混凝土与水泥抹灰交界面分别受室外、室内温度影响大于相对湿度影响.潜热净吸热量密度在非保温墙体和XPS保温墙体内分别占净吸热量密度的21.7％和14....     

大型公共建筑围护结构节能改造的几项关键技术

中国建筑科学研究院主楼,高21层,需结合改建工程对围护结构进行节能改造,包括幕墙、门窗等部件。门窗选用LOW—E60系列铝合金隔热门窗系统,隔热、隔声、气密性能优良;陶土板幕墙选用开敞无胶式设计,视觉及水导流、防雨水冲击效果好,中空式设计提高了透气、降噪和保温性能。     

Untersuchungen zu Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Holzleichtbeton mit Latentwärmespeichermaterialien in Gebäuden

Investigation of the application of PCM in wood‐lightweight‐concrete in buildings. Wood‐lightweight‐concrete (WLC) is a compound material, consisting of cement, shavings from sawmill, water and additives. The material is characterised by good properties of heat and noise insulation as well as strength. Within the framework of R&D‐projects the combination of wood‐lightweight‐concrete with organic phase change materials (PCM) was examined. A lot of experimental tests have been done, models in different scales have been built. Finally, parallel preliminary practise‐tests have been conducted. Mixtures with different density (between 1000 and 1450 kg/m³) have been investigated (strength up to 20 N/mm² and thermal insulation l between 0.28 and 0.50 W/mK). Furthermore in a thermal building simulation three different partition walls (in addition to a reference case, one with WLC and the other with WLC+PCM) of a south‐orientated office‐room have been studied. An increase in heat capacity of wood‐lightweight‐concrete with PCM leads to a reduction of overheating in summer, considering external shading and adequate change of air in the night. The obtained results showed, that composite materials from wood, inorganic binders have interesting options for the use in building constructions. WLC with phase change materials may provide additional functional and constructive advantages, i. e. lighter and thinner outer wall elements with concurrent better thermo‐dynamic material properties.     

Zum Tragverhalten von Mauerwerksbauten unter Erdbebenbelastung

Behaviour of masonry structures under earthquake loading. The objective of the seismic design of structures is to provide sufficient resistance considering the ductility of the structure. With experiments on storey‐high walls at the University of Dortmund the performance of masonry shear walls under simulated earthquake loading was identified up to failure. The nonlinear behaviour of the walls was evaluated with regard to resistance and potential for ductility. Depending on the type of the limit state the walls exhibited different quantities of ductility. Analyses showed that within certain limits mechanisms with higher ductility can be attained by appropriate tuning of the structural parameters. Considering configurations of walls typical for terraced houses and apartment buildings the structural ductility and the corresponding behaviour factors for seismic design (see EC 8 and DIN 4149) were assessed.     

Schalldämmung mit Vakuumisolationspaneelen: Messung und rechnerische Modellierung

Sound Transmission Loss of Vacuum Insulation Panels – Measurement and Modeling. The sound transmission loss of a variety of vacuum insulation panels (VIP) has been measured in the laboratory. Core materials of the VIP include silica, polyurethane, micro fleece, and glass fibers. Mass law behavior and minima due to bending‐wave coincidence and thickness resonance have been observed. Destroying the vacuum may reduce the sound insulation drastically. Since in practical applications the VIP need protection, the predominant interest lies in the transmission loss of multi‐layered assemblies, e.g. VIP sandwiched between aluminium plates. Calculations performed by the software LAYERS show that with additional “decoupling” layers (air, rubber) the coincidence dip can be avoided or shifted to higher frequencies, where it is less critical. Preliminary experimental realizations indicate the important role of a proper gluing of the layers. According to further LAYERS calculations, attachment of VIP to massive walls and protection by a plaster layer does not change the transmission loss of the wall appreciably, except for the VIP with the soft polyurethane core material.     

Teil 2: Trittschalldämmung — Flankentrittschallpegel und Trittschallminderung

Sound protection of cavity floors. Part 2: Impact sound insulation — namely impact sound flanking level and impact sound reduction In part 1 [1] of this three‐part report on cavity floor sound protection, the history of the development of cavity floors introduced on the market since the early 1980s, the main design principles of such floors, and the concepts of flanking level reduction and weighted standard flanking level difference were illustrated. This second part examines two aspects of impact sound insulation, namely impact sound flanking level — previously sometimes referred to as horizontal impact sound insulation — and impact sound reduction. The following discussion of these two impact sound insulation parameters is based on approximately 150 measurements in an acoustics laboratory. The bulk of the measurements was carried out according to DIN 52 210 [3], more recent measurements according to DIN EN ISO 140‐12 [4].     

Hygrothermische Beanspruchung und Lebensdauer von Wärmedämm‐Verbundsystemen

Hygrothermal loads and service life of external wall insulation systems. Service life and aging behaviour of external wall systems depend on their hygrothermal loads. Apart from the fluctuating climatic conditions temperature, solar radiation and humidity there are often additional exterior or interior sources of moisture, e.g. driving rain, construction moisture or surface condensation acting on facades. External wall insulation systems (ETICS = E xternal T hermal I nsulation C omposite S ystems) are especially affected due to their low mass. However, the long‐term observation by repeated inspections of the same objects over a period of 30 years proves that ETICS show not more damage than traditional facades. Apart from minor esthetical problems due to soiling or microbial growth their long‐term behaviour is very encouraging. Maintained at normal intervals ETICS are as durable as traditionally rendered masonry walls.     

Structural design and analysis of vertical double‐layer space structures in super‐tall buildings

This paper investigates the potential of double‐layer space structures to be applied vertically as a new structural system in super‐tall buildings. The investigation using case studies covers four stages: structural designs of 100‐storey buildings in order to obtain internal force distributions and determine appropriate structural member sizes, analyses of the impacts of wind and seismic loads on the structures, sensitivity of structural weight ratios and lateral deflection constraints to changing structural geometry, and comparison of the lateral deflected shapes and structural weights per unit area with those of other current tall structural systems. The results show that changing the angles of diagonal members to make them span two storeys rather than one storey reduces structural weight and has little impact on lateral deflection. Compared with other current tall structures, vertical double‐layer space structures are relatively efficient structurally. The study concludes that double‐layer space structures can be applied vertically as a structural system of super‐tall buildings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bauliche Konzeptentwicklung für eine 3‐Liter‐Reihenhauszeile im Rahmen von Modernisierungsmaßnahmen in Mannheim‐Gartenstadt

Structural concept and detailing of a 3‐litre‐terraced houses on the occasion of modernization measures. Between 2001 and 2008, extensive refurbishment measures including partial renovation, complete modernisation, demolition works and subsequent new building development are scheduled for the residential area of Mannheim‐Gartenstadt. A total of 10 two‐storey residential houses built in the 1930s and the 1950s (comprising about 230 flats) are going to be refurbished. The flats are in a poor condition, not meeting nowadays standards regarding construction and technical installations. By conducting these structural measures, the GBG Mannheim housing society also follows the aim of improving the residential quarter’s attractiveness. Three buildings, including 68 flats, were to be modernised by the end of 2003. So far, refurbishment measures merely complied with the statutory requirements stipulated in the German regulations on energy conservation (EnEV), but future retrofitting measures for a terrace with 6 dwelling houses are to achieve a level of energy which will exceed these requirements by far. The energy performance of these buildings is to be substantially improved, with the aim of turning them into ’3‐litre houses’. Though this concept has been successfully implemented in new residential buildings, it is still a challenge for construction in existing buildings. Low‐energy buildings with an annual primary energy demand for heating of less than 34 kWh/m²a (inclusive of auxiliary energy) are referred to as ’3‐litre houses’. This corresponds to the primary energy content of 3 litres of heating oil.     

Schallschutz mit schalldämmenden Lüftungsgittern

Sound protection using sound‐absorbing ventilation grilles. Sound‐absorbing ventilation grilles are used for supply and exhaust air openings in buildings, in naturally ventilated multistorey car parks, and for screening noise‐emitting equipment requiring a flow of air. The sound insulation of different ventilation grilles was measured in the laboratory. A nomogram taking account of the gap length and width was developed for estimating the weighted sound reduction index of typical sound‐absorbing ventilation grilles. Suggested spectrum adjustment values for the weighted sound reduction index are provided.     

Tragverhalten von teilweise vorgefertigten Stahlbetonwänden mit Ortbetonergänzung und integrierter Wärmedämmung

Load carrying behaviour of partially precast concrete panels with additional site‐cast concrete and integrated thermal insulation. For partially precast concrete panels with additional site‐cast concrete and integrated thermal insulation, the connection between the interior and external wall layer currently is made by using stainless steel lattice girders. The lattice girders are leading to a flexible shear connection of both wall layers, which is acting under transversal loads (wind or earth pressure), under temperature changes and different shrinkage of the interior and external concrete cross section. Following the loads acting on the outer wall layer and on the lattice girders will be described, which are significant for dimensioning of these construction elements.     

Hygrothermisches Verhalten eingebetteter Holzbalkenköpfe im innnengedämmten Außenmauerwerk: Heizungstechnisch gestützte Innendämmung bei Holzbalkendecken

The hygrothermic performance of wooden beam ends embedded in an inside insulated outside wall considering a heating system. Heating pipe aided inside thermal insulation in case of a timber joist floor. An improvement of the hygrothermal performance of worth preserving facades by means of an inside insulation is proved correct for crucial projects also, using capillary activ thermal insulation materials or a vapor retarder dependent on the relative humididy. On the other hand in case of embedded wooden beam ends there are controversial discussions The experts suggest proposals from an airthight construction and the using of fungicides and the sorptive binding of moisture up to a beam end completely open for air flow rate. This paper is focused to the hygric problems of the wooden beam ends. A lot of measurements are carried out in situ under condition of use in testhouses and by means of a teststand in the Building Physics testing floor of the FHL. In each cases the experiments are supported by a numerical simulation of the coupled heat and mass transfer. Apart from the seasonal process of the wooden moisture content and the hygrothermal state of the air gaps of the beam heads area the results quantify also the effect of local heat transfer by means of heating channels near the floor board area and through so‐called passive and active heat bars within the wooden beam ends.     

Light-Weight Frame Wall Assemblies: Parameters for Consideration in Fire Resistance Performance-Based Design

With the advent of performance-based codes and fire safety design options, it is essential to determine parameters that affect the fire-resistance performance of assemblies. This paper presents the results of 17 full-scale fire-resistance tests conducted as part of a major industry-government research program investigating parameters that affect the fire-resistance performance of light-weight frame wall assemblies. These include the effects of insulation type, insulation width between studs, resilient channel location, gypsum board thickness, number of gypsum board layers, glass fiber in the gypsum board core, gypsum board mass per unit area, and stud type for light-weight frame wall assemblies finished with gypsum board. The effects of these parameters on the fire resistance are discussed.