除草剂异丙甲草胺特异性抗体制备及免疫检测方法的建立

为检测食品中的异丙甲草胺农药残留,降低其对人体可能造成的危害,本文建立了基于抗体的酶联免疫分析方法。首先以除草剂异丙甲草胺、3-巯基丙酸为原料合成半抗原,经由氢核磁共振和质谱方法鉴定后,通过碳二亚胺（EDC）法将半抗原与载体蛋白偶联制备异丙甲草胺人工抗原,免疫新西兰大白兔获取抗体,通过棋盘滴定确定抗原抗体最佳稀释倍数,ELISA反应的抗体稀释液为PBS（1% PEG 6000）,药物稀释液为PBS（10%甲醇）,在此基础上建立间接竞争ELISA标曲,其IC50为14.64 ng/mL,检测限（limit of detection,LOD）为0.8 ng/mL,线性检测范围IC20~IC80为1.51~141.92 ng/mL。与14种结构类似物进行交叉反应,交叉反应率低于3%。向环境水样中添加异丙甲草胺,回收率为86.60%~102.16%,变异系数（RSD）为7.05%~13.30%。此抗体灵敏度高特异性好,可用于食品和环境中异丙甲草胺的监测。     

进出口食品中组胺的ELISA快速测定

本文建立了一种进出口食品中组胺的酶联免疫快速测定方法。针对目前国内市场常见的Abraxis、r-Biopharm和Neogen三种试剂盒,进行比较选择最优试剂盒,并对酶联免疫分析定量检测组胺残留试剂盒进行选择性(交叉反应)测试、特异性与检测限测试以及对进出口食品样品组胺的回收率和精密度测试。结果显示,选择r-Biopharm试剂盒来检测样品中的组胺准确性较好,其对N-酰基-组胺交叉性为100%,对N-甲基-组胺、5-羟基吲哚乙酸、咪唑乙酸、L-组氨酸、N-甲基咪唑乙酸及血清素等组胺类似物交叉反应都小于1%,进出口食品中红葡萄酒的检测限(LOD)为250μg/kg,牛奶的LOD为100μg/kg,奶酪的LOD为2.5 mg/kg,鱼粉的LOD为100 mg/kg,样品的平均回收率在86.4%～95.6%,相对标准偏差2.7%～3.9%,经五个试验室的回收验证均具有较好的回收率,经HPLC确证假阳性率≤2.5%,表明酶联免疫分析定量法可快速、准确实现对食品中组胺残留量的快速筛选。     

Using sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography to determine melamine in food

This study developed a sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography (sweeping-MEKC) method for fast screening of melamine in food. In order to optimise parameters with multiple responses in parallel, face-centred cube central composite design (FCD) was employed to search for the optimum conditions of the sweeping-MEKC. The optimum background electrolyte was composed of 45 mM phosphoric acid and 175 mM sodium dodecyl-sulfate with the addition of 15% (v/v) methanol. Under such conditions, melamine content could be determined within 13 min with the limit of detection (S/N = 3) at 5 ng/mL. The developed method was validated by analysing melamine-spiked milk, gluten, chicken feed, and cookies. The proposed method was applied to determine melamine in different food products, with recoveries between 92.9 ± 3.3% and 108.4 ± 1.7%. The present study shows that the developed sweeping-MEKC method is sensitive, accurate, and efficient for fast screening of melamine in food.     

A Rapid and Sensitive Method for Determination of Melamine in Fish,Shrimp, Clam,and Winkle by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry with Microwave-Assisted Derivatization

A method for rapid and sensitive determination of melamine in aquatic products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with microwave-assisted derivatization was proposed in this paper. Melamine was extracted from aquatic product samples using methanol, and the extract was cleaned with a mixed-mode cationic exchange solid phase extraction column. After elution with 5 % ammonia–methanol solution and drying with nitrogen, the residue was derivatized using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide containing 1 % trimethylchlorosilane under microwave irradiation for 1 min with a power of 420 W, then detected with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and quantified by the external standard method. Some important parameters such as extraction solvent, microwave irradiation power and time, and derivatization reagent volume were investigated and optimized. The results showed that methanol could effectively extracted melamine from aquatic products as well as precipitated the protein in samples. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit for melamine was as low as 0.006 mg/kg, and the linear range was from 0.02 to 50 mg/kg with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of melamine in aquatic products (fish, shrimp, clam, and winkle), and the recovery for melamine was 89.65–105.16 % with relative standard deviation of 3.0–6.0 %.     

Analysis of melamine migration from melamine food contact articles

Migration of melamine has been determined for 41 types of retail melamine-ware products in Malaysia. This study was initiated by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, in the midst of public anxiety on the possibility of melamine leaching into foods that come into contact with the melamine-ware. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the level of melamine migration in melamine utensils available on the market. Samples of melamine tableware, including cups and plates, forks and spoons, tumblers, bowls, etc., were collected from various retail outlets. Following the test guidelines for melamine migration set by the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN 2004) with some modifications, the samples were exposed to two types of food simulants (3% acetic acid and distilled water) at three test conditions (25°C (room temperature), 70 and 100°C) for 30 min. Melamine analysis was carried out using LC–MS/MS with a HILIC column and mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate/formic acid (0.05%) in water and ammonium acetate/formic acid (0.05%) in acetonitrile (95?:?5, v/v). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 5?ng/ml. Melamine migration was detected from all samples. For the articles tested with distilled water, melamine migration were [median (interquartile range)] 22.2 (32.6), 49.3 (50.9), 84.9 (89.9) ng/ml at room temperature (25°C), 70 and 100°C, respectively. In 3% acetic acid, melamine migration was 31.5 (35.7), 81.5 (76.2), 122.0 (126.7) ng/ml at room temperature (25°C), 70 and 100°C, respectively. This study suggests that excessive heat and acidity may directly affect melamine migration from melamine-ware products. However the results showed that melamine migration in the tested items were well below the specific migration limit (SML) of 30?mg/kg (30,000?ng/ml) set out in European Commission Directive 2002/72/EC.     

酶联免疫吸附测定法检测白条鸭表皮组织中的脱氢松香酸

通过优化抗原包被质量浓度、抗体稀释倍数及二抗稀释倍数等参数,建立白条鸭表皮组织中脱氢松香酸（dehydroabietic acid,DHAA）含量的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）方法。白条鸭表皮组织中的DHAA用甲醇提取,经磷酸盐缓冲液稀释,使用酶标板进行检测。结果表明：最佳抗原包被质量浓度为1.0 μg/mL,最佳抗体稀释倍数为1∶6400,最佳二抗稀释倍数为1∶10000;ELISA方法的检测限及检测范围分别为41.0 ng/g和100.0～20150.0 ng/g;在100～5000 ng/g添加量范围内,DHAA回收率为78.2%～97.2%;实际样品分析结果显示,市场流通领域中白条鸭表皮组织中DHAA的检出率达到87%,含量范围为118.6～1199.2 ng/g。     

庆大霉素免疫亲和柱的制备及测定

建立庆大霉素残留的间接竞争ELISA 检测方法及其用于样品处理的免疫亲和柱的制备。结果表明：ELISA方法的IC50 为3.8ng/ml,线性范围为0.1～25ng/ml(R2 ＝ 0.99),检测限为0.1ng/ml;用该抗体做的免疫亲和柱使用条件进行了探索,表明当洗脱液为70% 甲醇- 磷酸盐缓冲液(7:3,V/V),体积为5ml 时,可以达到最佳的洗脱;利用庆大霉素标准品建立了HPLC 测定的标准曲线,测得吸附率均在90% 以上,回收率均在60% 以上,可以重复使用大约5 次左右,说明该免疫亲和柱的灵敏性和可靠性。     

纳米金修饰电极检测三聚氰胺条件的优化

为研制一种新型简单低成本的电化学传感方法,用于检测食品中的三聚氰胺。采用混合自组装的方式,将甲烷氧化菌素(Mb)功能化纳米金(AuNPs)组装到修饰电极表面,制备出Mb-AuNPs修饰电极用来检测三聚氰胺。通过电化学循环伏安法研究了三聚氰胺在此修饰电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,优化后的检测条件为:PBS溶液浓度为0.1 mol/L,PBS溶液pH为6.0。在三聚氰胺体系中的检测可知,三聚氰胺浓度与峰电流呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r为0.9909,该方法检出限(LOD)为0.384×10-8 mol/L。该电极选择性和重现性好,具有实际应用价值。     

Preparation of [13C3]-melamine and [13C3]-cyanuric acid and their application to the analysis of melamine and cyanuric acid in meat and pet food using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

For the determination of melamine and cyanuric acid the labelled internal standards [(13)C(3)]-melamine and [(13)C(3)]-cyanuric acid were synthesized using the common substrate [(13)C(3)]-cyanuric chloride by reaction with ammonia and acidified water, respectively. Standards with excellent isotopic and chemical purities were obtained in acceptable yields. These compounds were used to develop an isotope dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method to determine melamine and cyanuric acid in catfish, pork, chicken, and pet food. The method involved extraction into aqueous methanol, liquid-liquid extraction and ion exchange solid phase clean-up, with normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the so-called hydrophilic interaction mode. The method had a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 microg kg(-1) for both melamine and cyanuric acid in the four foods with a percentage coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 10%. The recovery of the method at this level was in the range of 87-110% and 96-110% for melamine and cyanuric acid, respectively.     

乳制品中三聚氰胺检测方法的现状及研究进展

三聚氰胺是一种三嗪类含氮杂环有机化合物,三聚氰胺分子中含氮量达66.7%,一些不法企业将其添加到牛奶、乳制品中,造成粗蛋白质虚高的假相,不仅对乳制品、养殖业等产业产生不利影响,对人类健康也构成严重威胁。因此,对乳制品中三聚氰胺的检测方法的研究,在食品安全检测方面早已成为了社会的热点。本文着重论述了近年来乳制品中三聚氰胺检测方法的研究现状,检测方法主要包括液相色谱-质谱联用法、气相色谱-质谱法、表面增强拉曼光谱、电化学分析方法、红外光谱法和荧光光度法等。随着仪器和科学技术的发展,开发操作简单、成本低廉、方便携带、准确快速、灵敏高效的乳制品中三聚氰胺的检测技术,是今后三聚氰胺技术研究的重要方向。     

亲水作用色谱串联质谱同时检测食品接触产品中三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸单体迁移量

建立一种亲水作用色谱串联质谱技术同时检测食品接触产品中三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸单体迁移量的方法。样品采用水、体积分数4%乙酸溶液、体积分数10%乙醇溶液、异辛烷和橄榄油模拟物进行浸泡。在优化色谱及质谱条件下三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸能很好分离,且分别在1～100ng/mL和2～200ng/mL范围内,峰面积和质量浓度线性关系良好。在50ng/mL添加回收实验结果表明,三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸的平均回收率分别为86.2%～134.0%和78.9%～156.0%,相对标准偏差分别为6.44%～17.93%和5.95%～11.78%。该法简便、快速、准确,可同时测定食品接触产品中三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸单体迁移量。     

沙丁胺醇直接竞争ELISA 法快速测定

建立沙丁胺醇的直接竞争ELISA(dcELISA)快速检测方法,采用高碘酸钠法制备辣根过氧化物酶标记沙丁胺醇单克隆抗体,棋盘滴定法确定包被抗原质量浓度和抗体稀释倍数,通过单因素试验,考察反应体系中表面活性剂、离子浓度、甲醇体积分数、pH 值因素对dcELISA 性能的影响,确定最优检测条件,同时考察方法的特异性。结果表明：酶标抗体克分子比为2.1 时偶合物的滴度最高,最佳反应条件为包被抗原质量浓度1μg/mL,酶标抗体稀释2560 倍,0.01mol/L、pH7.4 的磷酸盐抗体稀释液(PBS)中含体积分数0.05% 的Tween-20、0.5mol/L NaCl溶液和体积分数5% 的甲醇时dcELISA 具有最高的灵敏度和最好的稳定性,所建立方法的IC50 为10.3ng/mL,检测限为0.049ng/mL,线性范围0.3～76.30ng/mL,批内变异系数13.8%,批间变异系数为22.38%,与克伦特罗交叉反应率为321.18%,与溴布特罗交差反应率为29.09%,与其他结构类似物没有明显交叉反应。本研究所建立的dcELISA 可用于沙丁胺醇和克伦特罗的多残留检测。     

食品和饲料中三聚氰胺检测方法研究进展

三聚氰胺是一种三嗪类含氮杂环有机化合物。由于其较高的含氮量而被添加于食品和饲料中,对动物和人体造成了一定的危害。本文综述了近期的食品和饲料中三聚氰胺检测的样品前处理技术和分析方法,主要包括高效液相色谱法、气相色谱- 质谱法、液相色谱- 质谱法和酶联免疫法等。     

配方注册婴幼儿配方乳粉中蛋白质及三聚氰胺含量测定分析

目的通过测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中蛋白质及三聚氰胺含量,对我国现阶段配方注册的婴幼儿配方乳粉安全状况进行监测。方法婴幼儿配方乳粉中蛋白质的含量依照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中蛋白质的测定》中"第一法凯氏定氮法"进行检测;三聚氰胺的含量依照GB/T22388-2008《原料乳与乳制品中三聚氰胺检测方法》中"第一法高效液相色谱法"进行检测。结果样品中蛋白质含量均符合食品安全国家标准规定,且满足测定值不小于标签标示值80%的规定;三聚氰胺的含量均为未检出或低于检出限,符合原卫生部公告的限量值规定。结论根据食品安全国家标准或推荐标准的检测方法和评价指标,所检测的样品中蛋白质项目满足配方注册要求。     

Inter-laboratory evaluation studies for development of notified ELISA methods for allergic substances (wheat)

Extracts of sausage, sauce, pasta sauce, fish paste and cereal spiked with wheat standard protein at a level of 5-20 ng/mL as sample solutions were analyzed in replicate in 10 laboratories. Coefficients of variation (CVs) of both ELISA methods using a Wheat Protein ELISA Kit (Gliadin kit) and a FASTKIT Wheat ELISA Kit (Wheat ELISA kit) were mostly below 10%. Mean recoveries of the wheat standard protein from the food extracts were over 40% in the two ELISA methods except those from cereal extract determined using the Wheat ELISA kit. Repeatability relative standard deviations of wheat standard protein in the five food extracts were in the ranges of 16-26.9% and 3.7-36.2% for the Gliadin kit and the Wheat ELISA kit, respectively. Reproducibility relative standard deviations of wheat standard protein in the five food extracts were 21.6-38.5%, 29.7-53.8% for the Gliadin kit and the Wheat ELISA kit, respectively. The recoveries of wheat standard protein from the cereal extract were improved by the increasing the amount of antibody coated on the plate in the Wheat ELISA kit. The detection limits of both ELISA methods were 1 ng/mL in sample solutions. These results suggested that the notified ELISA methods are reliable and reproducible for the inspection of wheat protein levels in extracts of sausage, sauce, pasta sauce, fish paste and cereal.     

酶联免疫吸附法快速测定不同样品 基质中三聚氰胺

目的 探求不同样品基质中三聚氰胺残留量的快速检测方法.为快速筛查不同种类食品中非法添加三聚氰胺提供技术保障.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法在奶制品(奶粉、液态奶)、成品饲料(鸡饲料、猪饲料)、饲料原料(鱼粉、肉骨粉、豆粕、麸皮)、肉类(鸡肉、猪肉、内脏)等样品基质中添加一定浓度的三聚氰胺进行测定,并对检测结果进行分析.结果 酶联免疫试剂盒对奶制品和肉类检出限均能达到1.0 mg/kg;对成品饲料基质中的三聚氰胺的检测,检出限可达到2 mg/kg,而对饲料原料中的三聚氰胺的检测,检出限都不能达到2 mg/kg.结论 对奶制品中的三聚氰胺检测完全符合我国的临时限量标准;对成品饲料中的三聚氰胺残留的检测同样符合其限量标准(2.5 mg/kg),而对饲料原料中的三聚氰胺的检测,由于不同基质中检出限不同,不能直接采用酶联免疫法进行快速筛查;酶联免疫法也适用于肉类中的三聚氰胺的检测.     

Inter-laboratory evaluation studies for establishment of notified ELISA methods for allergic substances (peanuts)

Inter-laboratory evaluation studies were conducted for ELISA methods for allergic substances (peanuts). Extracts of biscuit, sauce, chocolate and butter spiked with peanut standard protein at a level of 5-20 ng/mL as sample solutions were analyzed in replicate in 10 laboratories. Coefficients of variation (CVs) of the ELISA methods using a Peanut Protein ELISA Kit (Peanut kit) and a FASTKIT Peanut ELISA kit (Peanut ELISA kit) were mostly below 10%. Mean recoveries of the peanut standard protein from the food extracts were over 40% in the two ELISA methods. Repeatability relative standard deviations of peanut standard protein in four food extracts were in the ranges of 15.2-49.7% and 3.0-28.3% for the Peanut kit and the Peanut ELISA kit, respectively. Reproducibility relative standard deviations of peanut standard protein in four food extracts were 23.5-44.4%, 9.6-28.4% for the Peanut kit and the Peanut ELISA kit, respectively. The detection limits of both ELISA methods were 2-2.5 ng/mL in sample solutions. These results suggested that the notified ELISA methods are reliable and reproducible for the inspection of peanut protein levels in extracts of biscuit, sauce, chocolate and butter.     

Inter-laboratory evaluation studies for establishment of notified ELISA methods for allergic substances (buckwheat)

Inter-laboratory evaluation studies were conducted for the ELISA methods for allergic substances (buckwheat). Extracts of snack, bun and udon spiked with buckwheat standard protein at a level of 5-20 ng/mL as sample solutions were analyzed in replicate at 10 laboratories. Coefficients of variation (CVs) of the ELISA methods using a Buckwheat Protein ELISA Kit (Buckwheat kit) and a FASTKIT Buckwheat ELISA kit (Buckwheat ELISA kit) were mostly below 10%. Mean recoveries of the buckwheat standard protein from the food extracts were over 40% in the two ELISA methods. Repeatability relative standard deviations of buckwheat standard protein in three food extracts were in the ranges of 6.8-78.5% and 5.0-33.9% for the Buckwheat kit and the Buckwheat ELISA kit, respectively. Reproducibility relative standard deviations of buckwheat standard protein in three food extracts were 11.9-69.5% and 16.5-34.1% for the Buckwheat kit and the Buckwheat ELISA kit, respectively. The detection limits of both ELISA methods were 1 ng/mL in sample solutions. These results suggest that the notified ELISA methods are reliable and reproducible for the inspection of buckwheat protein levels in extracts of snack, bun and udon.     

Inter-laboratory evaluation studies of notified ELISA methods for allergic substances (egg)

Inter-laboratory evaluation studies were conducted for the notified ELISA methods for allergic substances (Egg). Standard extracts of egg spiked in extracts of sausage, sauce, cookie, bread and cereal at a level of 5-20 ng/mL as the sample solution were analyzed in replicate in 10 laboratories. Coefficients of variation (CVs) of all three ELISA methods using an Egg Protein ovalbumin ELISA Kit (ovalbumin kit), an Egg Protein ovomucoid ELISA Kit (ovomucoid kit) and a FASTKIT Egg ELISA kit (Egg ELISA kit) were mostly less than 10%. Mean recoveries of the standard extract of egg were over 40% in the three ELISA methods. Repeatability relative standard deviations of egg standard solution in five food extracts were in the ranges of 18.7-25.5%, 18.6-41.8%, 21.3-43.3% for the ovalbumin kit, the ovomucoid kit and the Egg ELISA kit, respectively. Reproducibility relative standard deviations of egg standard solution in five food extracts were 16.8-35.1%, 19.6-35.8%, 24.7-51.1% for the ovalbumin kit, the ovomucoid kit and the Egg ELISA kit, respectively. The detection limits of all the ELISA methods were 4-5 ng/mL in sample solutions. These results suggested that the notified ELISA methods are reliable and reproducible for the inspection of egg protein levels in extracts of sausage, sauce, cookie, bread and cereal.     

超高效液相色谱法测定动物源性食品中的三聚氰胺

建立动物源性食品中三聚氰胺含量测定的超高效液相色谱法。鸡蛋样品用1% 三氯乙酸- 乙腈(3:1,V/V)溶液提取、离心、固相萃取柱净化,然后采用CR 色谱柱(阳离子交换填料SCX 与C18 包被型填料按质量比1:4 混合)进行超高效液相色谱分析。兔肉样品用乙腈提取,离心后以强阳离子色谱柱进行超高效液相色谱分析。对色谱条件进行优化,选用236nm 作为检测波长,鸡蛋中三聚氰胺在浓度为1.00～5.00mg/L 的范围内线性关系良好,在添加浓度为1.00、2.00、5.00mg/kg 时,添加回收率在89.24%～91.06% 之间,RSD 小于6.00％。对于兔肉中三聚氰胺浓度在0.4～4mg/L 的范围内线性良好,在添加浓度为2.00、5.00、10.00mg/kg 时,添加回收率在82.65%～86.54% 之间,RSD 小于7.50%。该方法简便、快速,检测灵敏度、准确度及精密度均满足检测要求。