International patent classification from the viewpoint of Japanese users

To clarify the rules for IPC classification the Japanese Patent Office has issued a Working Standard for assigning IPCs to Patents the contents of which are briefly described in the article.In some selected groups the Japanese Patent Office uses a subdivision of the IPC so called ‘Developing Marks’ — in others a special classification is done parallel to and based on another viewpoint than the IPC — so called ‘Facet Classification Marks’. Finally some proposals of Japan for the Int. Cl.⁴ are mentioned.     

Optimum planned maintenance with discounting

In this paper we treat the optimum ordering policy, in which when an ordered spare is delivered, it can be put into inventory until a prespecified time if the original unit is still operating. We apply the expected total discounted cost as a criterion of optimality, introducing, with an exponential discount rate, two types of lead times and several costs. It is shown that under certain conditions there exist optimum ordering policies minimizing that expected cost. Finally, the results in this paper include those in an earlier paper by Kaio and Osaki (1978) as special cases.     

A multi-class classification MCLP model with particle swarm optimization for network intrusion detection

The critical data we share through computer network gets stolen by unethical means. This unethical way of accessing one’s data without proper authentication becomes intrusion. To solve this issue, in this paper we propose a new network intrusion detection method, Multi-Class Classification Multiple Criteria Linear Programming (MCC-MCLP) model. MCLP is a mathematical classification technique that is used widely to solve real-time data mining problems. So far, the literature discusses only about binary classification MCLP. But in this paper we propose a Multi-Class Classification MCLP model. We use PSO for fine-tuning the parameters of MCC-MCLP. KDD CUP 99 data set is used for performance evaluation of the proposed method. Our MCC-MCLP method classifies the data better and helps in fine-tuning the parameters with the help of PSO. The results clearly show that the proposed model performs better in terms of detection rate, false alarm rate and accuracy.     

A statistical evaluation of the free energy of Fe-base ternary ordering alloys

The free energy of the Fe-base ternary ordering alloys whereB2 andD0₃ ordered structures are formed is evaluated. The statistical theory is employed using a pairwise interaction approximation taking into account not only the atomic interaction but also the magnetic interaction, based upon the Bragg-Williams-Gorsky model. The application of this model on Fe-Si-Co ordering alloys are demonstrated. The propriety of the calculation results are performed by comparing the experimental results. The influences of the magnetic energy to the stability of ordered structures are also demonstrated.     

Micromechanics of stress and strain-controlled, high cycle fatigue crack initiation of intermetallic compounds

Tests have shown that ordered intermetallic compounds favor planar slip and tend to have no cross-slip or multislip. The yield stress of ordered compounds is less than that of disordered compounds. However, the stress-controlled, high cycle fatigue life of ordered compounds is appreciably more than that of disordered compounds. This is considered to be caused by a low rate of crack initiation. In contrast, strain-controlled tests show that ordering shortens life by crack initiation. In this paper, we attempt to explain these observed behaviors by the micromechanic theory of high cycle fatigue crack initiation developed by Lin and coworkers. The effect of ordering on crack initiation under cyclic combined axial and torsional loadings is also shown.     

Order-disorder transformation of the body centered cubic phase in the Ti-Al-X (X = Ta, Nb, or Mo) system

The ordering of the bcc phase present in the Ti-Al-X (X = Ta, Nb, or Mo) system is investigated in this paper. There is a ternary phase of ordered bcc (B2) structure near the composition Ti-25Al-25X. All compositions mentioned in this paper are in atomic percent, unless mentioned otherwise. The phase reactions in Ti-33Al-17Ta alloy are examined in detail following solidification and solid-state processing treatments. It can be found from the differential thermal analysis (DTA) that the B2 phase in this alloy is stable up to 1205°C, where it experiences a solid-state order to disorder transformation. The rate of this ordering reaction is so high that it cannot be arrested by rapid solidification processing (RSP). The presence of thermal antiphase boundaries (APBs) in the microstructure confirms the solid-state ordering of the B2 phase from the disordered bcc phase. Ordering reactions involving the bcc phase in the Ti-Al-Nb and Ti-Al-Mo systems are also studied because of their similarity with the Ti-Al-Ta system. It can be found that they are also solid-state ordering reactions. In the Ti-25Al-25Nb alloy the B2 phase is ordered up to 1141°C; whereas in the Ti-25Al-25Mo alloy the B2 phase is ordered up to 1418°C.     

The mechanism of order-induced intrinsic embrittlement in a stoichiometric Ni4Mo alloy by TEM and 3DAP characterization

To illustrate the mechanism of order-induced intrinsic embrittlement in a stoichiometric Ni₄Mo alloy, TEM and 3DAP were employed to investigate the phase separation during ordering in this paper. It showed that the atomic ordering initiated homogeneously, but some oriented ordered domains can grow preferentially later. Therefore, with atomic ordering, the average ordered domain size continues to increase, which improves the yield strength and ultimate strength due to increasing the critical shear stresses. However, except the growth of ordered phase, different phases with enriched molybdenum and depleted molybdenum were formed after ordering. The depleted molybdenum phase gradually reduces the Mo composition, which deteriorates the ultimate strength, and meantime the strength of grain boundary does not enhance, or even weakens. Hence, the atomic ordering induces embrittlement.     

M_2M'AlB_4(M = Mn,Fe, Co,M' = Cr,Mo, W): Theoretical predicted ordered MAB phases with Cr_3AlB_4 crystal structure

The nanolaminated MAB phases have attracted great research interests due to their unusual combination of metal-like and ceramic-like properties, which is similar to MAX phases. Recently, ordered quaternary MAX phases have been discovered, which enriches the family of MAX phases, and opens a new window to tailor the properties of MAX phases and to develop new MXenes. In the present work, we explored possible ordered quaternary MAB phases with Cr_3AlB_4 structure(space group: Pmmm) by first-principles calculations. The predictions show that M_2M'AlB_4 phases with M = Mn, Fe, Co and M' = Cr, Mo, W exhibit strong tendency of ordering, where M locates at 2t site(0.5, 0.5, z_(2t)) and M' locates at 1 g site(0, 0.5,0.5). The main driving force of ordering may be the differences in bonding strengths between Al and M elements. Analyses on chemical bonds reveal that bonding strengths increase following the order:Al-Mn Al-Fe Al-Co, which is consistent with the prediction that ordering tendency increases when M changes from Mn to Co, as derived from enthalpy differences. The ordered M_2M'AlB_4 phases with M =Mn or Fe are predicted ferromagnetic and ordered M_2M'AlB_4 phases display lower shear resistance and possibly better ductility in comparison to Cr_3AlB_4.     

A total ALE FE formulation for axisymmetric and torsional problems (including viscoplasticity,thermodynamic coupling and dynamics)

This paper—first—extends a recent ‘assumed enhanced deformation gradient’ finite ring(segment) element (Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 2001; 50 :899–918.) to Arbitary Lagrange Euler (ALE) computations, by setting up the assumed tensor on the computational configuration, and—second—shows an elegant way of incorporating dynamics into real ALE computations (no splitting into purely—Lagrange steps and then—remeshing steps), by introducing material mesh velocities and accelerations and spatial mesh velocities and accelerations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Models and algorithms for the dynamic-demand joint replenishment problem

This paper considers the problem of coordinated ordering of items having deterministic but time-varying demands where there is a common ordering cost if one or more of these items are ordered in addition to individual items ordering costs. Two new integer linear-programming formulations are presented and compared with the classical formulation. Several well-known heuristics are described and a new improvement procedure is proposed. The relative performance of these heuristics is assessed. Results show the superiority of the new formulations and of the new improvement procedure.     

Synthesis maps for multivariate ordinal variables in manufacturing

Many quality characteristics of products or services are commonly evaluated on ordinal scales with a finite number of categories. A systematic analysis of categorical variables collected over time may be very useful for a profitable management strategy. In order to measure customer satisfaction or quality improvement in a process, two or more quality characteristics are often conjointly measured and summarized by suitable indexes. A common practice suggests evaluating a synthetic index by mapping each outcome of a multivariate ordinal variable into numbers. This procedure is not always legitimate from the measurement theory point of view. In this paper an alternative approach based on the algebraic theory of the ordered sets is proposed. This method avoids mapping multivariate components into numbers. Multivariate ordinal variable components are synthesized by ordering the multivariate sample space. The ordering criterion is defined on the basis of the specific characteristics of the process at hand. Practical effects in the use of this method are shown on a series of application examples.     

LATENT IMAGES ON THE CAMERA’S WALL: Forensic aesthetics as photography

This paper examines the “algorithmic turn” in light of the “forensic turn” and seeks to consider the relevance of Forensic Architecture’s work for the theory of photography. First, I will analyze the role of photography as testimony in light of the concept of “forensic aesthetics,” and argue that with it, the role of photography as evidence is less related to its visible dimensions and more to its being a material trace—an invisible latent image that needs to be developed and animated. Second, I will diagnose the implication of the concept of “forensic aesthetics” in one of the agency’s first research projects: an investigation of US drone warfare in Pakistan from 2011 and argue that the concern that arose with the emergence of digital photography from a “post-photographic” era—in which the effect of digital technologies was perceived as the virtualization of the world—takes a material twist with forensic aesthetics. It is precisely the digitization of photography that enables it to maintain its indexical power, even at the cost of losing its limits as a medium.     

A hybrid finite mixture model for exploring heterogeneous ordering patterns of driver injury severity

Debates on the ordering patterns of crash injury severity are ongoing in the literature. Models without proper econometrical structures for accommodating the complex ordering patterns of injury severity could result in biased estimations and misinterpretations of factors. This study proposes a hybrid finite mixture (HFM) model aiming to capture heterogeneous ordering patterns of driver injury severity while enhancing modeling flexibility. It attempts to probabilistically partition samples into two groups in which one group represents an unordered/nominal data-generating process while the other represents an ordered data-generating process. Conceptually, the newly developed model offers flexible coefficient settings for mining additional information from crash data, and more importantly it allows the coexistence of multiple ordering patterns for the dependent variable. A thorough modeling performance comparison is conducted between the HFM model, and the multinomial logit (MNL), ordered logit (OL), finite mixture multinomial logit (FMMNL) and finite mixture ordered logit (FMOL) models. According to the empirical results, the HFM model presents a strong ability to extract information from the data, and more importantly to uncover heterogeneous ordering relationships between factors and driver injury severity. In addition, the estimated weight parameter associated with the MNL component in the HFM model is greater than the one associated with the OL component, which indicates a larger likelihood of the unordered pattern than the ordered pattern for driver injury severity.     

Geordnete Nanoinseln für schnellere Transistoren

The spontaneous formation of self‐assembled nanostructures in strained‐layer epitaxy offers the possibility to fabricate perfectly passivated nanostructures on planar substrate surfaces in a very simple way. However, as plentiful investigations are on these nano‐islands, as limited is the control over their exact position. Since fabrication is based on a self‐assembling process the nanostructures nucleate more or less randomly on the surface. Hence, one of the biggest challenges in this research field is the controlled ordering of self‐assembled nanostructures on a planar substrate surface. Taking the SiGe material system it is shown that pre‐patterning in combination with self‐assembly leads to long‐range ordered lines of self‐assembled nanoislands. The ordering opens the way to a new concept for faster Si‐based field effect transistors, which exploits the specific electronic properties of self‐assembled Ge/Si islands. The transistor is called 'DotFET'.     

Role of Ordering Energy in Formation of Grain Structure and Special Boundaries Spectrum in OrderedAlloys with L12 Superstructure

1. IntroductionIt is well known that the atomic structure of thespecial boundaries changes at the order - disorder AILly phase transformati.nll'2]. In the frame of coincidence site lattice (CSL) model[1'21 it was shownthat an antiphase boundary appears in the plane ofspecial grain boundary, when a shift on the full vector takes place. This antiphase boundary is denotedGAPB. This phenomenon leads to increase in the energy of special boundary up to the value of GAPBenergy. It was revealed …     

A computational study of kinetic phase diagrams for CoPt alloy films during epitaxial growth

We have studied the kinetic processes of the epitaxial growth for CoPt alloy films using the master equation method. The kinetic phase diagrams of CoPt alloy films which show the phase formation conditions during the epitaxial growth are determined. From the kinetic phase diagrams, we find that the [001] ordered structure is much easy to be grown at high temperature while the [100] ordered structure is easy to be grown at low temperature although both the [001] and [100] ordering could be the equilibrium ground states. The atomic deposition, ordering and surface segregation lead to a rich variety of phases in epitaxial growth. The surface segregation is found to enhance the [001] ordering and leads to the formation of the [001] ordered phase at high temperature.     

Alloy design: a historical perspective

This paper presents a historical perspective of the progress of mankind from the bronze age to the present stage in alloy development. In particular, the last four decades have seen empiricism giving way to intelligent and informed design of alloys. A spectacular example from this decade is the design of metallic glasses with optimum magnetic properties in 1979.     

Initiation of ordering in an AuCu alloy

Planar misfit between fcc and fct and elastic anisotropy in a cubic crystal were examined to understand the crystallographic relationship between the ordered domain and the matrix in the ordering of an AuCu alloy. The results of these calculations did not indicate any definite conjugate plane between the ordered phase and surrounding matrix. A model modified from the crystallization phenomena in amorphous alloys was proposed to understand the ordering in the AuCu alloy. According to the model, the degree of order can be varied from the surface of the ordered domain to the matrix with some area of transitional region, i.e. without any defined interface. This leads to the conclusion that the idea of a specific habit plane is meaningless for understanding the initiation of the AuCu ordering. The validity of the model was supported by the direct observation of the initial stage of precipitation in an Al-Li alloy.     

Ein Japaner in Marburg

The heart of this article is the transmission of selected chapters from the Japanese bacteriologist Taichi Kitashima’s (1870–1956) autobiographical memoirs (in Japanese, Jiden) published in 1955, in which Kitashima reports on his stay in Marburg in a very personal and subjective way. Like other Japanese physicians of his generation, Kitashima spent several years in Germany in order to work with the serum researcher Emil von Behring and continued his education there. The contact came through Kitashima’s teacher Shibasaburô Kitasato, who had worked with Behring in Berlin on questions of immunology. The memoir gives insight into Behring’s laboratory work and his relation to his “subordinates”. The editors investigate to what extent Kitashima’s assessment, made from a distance of fifty years, of his stay in Germany as “wasted time” was accurate, given the advantages that arose from having been part of a vibrant European scientific community, including encounters in the Pasteur Institute in Paris, and why he cultivated his contacts with Germany and the Behring family during National Socialism.     

有序度对Ni2Cr合金氢致脆断的影响

研究了环境气氛、动态渗氢及预渗氢对不同有序度Ni2Cr合金脆化的影响.结果表明,有序度对Ni2Cr合金在室温空气及氢气中的环境氢脆没有明显影响;动态渗氢拉伸时Ni2Cr合金存在严重的氢脆敏感性,无序和高度有序合金比部分有序合金脆化严重;预渗氢时,氢原子通过晶格扩散及晶界扩散进入合金,Ni2Cr合金氢脆敏感性随有序度的增大而减小.