基于新的距离度量的K-Modes聚类算法

传统的K-Modes聚类算法采用简单的0-1匹配差异方法来计算同一分类属性下两个属性值之间的距离, 没有充分考虑其相似性. 对此, 基于粗糙集理论, 提出了一种新的距离度量. 该距离度量在度量同一分类属性下两个属性值之间的差异时, 克服了简单0-1匹配差异法的不足, 既考虑了它们本身的异同, 又考虑了其他相关分类属性对它们的区分性. 并将提出的距离度量应用于传统K-Modes聚类算法中. 通过与基于其他距离度量的K-Modes聚类算法进行实验比较, 结果表明新的距离度量是更加有效的.     

基于相似度计算公式改进的K-中心点算法

在传统K-中心点聚类算法中，相似性一般仅仅用距离来进行度量，这种度量方法均基于对象属性之间是独立同分布的，但大多数真实数据对象属性之间都相关联的，因此，本文将引用非独立同分布计算公式，对传统距离计算相似度方法进行替换。同时，由于此公式会依据属性值的频率来进行计算，但数值型数据对于频率并不敏感，因此，本文在引入公式之前，将数值型数据按属性列进行聚类与替换。实验结果表明，本文方法可以提高算法的聚类精度。     

一种适用于混合型分类数据的聚类算法

传统的K-modes算法采用简单的属性匹配方式计算同一属性下不同属性值的距离，并且计算样本距离时令所有属性权重相等。在此基础上，综合考虑有序型分类数据中属性值的顺序关系、无序型分类数据中不同属性值之间的相似性以及各属性之间的关系等，提出一种更加适用于混合型分类数据的改进聚类算法，该算法对无序型分类数据和有序型分类数据采用不同的距离度量，并且用平均熵赋予相应的权重。实验结果表明，改进算法在人工数据集和真实数据集上均有比K-modes算法及其改进算法更好的聚类效果。     

一种基于聚类的异常入侵检测方法

传统的K均值聚类算法采用欧式距离计算样本间的相似度,由于未考虑不同样本属性对于衡量样本间距离区分度的重要性,导致相似度计算不准确,聚类性能较差。提出了一种改进的K均值聚类算法,通过计算每个属性相对于聚类类别的信息增益率,将信息增益率作为属性权重计算加权欧式距离,使对类别区分度贡献较大的属性拥有较大的权重,以提高样本间的相似性度量的准确性。在经典的入侵检测数据集UCI KDD CUP上的实验结果证明,与传统的基于K均值的入侵检测方法相比,此方法能够有效地提高检测准确率。     

基于贝叶斯和谐度的层次聚类

层次聚类是一种重要的数据分析技术。传统的层次聚类方法大都采用欧式距离度量类之间相似度,不能有效处理类之间重合和类密度变化大的情况。文中提出一种基于贝叶斯和谐度的层次聚类方法,采用和谐度增幅代替传统层次聚类方法采用的欧式距离。贝叶斯和谐度取自于贝叶斯阴阳和谐学习理论,能衡量整个数据的分布情况和指导选择合适的类别数。文中方法根据和谐度的变化来度量类之间的相似度,能克服传统层次聚类的缺点;同时更易选择阈值终止层次聚类的合并,从而产生合适的类别数。最后通过两个实验验证文中方法的有效性。     

基于新相异度量的模糊K-Modes聚类算法

提出了一种基于新相异度量的模糊K-Modes算法。该算法假定不同属性对聚类结果有不同程度的影响,定义了新的属性值函数,以基于划分相似度的聚类精确度作为聚类结果的评价准则。通过真实数据的实验结果表明,新的基于相异度量的模糊K-Modes算法比传统的模糊K-Modes算法有更好的聚类效果。     

基于距离度量学习的集成谱聚类

无监督学习聚类算法的性能依赖于用户在输入数据集上指定的距离度量,该距离度量直接影响数据样本之间的相似性计算,因此,不同的距离度量往往对数据集的聚类结果具有重要的影响。针对谱聚类算法中距离度量的选取问题,提出一种基于边信息距离度量学习的谱聚类算法。该算法利用数据集本身蕴涵的边信息,即在数据集中抽样产生的若干数据样本之间是否具有相似性的信息,进行距离度量学习,将学习所得的距离度量准则应用于谱聚类算法的相似度计算函数,并据此构造相似度矩阵。通过在UCI标准数据集上的实验进行分析,结果表明,与标准谱聚类算法相比,该算法的预测精度得到明显提高。     

基于相似性二次度量的高维数据聚类算法

针对高维数据相似度难定义的问题,提出了一种基于相似性二次度量的高维聚类算法.该算法首先由属性分布相似度和空间距离计算数据对象间实距离矩阵,得到各对象的最近邻表,根据该表内元素的交叉情况计算出数据间的相似性矩阵,最后根据该相似矩阵进行数据聚类.实验结果显示该算法能够获得优秀的聚类结果.     

基于密度的混合属性数据流聚类算法

数据流聚类分析是当前数据挖掘研究的热点问题,为了克服数据流聚类框架CluStream算法不能处理混合属性数据流的缺陷,提出了基于密度的混合属性数据流聚类算法MCStream.在微聚类中使用面向维度的距离来度量对象之间的相似度,在宏聚类中使用改进的密度聚类算法M-DBSCAN对微簇进行聚类.实验结果表明,MCStream算法能快速有效地处理混合属性数据流聚类问题.     

一种基于相似性度量的高维数据聚类算法的研究

针对传统基于距离度量的聚类算法难以适合高维数据聚类以及高维数据之间相似度难定义的问题,提出了一种新的高维数据聚类算法.该算法基于一个能够更准确地表达出高维对象之间相似性的度量函数,首先计算对象两两之间的相似度并得出一个相似度矩阵,然后根据该相似度矩阵和阈值大小自底向上对数据进行聚类分析.实验结果显示,该算法能够获得质量更高的聚类结果,并且不受孤立点影响,对输入数据顺序也不敏感.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.