高层建筑楼梯与电梯联合疏散模拟研究

运用Pathfinder研究某高层建筑火灾人员安全疏散.首先模拟单楼梯、单电梯的单途径疏散,其次进行顶层优先疏散及避难层模式的楼梯-电梯联合疏散研究,并针对两种联合疏散策略采用不同人员分流的方法进一步优化.结果表明:在顶层优先疏散策略下,电梯最佳分离层会随每层人员数量的减少而下降;顶层优先疏散情况下人员分流优化后可以减...     

超高层办公建筑人员安全疏散策略对比

以某超高层办公建筑为例,计算并优选出其发生火灾时人员最佳疏散策略。依据传统单纯依靠楼梯疏散(方案一)策略设计两种新疏散模型:分阶段使用楼梯—电梯双通道(方案二)和就近性协同使用楼梯—电梯双通道(方案三)。改进传统经验公式,得出新的时间计算公式,结合电梯运行机理,采用MATLAB软件分析电梯选择停靠层L与乘电梯人员比例K对双通道疏散时间的影响,对比各方案疏散效率,采用Pathfinder软件对比较结果进行验证。研究表明:方案二在疏散时间与疏散效率上优于方案三,而方案三在操作性上更接近实际疏散情形。     

高层写字楼火灾混合疏散策略研究

选取某高层写字楼进行实例研究,利用PyroSim进行火灾模拟,计算25层走廊着火时的可用安全疏散时间,运用Pathfinder建立人员紧急疏散模型,分析混合疏散策略对疏散效率的影响。结果表明：相比温度、CO体积分数,能见度到达人员安全疏散界限的时间更短。25层走廊着火时,最不利条件下着火层可用安全疏散时间为319.1 s。楼梯疏散、楼梯电梯混合疏散所需安全疏散时间分别为526.3、427.9 s,均不满足安全疏散条件。楼梯、电梯及避难层混合疏散所需安全疏散时间为294.2 s。楼梯、楼梯电梯混合疏散整栋楼分别用时2 618、2 289 s。楼梯、电梯与避难层混合疏散整栋楼用时1 796 s。因此,高层建筑火灾时,楼梯、电梯与避难层混合疏散效率更高,更安全。研究结果为制定高层写字楼火灾应急疏散预案提供依据。     

火灾中电梯疏散的可行性

引言 电梯交通系统是智能建筑的重要组成部分，智能高层建筑的不断增加，使发生火灾的频率也在不断增大。随着建筑物层数的增加，建筑火灾的逃生问题越来越引起人们关注。以往限于建筑技术、管理技术、电梯制造工艺技术以及电梯群控技术，通常规定电梯是不宜用于火灾情况下人员逃生的。只能通过楼梯疏散来解决高层建筑火灾疏散问题。     

高层建筑突发灾害下电梯疏散模拟研究

在论证电梯作为高层建筑疏散设备可行性的基础上,探讨利用pathfinder对高层建筑进行人员疏散模拟。通过制定不同疏散方案,研究使用电梯前后的疏散时间和出口人流量,合理分配楼梯和电梯的承载人数,提出最优的疏散方案。结果表明:在高层建筑中,人员疏散最大的瓶颈是楼梯;利用楼梯结合电梯的疏散方式能够减少楼梯的拥堵,有效缩短疏散时间,大幅度提高疏散效率。     

浅析高层建筑火灾情况下人员疏散途径

高层建筑火灾具有火势蔓延快、灭火救援难度大、人员疏散时间长等诸多特点,一旦出现火灾事故极易导致严重的生命、财产损失。文章首先分析了近年来我国高层建筑火灾发生情况与特点,其后具体探讨了高层建筑火灾下人员疏散要求与疏散途径,并通过案例验证了电梯疏散与楼梯疏散集合使用的有效性,以期进一步保证我国高层建筑的安全发展。     

在火灾中动态调整电梯疏散的范围

在高层建筑发生火灾时,根据火灾发展的时空特性,一定范围内的客运电梯可以在一定时间内用于人员疏散。利用火灾自动报警系统的探测器探测火灾范围,根据探测器的空间位置及报警的次序可以预测火灾蔓延趋势,并结合视频监控系统的现场图像,作为调整可以使用电梯范围的决策依据。根据电梯所受危险程度的不同,确定采用不同的应对策略。操作人员综合各种信息,通过广播系统和公告信息系统,与现场工作人员一起引导人群选择电梯或者楼梯疏散。应建立用于电梯在火灾中疏散人员的监控系统,本文给出了其作用、组成和实施方案。     

国内外超高层公共建筑疏散路径对比研究

对国内外关于超高层公共建筑疏散路径的设计要求及研究情况进行了对比分析。从增加疏散楼梯数量、设置辅助疏散电梯、避难层的设置等方面进行分析,对比了我国与美国、英国和日本的设计要求的异同。对比结果表明:各国均要求根据实际情况增加疏散楼梯的数量,而非无限制地增加单个楼梯的疏散宽度;对于火灾状态下使用电梯疏散的研究仍在进行中;对超高层内是否设置避难层,目前仍有争议,我国的防火设计要求在适当位置设置避难层。     

高层建筑的垂直疏散通道设计

高层建筑的垂直交通．平时以电梯作为主要垂直交通工具．楼梯仅兼作1～5层及相邻层间的短途交通辅助工具，楼梯的主要功能为火灾发生时的垂直流散通道。根据（高层民用建筑防火规范）规定，高层建筑必须设防火分区：一类高层为1000m2，二类高层为1500m2设一个防火分区，每个防火分区内必须设2部以上楼梯。因此，尽可能减少楼梯、过道、电梯及电梯厅等交通面积．增加有效使用面积．且使疏散通道安全可靠．是每一位设计高层建筑的建筑师必须面临的重要课题。一、楼梯按防火性能分类及适应性楼梯按防火性能分为三类：1开敞式楼梯（图1－A）此…     

电梯和楼梯耦合条件下人员疏散规律研究

通过建立楼梯和电梯混合疏散模型,初步研究楼梯疏散和电梯疏散之间的规律,重点分析疏散人数、建筑高度、起火楼层对混合疏散的影响,优化电梯和楼梯耦合下的人员疏散模式,为高层建筑有条件使用电梯疏散提供技术支持.     

A Study on People’s Attitude to the Use of Elevators for Fire Escape

Currently, elevators are not considered as a proper means of escape in fires and people have been educated and trained to use staircases for fire escape. However, it is difficult for all the occupants to evacuate only by staircases timely and safely in super high-rise buildings, especially for the old and disabled. Considering the fact that super high-rise buildings are constructed in increasing numbers in many Asian cities, it becomes much more necessary to reconsider the use of elevators for emergency escape. Besides a mechanically safe elevator system, people’s cooperation is of critical importance to assure an efficient egress process. To explore people’s attitude to the use of elevators for fire escape in high-rise buildings and the diversity based on demographics, a study was conducted via face-to-face interviews in two different cities of China. Respondents’ demographics and their responses to hypothetical fire scenarios were collected via a set of structured questions. The results showed that most people would consider using elevators for fire escape in super high-rise buildings. The main influencing factors of their attitude were firemen’s instruction and the height of their location in the building. Statistical diversity was found based on demographics. These results indicated that people’s attitude to elevator evacuation was positive and further study should be very important.     

Unannounced Evacuation Experiment in a High-Rise Hotel Building with Evacuation Elevators: A Study of Evacuation Behaviour Using Eye-Tracking

Past studies suggest that people are often reluctant to use occupant evacuation elevators in case of fire. However, existing research is scarce and current knowledge is based on questionnaire studies and laboratory experiments. An unannounced evacuation experiment was therefore performed on the 16th floor of a 35-floor high-rise hotel building. Sixty-seven participants took part and eye-tracking glasses were used to collect data on exit choice and eye fixations. Three different scenarios were studied, including two different hotel room locations on the floor and a variation of guidance system for one of these locations, i.e., flashing green lights next to the evacuation sign at the elevators. Results suggest that people typically choose the elevator for evacuation, even if their hotel room was located closer to the evacuation stair. Flashing green lights next to an evacuation sign made people look more at this sign. However, in spite of looking more at the sign, the flashing light was not shown to significantly improve compliance with the sign. Also, the results suggest that a detector activated self-closing fire door without vision panels to the elevator lobby made it more difficult to find the evacuation elevators in an emergency.

     

Modelling total evacuation strategies for high-rise buildings

This paper focuses on the use of egress models to assess the optimal strategy in the case of total evacuation in high-rise buildings. The model case study consists of two identical twin towers linked with two sky-bridges at different heights. Each tower is a 50-floor office building. The use of either horizontal or vertical egress components or a combination of them is simulated. The egress components under consideration are stairs (either 2 or 3 stairs), occupant evacuation elevators, service elevators (available or not for the evacuation of the occupants), transfer floors and sky-bridges. Seven different evacuation strategies have been tested which consider the total evacuation of a single tower. The evacuation scenarios have been simulated with a continuous spatial representation evacuation model (Pathfinder). In order to perform a cross validation of the model results, two strategies involving the evacuation using stairs or occupant evacuation elevators have also been simulated using a fine network model (STEPS). Results refer to the analysis of total evacuation times. The simulation work highlights the assumptions required to represent the possible behaviours of the occupants in order to qualitatively rank the strategies. The lowest evacuation times are obtained simulating strategies involving the sole use of occupant evacuation elevators and the combined use of transfer floors and sky-bridges. This study suggests that the effectiveness of evacuation strategies involving the combination of stairs and elevators significantly decreases in high-rise buildings if they are not combined with appropriate messaging/signage to guide occupants in their behaviours.     

火灾时人的避难心理行为及建筑疏散设计

就建筑火灾时人的避难心理行为模式进行了研究,讨论了人在疏散过程中可能的行为方式;比较分析了常见的水平通道组织形式;提出了标准通道宽度、首层出入口总宽度和楼梯总宽度的新的参考计算方法及疏散楼梯不便靠外墙布置时自然排烟的方式.     

浅谈消防电梯在高层建筑中的设置

针对我国高层建筑发展现状，分析了高层建筑火灾扑救及安全疏散的特点，以及消防电梯在高层建筑中的现状和作用，同时对消防电梯的设置方式、部位及数量进行了探讨。     

Public Perceptions of High-rise Building Emergency Evacuation Preparedness

In light of the events of September 11, 2001, a concern in the fire safety community is that the public attitudes toward emergency evacuation procedures and preparedness may have changed and that current assumptions about occupant behavior may no longer be valid. In 2006, a survey of high-rise building occupants was conducted to explore their knowledge of high-rise building safety and emergency evacuation procedures and their attitudes and perceptions about high-rise safety and emergency evacuation procedures. Some 244 residential building occupants in Chicago, New York City and San Francisco and 228 commercial building occupants in Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, and Philadelphia were surveyed. The study revealed that the events of September 11, 2001 have heightened occupants concerns about safety in high-rise buildings. Eight in ten commercial building respondents participated in a fire drill in the last year, compared to 18% of residential building respondents. Among both survey respondents, the most frequent top-of-mind suggestion to building management to improve safety was “more fire drills.” Almost all occupants know where the fire exits are. And, keeping with conventional wisdom, most occupants believe using elevators is unsafe during a fire, however, 28% also believe that going to the roof is a possible alternative to using the stairs. These findings support the need for continued public education about emergency evacuations procedures in high-rise buildings.

超高层建筑防火设计问题探讨

在参考规范对超高层建筑,尤其是40层(约150m)以上的建筑进行防火设计时遇到一些与建筑安全使用、有效救援相左的问题。以一幢超高层建筑的防火设计为例,从消防登高面、避难层设置、客梯疏散和应急响应预案的编制等方面入手,探讨和解决超高层建筑设计中的问题,力图从源头上最大限度地保证并提高超高层建筑的安全性。     

火灾情况下是否应使用电梯作为紧急疏散手段

列举了倾向于使用电梯作为火灾时紧急疏散手段的观点支撑,以及反对使用电梯作为火灾时紧急疏散手段的观点支撑。提出为了将电梯作为有效疏散手段,应在电梯技术方面、电梯设置方面、建筑物设计方面、管理方面应作的改进。