Three-phase Fluid Numerical Simulation and Water Modeling Experiment of Supersonic Oxygen Jet Impingement on Molten Bath in EAF

By means of the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 6.3, a mathematical model of three-dimensional three-phase fluid flow field in the molten bath of electric arc furnace （EAF） with side accessorial oxygen lances was developed to study the transient phenomena of oxygen jet impingement on the molten steel and the molten slag. The water modeling experiment was carried out to verify the simulation results. The impingement of the supersonic oxygen jet caused impact dent on the molten steel surface accordingly. The area of impact dent changed almost in linear relationship to flow rate of oxygen jet, which can be expressed by a deduced mathematical equation. And the relationship between the impact force of oxygen iet and the correspondingly formed apparent static pressure on molten bath was obtained, which was in linear relationship and a direct proportion, and can also be expressed by a deduced mathematical equation.     

Simulation and application of pulsating bottom-blowing in EAF steelmaking

Pulsating bottom-blowing was proposed to strengthen the electric arc furnace (EAF) molten bath stirring. The fluid flow characteristics and stirring effects of different pulsating bottom-blowing modes on EAF molten bath were studied through water model experiments and numerical simulations. The mixing time was measured by water model experiments and the flow field characteristics of EAF molten bath were simulated by numerical simulations. Compared with conventional bottom-blowing, pulsating bottom-blowing can accelerate the fluid flow velocity and improve the stirring of molten bath. With pulsating bottom-blowing, the molten bath fluid flow field is more disorder, the fluid flow velocity increases and the dead zone volume decreases. Compared with EAF steelmaking with conventional bottom-blowing conditions, pulsating bottom-blowing technology can improve the metallurgical effects and the molten steel quality in EAF steelmaking with lower FeO content of final slag, lower phosphorus content and carbon-oxygen equilibrium of final molten steel, and lower temperature deviation.     

底吹条件下电弧炉炼钢熔池的流体流动特性

电弧炉炼钢广泛采用底吹技术以强化熔池搅拌、加速冶金反应和提升产品质量.本文通过数值模拟和水模型实验研究了底吹条件下电弧炉炼钢熔池内流体流动特性, 分析了底吹流股对流体流动的影响作用规律.随底吹流量的增加, 熔池平均流动速度增加, 熔池内“死区”体积减小.同时结合工业生产实测数据, 发现电弧炉底吹技术的运用可通过强化熔池搅拌, 加快熔池内热量传递, 均匀熔池钢液温度, 有效加快炼钢熔池的热量传递和整体升温速率, 大大提高冶炼过程热量的利用效率.     

转炉超音速氧枪喷头磨损后的吹炼特性变化

 转炉氧枪喷头会随枪龄的增加发生不同程度的侵蚀,为了探究氧枪喷头侵蚀程度对超音速气体射流吹炼特性的影响,建立了120 t转炉及超音速氧枪的三维全尺寸几何模型,研究了氧枪喷头不同磨损角度对气体射流特性、熔池速度及壁面侵蚀的影响。发现随着磨损角度增加,射流速度衰减加快,射流核心区长度缩短,同一等速线长度缩短,射流中心最大速度和最大速度点距中心距离增大。射流动压衰减速度随磨损角度增加而加快,磨损角度由0增至20°,距喷头端面1.5 m处最大动压减小了14.84%,14 000 Pa等压线包围面积由0.038 m2减小至0.002 m2。钢液面处高速区面积随着磨损角度增加而减小,死区面积随着磨损角度增加而增大。熔池纵截面高速区域主要分布在冲击凹坑和底吹元件附近,低速区域主要分布在熔池底部,死区主要分布在熔池底部中心和炉壁下部区域。当熔池深度小于0.6 m时,顶吹气流对熔池的搅拌起主要作用,磨损角度增加,熔池搅拌能力变弱,熔池横截面高速区面积减小,低速区和死区面积增大;当熔池深度大于0.6 m时,底吹气流对熔池搅拌起主要作用,高速区面积基本不变。渣-金作用区域和底吹流股附近流体湍动能较大、壁面剪切应力较为集中,该部位耐火材料侵蚀严重。熔池壁面附近流体湍动能和壁面剪切力随磨损角度增加而降低,转炉炉衬侵蚀速度减小。     

Numerical Simulation of Jet Behavior and Impingement Characteristics of Preheating Shrouded Supersonic Jets

As a novel supersonic j et technology,preheating shrouded supersonic j et was developed to deliver oxygen into molten bath efficiently and affordably.However,there has been limited research on the jet behavior and im-pingement characteristics of preheating shrouded supersonic j ets.Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)models were established to investigate the effects of main and shrouding gas temperatures on the characteristics of flow field and impingement of shrouded supersonic j et.The preheating shrouded supersonic j et behavior was simulated and meas-ured by numerical simulation and j et measurement experiment respectively.The influence of preheating shrouded su-personic j et on gas j et penetration and fluid flow in liquid bath was calculated by the CFD model which was validated against water model experiments.The results show that the uptrend of the potential core length of shrouded super-sonic j et would be accelerated with increasing the main and shrouding gas temperatures.Also,preheating supersonic j ets demonstrated significant advantages in penetrating and stirring the liquid bath.     

电弧炉炼钢成分预报现状与熔池搅拌对其影响

电弧炉炼钢成分预报与控制直接影响冶炼时间、产品质量与生产成本,是电弧炉炼钢智能化的重要环节。对转炉、电弧炉副枪检测技术和炉气分析技术进行了分析,探讨了炼钢过程的选择性氧化机理与智能算法在成分预报中的应用。结合熔池流动慢、反应不均衡的动力学条件,讨论了电弧炉炼钢成分预报的难点。在国内外文献综述的基础上,讨论了电弧炉底吹搅拌、氧气射流及电磁流体对钢液流动的影响,提出将电弧炉熔池钢液流动行为的动力学影响和炼钢反应选择性氧化热力学相结合,实现成分实时预测研究的设想,对开展电弧炉炼钢成分预测研究具有指导意义。     

炼钢温度下复吹转炉流场的数值模拟研究

以某钢厂的110 t复吹转炉为原型, 建立三维全尺寸几何模型, 通过数值模拟的方法研究了环境温度对多流股超音速氧气射流特性的影响, 并对比分析了常温和炼钢温度下氧气射流对转炉熔池的冲击搅拌效果.研究结果表明:随着环境温度的升高, 氧气射流的速度衰减减慢, 射流流股半径增大, 与此同时, 射流本身的温度升高、密度降低, 导致射流动压的增加幅度低于射流速度的增加幅度;而且, 高温环境中射流的聚合现象被抑制.在多相流研究中发现, 当环境温度由300 K提高至1723K时, 氧气射流的冲击深度由0.11035 m升高至0.14807 m, 冲击深度增大了34.18%, 熔池平均速度有一定提高, 说明在多相流研究中环境温度的影响不容忽略.     

180 t转炉超音速射流和聚合射流与炼钢熔池作用的水模型实验研究

以鞍钢180 t顶底复吹转炉为原型,设计超音速氧枪喷头进行了复吹转炉传统射流与聚合射流对熔池相互作用的水力学模型实验。超音速射流水模实验确定最佳的均混时间为12.6 s;在保持最佳顶吹气体流量的条件下,以降低枪位模拟聚合射流对熔池的相互作用。结果表明:当氧枪枪位下降到40 mm时,均混时间为11.8 s,这说明聚合射流完全可以达到传统射流对熔池的搅拌效果,可取消底吹系统,简化转炉设备和提高转炉炉龄。     

Effect of shrouding Mach number and ambient temperature on the flow field of coherent jet with shrouding Laval nozzle structure

The coherent jet technology was widely used to improve the stirring effect of molten bath in steelmaking field, and the key to this technology was to form a low-density zone around the main oxygen jet by a high-temperature shrouding flame. With this revelation, a shrouding nozzle was processed to a Laval nozzle structure fitted with a loop arrangement for increasing the velocity of shrouding jet. For further increasing the area of the low-density zone, the preheating method was also adopted in this new coherent lance structure. In this paper, the effect of Mach number of the shrouding nozzle on the flow field of the coherent jet was investigated at room and high ambient temperature using numerical simulation and experimental studies. The result represented the simulation model used in this research showed good agreement with the experimental data at the texted conditions. Although the shock wave formed by the shrouding jet removed more kinetic energy form the main oxygen jet, the impaction ability of the coherent jet was much bigger than that of conventional supersonic jet, and this phenomenon would be further strengthen if ambient temperature and Mach number of the shrouding nozzle increases.     

Modeling of an Impinging Oxygen Jet on Molten Bath Surface in 150 t EAF

 A transient three-dimensional mathematical model has been developed to analyze the three-phase flow in a 150 t EAF (electric arc furnace) using oxygen. VOF (multiphase volume of fluid) method is used to simulate the behaviors of molten steel and slag. Numerical simulation was conducted to clarify the transient phenomena of oxygen impingement on molten bath. When oxygen jet impinges on the surface of molten bath, the slag layer is broken and the penetrated cavity in molten steel is created. Simultaneously, the wave is formed at the surface of uncovered steel on which the slag layer is pushed away by jet. The result of numerical simulations shows that the area and velocity of uncovered steel created by impingement, jet penetration depth change from 0.10 m2, 0.0125 m/s, 3.58 cm to 0.72 m2, 0.1445 m/s, 11.21 cm, when the flow rate of an oxygen lance varies from 500 to 2000 m3/h. The results have been validated against water model experiments. More specially, the relation between the penetration depth and oxygen flow rate predicted by numerical simulation has been found to agree well with that concluded by water model.     

EBT区域底吹流量变化对电弧炉炼钢的影响

 电弧炉底吹是加速熔池流动、减少EBT区域死区、改善炼钢反应的重要手段,底吹流量变化会影响电弧炉熔池流动和冶金效果。利用Fluent软件研究了100 t电弧炉EBT区域附近不同底吹流量的熔池流动特性,发现当EBT区域底吹流量从100增加至150 L/min时,熔池平均流速提高18.03%,死区面积减少22.06%;当进一步增加至200 L/min时,熔池流速和死区面积变化幅度降低。在此基础上,通过100 t电弧炉炼钢试验研究了不同底吹条件下的冶金效果,发现底吹可显著降低电弧炉钢铁料消耗和石灰消耗,缩短冶炼周期,降低炉渣FeO质量分数和钢液碳氧浓度积;随着EBT区域底吹气体流量从100增加至150 L/min,冶金效果进一步得到改善。     

转炉氧枪枪位对炼钢熔池流速的影响

转炉炼钢利用供氧枪位的改变实现前期化渣、中期脱碳升温以及后期强化搅拌的目的.本文基于100t炼钢转炉,研究了四孔超音速氧枪喷吹时枪位变化对熔池流动状况的影响.研究发现：低枪位有利于增加射流冲击深度,加速熔池表层钢液;高枪位有利于增大射流冲击面积,促进钢液速度在径向方向上均匀分布,增加熔池底部钢液速度.随着枪位从1.2m提高至1.8m,冲开渣层的直径从2.119m增加为2.645m,射流的冲击深度显著降低.     

120 t转炉旋流氧枪的射流搅拌特性

 熔池流动状态及反应速度是实现转炉高效冶炼的关键,主要取决于氧气射流与熔池的相互作用及底吹搅拌强度。建立了120 t转炉旋流氧枪的三维全尺寸几何模型,利用数值模拟研究了不同旋流角旋流氧枪的射流特性,并对比分析了其对转炉熔池的冲击搅拌效果。结果表明,随着旋流角的增大,氧气流股的射流核心区长度不断减小,射流中心距氧枪轴线距离增大,氧枪射流交汇点距喷孔出口距离不断增大,射流聚合现象被抑制;当旋流角由0°增加至15°时,氧气射流的冲击深度减小了40%,冲击半径增加了13%;熔池纵截面上的高速区域分布在冲击凹坑附近,横截面上的高速区域分布在冲击凹坑及相邻凹坑连接处延长线外部区域。     

提钒用旋流氧枪喷头的数值模拟

首先对喷管内流动特性进行了研究,结果表明传统拉瓦尔喷管在喷管内部易形成大量明显的波系结构,抑制了超音速氧气射流的初始冲击效果,而利用特征线设计的曲线拉瓦尔喷管可有效解决该问题。其次,分析了不同供氧流量下,传统拉瓦尔喷管及曲线拉瓦尔喷管在高温条件下的射流马赫数分布、动压及射流卷吸特性。研究结果表明基于特征线法设计的曲线拉瓦尔喷管应用于转炉氧枪喷头时,可延长氧气射流核心段长度,增大氧气射流对熔池的搅拌能力,并提高氧气在熔池内的传质效果。     

Simulation of Flow Fluid in the BOF Steelmaking Process

The basic oxygen furnace (BOF) smelting process consists of different chemical reactions among oxygen, slag, and molten steel, which engenders a vigorous stirring process to promote slagging, dephosphorization, decarbonization, heating of molten steel, and homogenization of steel composition and temperature. Therefore, the oxygen flow rate, lance height, and slag thickness vary during the smelting process. This simulation demonstrated a three-dimensional mathematical model for a 100 t converter applying four-hole supersonic oxygen lance and simulated the effect of oxygen flow rate, lance height, and slag thickness on the flow of molten bath. It is found that as the oxygen flow rate increases, the impact area and depth increases, which increases the flow speed in the molten bath and decreases the area of dead zone. Low oxygen lance height benefits the increase of impact depth and accelerates the flow speed of liquid steel on the surface of the bath, while high oxygen lance height benefits the increase of impact area, thereafter enhances the uniform distribution of radial velocity in the molten steel and increases the flow velocity of molten steel at the bottom of furnace hearth. As the slag thickness increases, the diameter of impinging cavity on the slag and steel surface decreases. The radial velocity of liquid steel in the molten bath is well distributed when the jet flow impact on the slag layer increases.     

电弧炉氧枪搅拌特性及熔池混匀效果的试验研究

采用1∶10水模型对100t电弧炉炉壁氧枪搅拌特性和熔池混匀效果进行了试验研究。研究了炉壁氧枪水平角、垂直角、气体流量及氧枪布置等对熔池各区域搅拌效果和混匀时间的影响。试验结果表明,相对于垂直角而言,水平角对熔池各区域的流动和混匀有更为显著的影响。熔池混匀时间随气体流量的增大而减小,但气体流量增大会导致熔池喷溅量增大,且熔池液体对炉底的冲刷增强。对比两种不同的氧枪布置方案,采用原型分布且氧枪水平角为10°时,整个熔池具有最好的混匀效果。     

Effect of methane-hydrogen mixtures on flow and combustion of coherent jets

Coherent jets are widely used in electric arc furnace(EAF)steelmaking to increase the oxygen utilization and chemical reaction rates.However,the influence of fuel gas combustion on jet behavior is not fully understood yet.The flow and combustion characteristics of a coherent jet were thus investigated at steelmaking temperature using Fluent software,and a detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism was used in the combustion reaction model.The axial velocity and total temperature of the supersonic jet were measured via hot state experiments.The simulation results were compared with the experimental data and the empirical jet model proposed by Ito and Muchi and good consistency was obtained.The research results indicated that the potential core length of the coherent jet can be prolonged by optimizing the combustion effect of the fuel gas.Besides,the behavior of the supersonic jet in the subsonic section was also investigated,as it is an important factor for controlling the position of the oxygen lance.The investigation indicated that the attenuation of the coherent jet is more notable than that of the conventional jet in the subsonic section.     

集束氧枪环流布置模式对射流流场影响规律研究

为进一步提高集束氧枪对熔池的冲击搅拌效果, 重点分析了在两种环境下, 不同环流布置模式对超音速氧气射流流场与冲击能力的作用效果.通过对比在高温喷射试验与数值模拟研究结果, 分析射流轴向速度与射流总温流动状态, 研究不同环流布置模式下集束射流冲击特性.通过分析不同数量网格的可靠性, 选取合适的数值模拟模型, 并采用涡耗散概念模型和多步燃烧反应机理计算超音速状态下氧气与甲烷的混合与燃烧过程.研究结果表明数值模拟结果与高温喷射试验数据吻合程度较好.环流布置对拉瓦尔管出口流速无明显影响, 主氧射流核心段随环流孔径与主氧射流间距的增大, 有先提高后下降的趋势, 且不同环流布置模式对主氧核心段均有延长效果.     

基于烟气成分分析的电弧炉炼钢脱碳模型

为了连续地预测电弧炉熔池中碳含量,实现对冶炼终点碳含量的控制,以红外烟气分析技术和物质质量守恒计算为基础,结合入炉总碳量和供氧量等生产数据,建立了电弧炉炼钢脱碳数学模型.对莱芜钢铁股份有限公司特殊钢厂50tUHP电弧炉实际冶炼数据的模拟计算表明,该模型能实现对熔池碳含量的连续预测和终点控制.模拟计算结果还表明,电弧炉冶炼过程中,脱碳速度主要受供氧流量的影响,最大可达0.12%～0.16% min^-1.该模型用于电弧炉供氧优化后,氧气消耗明显降低.     

电弧炉EBT区不同底吹搅拌条件的钢液流动数值模拟

底吹工艺在电弧炉炼钢过程中的应用能有效缩短熔池混匀时间, 加速碳、磷、硫的去除, 提高生产效率及产品质量.本文利用数值模拟软件模拟了EBT (偏心底部出钢) 区底吹孔不同气体流量下的电弧炉钢液速度场, 发现当EBT区域底吹气体流量从100 L·min^-1升至267 L·min^-1 (其他两孔气体流量稳定保持为133 L·min^-1) 时, EBT区域钢液的平均流速由2.805×10^-3m·s^-1升至3.268×10^-3m·s^-1, 钢液整体平均流速由4.126×10^-3m·s^-1升至4.610×10^-3m·s^-1, 并耦合得出EBT区域不同底吹流量下的钢液流动速度经验公式.由于钢液流动是影响熔池内反应的动力学因素, 本文提出了电弧炉炼钢基于底吹熔池搅拌的碳成分预报模型, 为冶炼终点均匀熔池成分、合理供氧操作提供理论建议.