钛合金电子束深熔焊接头的组织及缺陷(英文)

对大厚度钛合金电子束焊接接头的显微组织、相组成和冷隔缺陷进行研究。结果表明,焊缝区组织为马氏体α′相;热影响区由细晶区和粗晶区两部分组成,细晶区组织为初生α相+β相+等轴α相,粗晶区组织为少量的初生α相+针状α′相;母材区组织基本上都是长条状和块状的初生α相,其间分布着少量残余β相。对冷隔的形成原因进行了分析,并提出了预防措施。     

淬火无析出区对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金断裂行为的影响

根据超高强铝合金淬火、时效组织透射电镜观察结果,以及合金断裂行为与断口形貌分析,提出了一种Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金产生延性断裂的物理模型。对平衡相、基体沉淀相、无析出微区的断裂行为进行了分析。研究结果表明,在晶内同步变形条件下,平衡相粒子最先断裂;晶内沉淀区内裂纹的形成与扩展早于无析出区,沉淀区内初始孔洞扩展与聚合,导致沉淀区断裂,这是合金断裂的主要原因;无析出区最后断裂。引起淬火敏感性的平衡相粒子,不是造成合金断裂的直接原因,粒子周围的无析出微区起到了限制裂纹扩展和协调变形的作用,是合金形成延性拉伸断口的原因。     

填充ER309焊丝的异种钢接头二型边界形成机理

对填充ER309焊丝的1Cr18Ni9Ti/Q235异种钢接头二型边界形成机理进行了研究.结果表明,二型边界是由碳钢侧不均匀混合区内Ni质量分数为5％ ～6％的位置所形成的凝固界面向焊缝中心一侧迁移而形成的.当部分熔合区和不均匀混合区内Ni质量分数小于5％ ～6％的区域(N区)为熔池凝固提供δ相基底,或者部分熔合区提供...     

镍基合金薄板焊缝组织与性能

研究了填丝、板厚以及退火工艺对镍基合金(C-276)薄板焊缝组织和性能的影响,结果表明,自熔焊接条件下,随着板厚增加,焊缝区晶粒依次增大2μm,金相组织更均匀且沿一定方向分布,析出相由焊缝区移向热影响区,焊缝拉伸强度低于基体拉伸强度,断口形状不规则,断口均发生明显塑性变形,热影响区硬度最高,板厚对腐蚀性能没有明显影响;填丝后,焊缝区金相组织排列有序,形状规则,有大量析出相产生,焊缝区、热影响区晶粒增大5μm～10μm,焊缝区拉伸强度降低,硬度高于热影响区,耐腐蚀性能较自熔焊有所提高;固溶退火后,析出相减少,晶粒粗化并出现再结晶,再结晶晶粒焊缝区较结晶前晶粒减小2μm,热影响区晶粒增大15μm～20μm,焊缝区拉伸强度降低,但抗腐蚀性能明显提高。     

AZ61A镁合金等离子焊接头组织与性能

通过拉伸、硬度、弯曲试验和金相组织分析,研究AZ61A镁合金等离子焊接头的拉伸性能、硬度、弯曲性能和金相显微组织。结果表明,拉伸试件的断裂处均位于焊缝区,抗拉强度值分别为220MPa和223MPa,且Rm(W)/Rm(pm)0.7,满足试验要求;所有弯曲试件均未出现断裂,弯曲性能良好;等离子焊所获得的接头热影响区窄且晶粒粗大,焊缝区晶粒细小,组织由α相及其上弥散分布着的灰色点状物Mg17Al12组成;焊缝区整体硬度高于热影响区和母材,热影响区基本未发生软化。     

TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能分析

针对固溶时效态TC17钛合金焊态及焊后热处理态线性摩擦焊接头,进行显微组织及力学性能对比分析. 结果表明,焊态时焊缝组织发生了回复与再结晶,由于焊后冷却速度较快,生成了亚稳定β相,焊缝区发生了软化;热力影响区组织沿受力变形方向拉长、细化、交替呈带状分布,加工硬化程度较高,显微硬度明显高于其它区域;热影响区由于二次次生α相基本溶解于亚稳定β相,导致显微硬度显著降低. 经过焊后热处理,亚稳定β相发生时效分解,析出了弥散程度更高的针状次生α相使得焊接区硬度大幅度提高. 由于亚稳定相的生成,焊态接头发生软化,拉伸均断裂在焊缝区,抗拉强度达到母材强度91.8%,断口呈脆性断裂形态;焊后热处理态接头由于二次次生α相的析出,起到弥散强化的作用,拉伸试验均断在母材,断口呈典型韧性断裂形态.     

C18000铜合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织与性能

对3.5 mm厚的C18000铜合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊焊接试验. 在焊接速度120 mm/min,转速1 200 r/min工艺下获得无缺陷焊接接头. 在金相显微镜下对接头的宏观形貌、微观组织进行观察,用扫描电镜和透射电镜对母材和搅拌区组织进行观察分析. 结果表明,接头区大致分为母材区、热影响区、热力影响区和搅拌区,搅拌区晶粒细小均匀,热力影响区晶粒沿边界切线方向被拉长;搅拌区Cr₃Si相部分溶解,搅拌区组织中的Cr单质相和Ni₂Si相溶解导致接头硬度和抗拉强度下降. 搅拌区平均硬度为151.4 HV;接头抗拉强度为497 MPa,达到母材的72%;接头电导率下降为35%IACS.     

The microstructure of composite cermet coatings produced by carbo-vibroarc surfacing

The results of investigation of the microstructure of composite coatings produced by carbo-vibroarc surfacing using cermet pastes are presented. It is shown that the composite cermet coating consists of two zones – the main and transition. The main zone of the coating contains the Fe₂B hardening phase with nickel and chromium atoms implanted in the crystal lattice of the phase. The zone is situated in the matrix of the solid solution of iron and nickel Ni₃Fe. The transition zone of the coating is formed by the mutual diffusion of the coating and the substrate and consists of the (Fe, Ni)₂B hardening phase and the Ni₃Fe matrix. It is also shown that the hardening phases form plate-shaped grains with thicknesses of 1–4 μm and more than 100 μm long, distributed in the form of colonies throughout the entire volume of the coating zone. In the direction to the transition zone, the shape of the structural components changes to circular with the diameter of up to 5 μm.     

深潜器用Ti80电子束焊接接头精细组织结构特征

进行了Ti80大厚板电子束焊接试验,实现了56 mmTi80无缺陷焊接.分析焊缝和热影响区精细组织,结果表明,焊缝上部为柱状晶粒,下部为柱状晶和等轴晶,晶粒内组织为马氏体α相和残余β相.焊缝由上至下高温停留时间逐渐减小、冷却速度逐渐加快,马氏体α相呈长大趋势.热影响区分为靠近焊缝区的Ⅰ区和靠近母材的Ⅱ区.热影响Ⅰ区组织为马氏体α相、初生α相和β相;Ⅱ区组织为初生α相、次生α相和转变β组织.Ⅰ区由于受热影响作用大,其组织更接近于焊缝;Ⅱ区组织则更接近于母材组织.     

Precipitation behavior of σ phase in fusion zone of dissimilar stainless steel welds during multi-pass GTAW process

The purpose of this study is to investigate the precipitation characteristics of σ phase in the fusion zone of stainless steel welds at various welding passes during a tungsten are welding (GTAW) process. The morphology, quantity, and chemical composition of the δ-ferrite and σ phase were analyzed using optical microscopy (OM), a ferritscope (FS), a X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), and a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS), respectively. Massive δ-ferrite was observed in the fusion zone of the first pass welds during welding of dissimilar stainless steels. The σ phase precipitated at the inner δ-ferrite particles and decreased δ-ferrite content during the third pass welding. The σ and δ phases can be stabilized by Si element, which promoted the phase transformation of σ→ϱ+λ₂ in the fusion zone of the third pass welds. It was found that the σ phase was a Fe−Cr−Si intermetallic compound found in the fusion zone of the third pass welds during multi-pass welding.     

Structure and cyclic oxidation resistance of Pt, Pt/Pd-modified and simple aluminide coatings on CMSX-4 superalloy

The coatings were prepared by the means of Pt and Pt/Pd galvanizing, followed by vapor phase aluminizing at 1050 °C. Microstructural and phase analysis revealed that all the investigated coatings consisted mainly of β-NiAl phase, however the Pt-modified aluminide coating also contained PtAl₂ phase and pure platinum precipitates. The cross-sectional microstructure of the coatings was zonal and composed of β-NiAl phase zone and the diffusion zone. The Pt modified aluminide coating's cross-section also incorporated an outermost zone consisting of β-NiAl and PtAl₂ phases. The concentration profiles proved that both Pt and Pd contents decrease gradually inwards the modified coatings. Cyclic oxidation tests at 1100 °C proved that Pt/Pd-modified aluminide coatings exhibit the best performance under cyclic conditions. The analysis of oxidation kinetics curves showed that the course of simple aluminide coating's oxidation is slightly different from that of Pt- and Pt/Pd-modified aluminide coatings.     

Influence of WC addition on microstructures of laser-melted Ni-based alloy coating

Nickel-based alloy powder was surface melted on S45C steel substrate using a CO2 laser. The effect of tungsten carbide (WC) on the interface layer and microstructures in the laser melted layer has been investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) techniques. There are three zones in the laser melted layer: the alloyed zone, the interface zone, and the heat affected zone of substrate. The interface zone appears as a smooth bright layer of single γ-(Fe, Ni) phase that serves as a primary crystallization phase in the laser alloyed zone. K-S lattice correspondence was recognized between γ-(Fe, Ni) in the interface and martensite in the substrate. The size of dendritic crystals decreased and eutectic structures in the laser alloyed layer changed after the addition of WC.     

等离子束表面冶金热影响区的特点

通过对等离子束表面冶金热循环的特点和冶金过程的探讨,对钢基体热影响区进行了测试分析,并将热影响区划分为过热区、完全相变区和不完全相变区.其中过热区显微组织粗大,有魏氏体产生,硬度下降;完全相变区晶粒细化,硬度较高,不完全相变区组织只有部分发生转变,晶粒大小不均匀.过热区魏氏体组织的产生,使热影响区有脆化的倾向.     

Ti2AlNb金属间化合物惯性摩擦焊接头组织及性能分析

采用惯性摩擦焊接工艺对Ti₂AlNb金属间化合物进行了焊接试验研究,利用SEM观察了焊态及焊后热处理接头各区域显微组织,并分析了接头显微硬度变化趋势. 结果表明,Ti₂AlNb金属间化合物试验母材为α₂+B2+O三相组织,α₂相呈断续网状和块状分布于原B2相晶界,O相呈片状分布在B2相基体上;摩擦焊接头分区明显,WZ为单一B2相等轴晶粒,晶粒均匀细小,热力影响区(TMAZ)近焊缝区为B2+α₂相组织,α₂相沿摩擦方向呈定向分布,远焊缝区与热力影响区(HAZ)相近为B2+O+α₂三相组织;焊后热处理接头WZ为板条状B2+O双相组织,并伴有疑似孪晶出现,TMAZ为B2+O+α₂三相组织,近焊缝区原黑色条纹区B2相转变成了块状O相,其余B2相转变成B2+O相板条束,HAZ组织与母材相近,但具有厚度更细小的O+B2相板条;焊态及焊后热处理接头焊缝区显微硬度最高,随着向母材区过度,显微硬度逐渐降低.     

Influence of process parameters on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties in friction stirred Al-2024 (T3) alloy

Abstract

Commercial Al-2024 (T3) alloy was friction stir welded at various heat index (HI) values using bead on plate approach. Quantitative analysis using electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed a complex variation in the precipitation evolution of Guinier-Preston-Bagaryatskii (GPB) zone and Al₂CuMg (S phase) precipitates in nugget and heat affected zone (HAZ). Differential scanning calorimetry data also suggested formation energy of GPB zone equal to ?236 J g^?1. Tensile properties attained a maximum for HI values close to 3·94 in the nugget region, which was attributed to corresponding minimisation of the volume fraction of coarse S phase to the profit of GPB zone. The precipitation of fine S phase precipitates resulted in higher tensile properties in HAZ as compared to those in nugget for all HI values. Experimental data were used to determine major strengthening mechanisms by using constitutive relationships.     

Morphological observations of the reaction between liquid Sn and solid Pb

The morphology of the reaction between solid Pb and liquid Sn was studied at 250° and 300°C. Metallographic examination of the solidified sample indicated the existence of five distinct morphological zones. The existence of each zone is rationalized using the phase diagram. A simple SnPb eutectic zone was found at the original solid Pb-liquid Sn interface. The thickness of this zone was found to increase linearly with time. This linear growth was attributed to the constant rate of dissolution of the Pb phase.     

激光熔覆Co-Cr-Ni-Mo涂层的粘塑性摩擦及组织演变行为(英文)

通过激光熔覆Co-Cr-Ni-Mo合金与WC-Co硬质合金之间的旋转摩擦变形实验,研究钴基合金的粘塑性摩擦及纳米组织形成机制。考察粘塑性摩擦过程的摩擦系数、界面温度及轴向缩短量随时间的变化关系。结果表明以上物理量首先进入快速上升阶段,然后进入稳态阶段,其中第一个阶段属于滑动摩擦,第二阶段属于粘塑性摩擦。粘塑性摩擦后,激光熔覆涂层从表面至内部可分为粘塑性变形区、热力影响区、激光原始组织3个典型区域。粘塑性变形可将原始组织中的网状M23C7相破碎为弥散分布的等轴形状纳米晶粒。粘塑性区的宽度为37～131μm,其典型组织特征为晶粒尺度小于50nm的M23C7相及α-Co相,甚至含有少量接近非晶态结构。因而,粘塑性摩擦将激光熔覆合金的硬度由HV600提高至HV997。     

热处理对100mm厚TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头性能的影响

针对100mm厚TC4钛合金板进行电子束对接,焊后对接头分别进行850℃再结晶退火和920℃+2 h和500℃+4 h固溶时效热处理,观察接头的微观形貌,测试其硬度和拉伸性能。结果表明,经过再结晶退火后,焊缝中部开始出现β相晶界,热影响区熔合线附近的针状α′相变少,β相等轴晶界开始出现。经过920℃+2 h和500℃+4 h固溶时效处理后,焊缝中部和底部都出现明显的β相晶界,热影响区熔合线附近的β相等轴晶界明显可见,为细片层β转变组织。力学性能测试表明,经过固溶时效热处理的接头焊缝区、热影响区及母材区的显微硬度明显高于焊态,其接头拉伸强度比焊态提升11.3%,屈服强度比焊态提升17.2%,但接头延伸率比焊态降低近59%。     

梯度合金中脱碳区η相的研究

采用衍射与金相分析方法对梯度合金中的脱碳区进行了研究,分析了影响η相成分与渗碳过程中η相长大的原因。研究显示:随着基体C含量的降低,η相中的η1(Co3W3C)比例逐渐减少,而η2(Co6W6C)含量比例逐渐增加;凡能够缩小两相区与脱碳区界面处成分过冷区域的因素都能减缓或避免脱碳区界面处η相的长大。