不饱和羧酸酯合成用催化剂研究进展

分析了不饱和羧酸酯化反应的机理。从催化剂结构特征和催化原理的角度,综述了近年来国内外不饱和羧酸酯合成中使用的催化剂,如杂多酸化合物、固体酸、分子筛、酸性离子交换树脂和碱金属盐等。     

TiO_2负载催化剂在液相选择性加氢中的研究进展

对近年来具有高活性、高选择性的TiO_2负载单金属和双金属催化剂(钛载催化剂)在同时含有C=C和N=O或C=O键的不饱和化合物的液相选择性加氢中的应用进行了述评;探讨了选择性加氢的机理和催化剂制备涉及的因素(如制备方法、温度、TiO_2载体晶型和活性组分等)对催化性能的影响;对如何制备工业上适用于液相选择性加氢反应的钛载催化剂提出了建议。     

非晶态合金催化剂用于不饱和化合物加氢的研究进展

综述了非晶态合金的制备方法与表征手段。对非晶态合金作新型催化剂的可能性进行了分析．对负载型非晶态合金催化剂用于含不饱和基因化合物的加氢性能作了较为详细的阐述。     

焙烧温度对Au/TiO2催化愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应性能的影响

采用沉积-沉淀法制备了不同焙烧温度的Au/TiO₂系列催化剂,采用TEM、XPS、XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、ICP以及NH₃-TPD等手段表征了Au/TiO₂系列催化剂的物化性能。考察了Au/TiO₂系列催化剂在木质素模型化合物(愈创木酚)加氢脱氧反应中的催化性能,及反应条件对Au/TiO₂-1(焙烧温度为350 ℃)催化愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应性能的影响,并探讨了反应机理。结果表明,当焙烧温度由350 ℃升至650 ℃,Au/TiO2催化剂中Au颗粒平均粒径从2.7 nm增至7.9 nm,晶型保持为锐钛矿型,催化剂比表面积由90 m²/g减至49 m²/g;新鲜和反应后催化剂中的Au均以金属态存在。在愈创木酚加氢脱氧反应中,Au/TiO₂催化剂对酚类产物有很高的选择性。随着催化剂焙烧温度增加,其活性逐渐降低,产物中酚类物质的选择性基本不变;当催化剂上Au颗粒平均粒径小于6 nm时,出现了新的反应路径,即愈创木酚上甲氧基中的甲基加氢生成甲烷。不同反应温度与氢气压力的结果表明,Au/TiO₂催化剂能够高选择性地断裂1个C-O键,而苯环不会被饱和,酚类产物的分布基本没有变化。催化剂重复使用2次性能稳定。     

微乳液法制备纳米催化剂及其在加氢反应中应用的研究进展

综述了微乳液法制备纳米粒子、纳米催化剂及其应用方面的研究进展。介绍了超临界微乳液法制备纳米催化剂的特点;重点介绍了微乳液法制备纳米催化剂在不饱和键加氢、芳烃加氢和碳氧化合物加氢反应中的应用,微乳液法制备的纳米催化剂在加氢反应中表现出了较高的催化性能;并提出微乳液法制备纳米催化剂发展的需要解决的问题。     

负载型NiO-MoO_3/SiO_2-Al_2O_3-TiO_2超细镍金属催化剂加氢性能的研究

用原位溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同SiO2含量及不同总金属含量的高性能负载型NiO-MoO3/SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2超细镍金属加氢催化剂。根据XRD、TPR及TPD结果,催化剂表面产生了还原性能不同的多种镍原子活性位,金属镍与载体间的相互作用较强,并在其表面呈超细分散状态,为中等强度的酸性催化剂。采用不同的不饱和烃原料,考察催化剂的加氢性能,结果表明,载体酸性对不同的不饱和烃原料感受性不同,原料苯及催化裂化柴油加氢需要载体提供的有效酸量要大于航空煤油及双环戊二烯加氢;此外,适当地增加金属NiO的含量,调节Ni、Mo比,能够有效地增大活性组分镍的分散度,能量状态较高的镍原子数增多,从而有利于提高该催化剂对不饱和烃原料的加氢性能,延长使用寿命。     

金属助剂对非晶态合金催化剂改性研究进展

介绍了非晶态合金催化剂的制备及其物化性质的改性研究进展，重点阐述了过渡金属、稀土等金属对非晶态合金催化剂改性研究。金属助剂通过与非晶态合金催化剂之间电子及空间效应，增加了非晶态合金的无序度、改变了其分散度，提高了非晶态合金催化剂的热稳定性，同时金属元素的给电子性使活性中心电负性增强，从而提高了催化剂在不饱和化合物加氢反应中的活性和选择性。     

Pt基催化剂上正十四烷的加氢异构反应性能

采用常规水热法合成了SAPO-11,ZSM-22,ZSM-23,β分子筛,并负载Pt制备了Pt/SAPO-11,Pt/ZSM-22,Pt/ZSM-23,Pt/β加氢催化剂;采用XRD、SEM、N2吸附-脱附、NH3-TPD和吡啶吸附FTIR表征了4种催化剂的结构和酸性;以正十四烷为模型化合物,采用固定床反应器研究了4种催化剂对正十四烷加氢异构反应的催化性能。实验结果表明,正十四烷加氢异构反应遵循孔口-锁钥机理和β断裂机理,催化剂的活性和选择性主要取决于催化剂的结构、酸量、酸强度及其分布,不同催化剂上正十四烷加氢异构反应活性按下列顺序递减:Pt/βPt/ZSM-23Pt/ZSM-22Pt/SAPO-11;较弱的酸性和较小的孔径更有利于正构烷烃的加氢异构化反应,减少了二次裂化反应。     

Au改性异构化原料预加氢催化剂

选取工业Al_2O_3载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备Pt/Al_2O_3和Pt-Au/Al_2O_3系列催化剂,对其进行了H2-TPR,HRTEM,XPS,XRD等表征,并分别采用含2%(w)苯的正己烷和含2%(w)苯、1%(w)1-己烯的正己烷溶液为模型化合物,在小型固定床加氢反应器上对所制备的系列催化剂进行加氢活性评价。表征结果显示,Pt与Au在催化剂表面形成新的Pt-Au合金簇,而Au的加入并未影响催化剂中Pt的电子性能。实验结果表明,Au的加入提高了Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的苯加氢活性;保持Pt负载量为0.3%(w)不变,当Au含量为0.05%(w)时,Au-Pt合金存在最佳比例,催化剂加氢活性最高。     

石油炼制中的加氢催化剂和技术

以石油炼制过程中汽油、柴油、渣油加氢催化剂和技术的开发为例,说明应用基础研究在催化剂和技术开发中的作用.这些研究包括加氢过程的各种基本反应(如加氢脱氮、加氢脱硫、烯烃加氢和芳烃饱和等)的热力学研究、基本反应动力学及与催化剂组成及结构特征间的关系、活性组分与载体间的相互作用、反应物分子平均扩散半径与催化剂空间结构的匹配、结焦失活的机理及其抑制措施等.     

中孔β沸石酸性质和孔道结构对催化柴油加氢开环性能的影响

以中孔β沸石为加氢裂化活性组分,Ni和Mo为加氢活性组分,采用混捏法制备了2种催化剂MMβ 1和MMβ 2,采用XRD、N2吸附 脱附、NH3 TPD、Py IR、SEM、TEM等手段表征催化剂。结果表明,中孔β沸石具有较大的外比表面积、适宜的中孔纳米孔径和孔体积,以及可调变的酸性能。以催化柴油为原料,在固定床加氢装置上考察了温度和体积空速对MMβ 2加氢催化剂加氢开环性能的影响,比较了MMβ 1和MMβ 2催化剂相同反应条件下的加氢开环性能。结果表明,在体积空速2 h-1、温度340℃条件下,MMβ 2催化剂的开环率最高。由于Mβ 2沸石高的Brnsted酸性质和适宜的孔道结构,以其制备的Ni Mo/β加氢催化剂MMβ 2具有较高的加氢开环活性。     

Design of dendrimer-based nanostructured catalyst systems and their catalytic activity in hydrogenation: Synthesis of ruthenium nanoparticles immobilized in dendrimer networks

A new method has been proposed for immobilization of 3-nm ruthenium nanoparticles on special supports synthesized for this purpose, polymer networks based on poly(propylene imine) dendrimers. It has been shown that the structure of the support has a substantial effect on the size of particles and their catalytic activity in the hydrogenation reactions of unsaturated and aromatic compounds. The catalysts can be reused without loss of activity.     

Y型沸石酸性对负载Pt催化剂催化萘加氢转化反应性能的影响

以不同酸性的HY沸石为载体,金属Pt为加氢活性组分,采用浸渍法制备了一系列的双功能Pt/HY催化剂;采用吡啶红外、TEM、H₂-TPR、XPS等手段对其进行表征;并以萘为原料,采用固定床加氢装置考察Pt/HY系列催化剂在萘加氢转化反应中的催化性能。结果表明：金属Pt分散在HY载体的外表面和孔道中,且具有相似的电子状态,金属同载体之间的相互作用相近;在反应温度250 ℃、反应压力2 MPa、质量空速1.0 h^-1的条件下,Pt负载质量分数1%的3种Pt/HY催化剂均表现出较强的催化加氢性能;酸性对制备的Pt/HY催化剂催化萘加氢反应性能没有显著影响,主要影响十氢萘的异构性能;此外,HY载体的酸性对Pt/HY催化剂的异构开环性能和稳定性也具有一定的影响;具有较多酸量的Pt/HY催化剂表现出更好的异构开环性能,且酸量越多,催化剂稳定性越差。     

制备过程对负载骨架镍催化剂的抗压强度及催化加氢性能的影响

对前驱体采用不同的焙烧气氛（空气和氩气）以及不同的活化浸取时间所制得的催化剂进行了研究。采用XRD, SEM, H2-TPR及BET等表征手段对催化剂进行表征,并以甲基苯乙烯、双环戊二烯及茚的加氢反应为探针对催化剂的加氢性能进行评价。结果表明：焙烧气氛对Raney-Ni/Al2O3催化剂的抗压强度及加氢活性影响十分显著,采用氩气气氛焙烧制得的催化剂,其抗压强度及加氢活性要明显优于空气气氛焙烧制得的催化剂。另外,前驱体活化浸取时间长短也是影响催化剂的抗压强度及催化活性稳定性一个因素,活化时间过长不利于改善催化剂的强度与催化性能,研究表明,采用15% (wt.)的氢氧化钠溶液于343K对氩气气氛制得的前驱体活化5h所制得的催化剂,其侧向抗压强度可达26.10 N?mm-1,且在493K、2.0MPa、液时空速为3.0 h?1以及氢油比为200:1的反应条件下,催化甲基苯乙烯、双环戊二烯及茚的转化率分别可达87.5%,99%,100%。     

Catalysis of olefin hydrogenation and allylic isomerization by immobilized gold nanoclusters

Gold nanoparticles immobilized on carbon and oxide supports showed catalytic activity in the hydrogenation and allylic isomerization of alkenes and arylalk-1-enes. The catalysts were active only in the case when the average size of metal particles did not exceed 30 nm. Hydrogenation was accompanied by the allylic isomerization of the substrate. Under chosen conditions, the ratio of hydrogenation to isomerization rate was close to 1: 2. The activity of gold nanoparticles immobilized on oxide catalysts increases with an increase in their acidity.     

Palladium nanoparticles on dendrimer-containing supports as catalysts for hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons

A new method has been proposed for encapsulation of palladium nanoparticles with a size of up to 2.5 nm in the matrix of special supports, the polymer networks based on poly(propylene imine) dendrimers, synthesized for this purpose. It has been shown that the particle size distribution of the materials obtained and their catalytic activity in the hydrogenation reactions of unsaturated compounds substantially depend on the specific features of the support structure. A high activity (TOF up to 15000 h^?1) has been observed in the hydrogenation of styrene. The catalysts can be repeatedly used without loss of activity.     

Effect of Sulfurization Temperature on Thioetherification Performance of Mo-Ni/Al_2O_3 Catalyst

The Mo modified Ni/Al_2O_3 catalysts were prepared and sulfided at different temperatures, and their catalytic activity for thioetherification of mercaptans and olefins(or dienes), hydrogenation of dienes and olefins in the thioetherification process using fluidized catalytic cracking(FCC) naphtha as the feedstock was investigated. In order to disclose the correlation between the physicochemical characteristics of catalysts and their catalytic activity, the surface structures and properties of the catalysts sulfided at different temperatures were characterized by the high resolution transmission electronic microscopy(HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature programmed reduction(H_2-TPR) technique. The results showed that an increase of sulfurization temperature not only could promote the sulfurization degree of active metals on the catalysts, but also could adjust the micro-morphology of active species. These changes could improve the catalytic performance of thioetherification, and hydrogenation of dienes and olefins. However, an excess sulfurization temperature was more easily to upgrade the ability of the catalyst for hydrogenation of olefins, which could lead to a decrease of the octane number of the product. It was also showed that a moderate sulfurization temperature not only could improve the catalytic performance of thioetherification and hydrogenation of dienes but also could control hydrogenation of olefins.     

Hydrogenation of Nitro and Unsaturated Organic Compounds over Catalysts Containing Nanosized Palladium Particles

The activity of palladium catalysts prepared on the basis of ZnO modified with polyethylene glycol (1 wt % Pd–PEG/ZnO) with molecular weights of 4000 and 6000 in the hydrogenation reaction of a series of nitro and unsaturated organic compounds has been studied. The catalysts are characterized by the formation of small metal particles with a size from 3 to 8 nm which uniformly coat the support surface. The results obtained have been compared to the catalytic properties of palladium-containing nanodiamonds and activated carbon under similar conditions.     

低温型汽油选择加氢脱双烯脱硫醇催化剂

对以Al2O3为载体的金属氧化物催化剂催化FCC汽油选择性加氢反应进行了研究。考察了单组分、双组分及三组分元素组合对催化剂选择性加氢脱双烯脱硫醇性能的影响。实验结果表明,双组分催化剂的选择加氢脱双烯脱硫醇的性能明显优于单组分催化剂;经过适当组合的三组分催化剂的选择加氢脱双烯脱硫醇的性能较好,尤其是TiNiMo/Al2O3催化剂的加氢性能最好,在高液态空速(9 h-1)下反应100 h,异戊二烯的转化率大于70%,乙醇硫的转化率为100%,总单烯饱和度为0;且该催化剂还表现出一定的双键异构活性。