柴油机曲轴断裂失效分析

裂纹往往是故障件发生断裂的直接原因,对柴油机的整机质量会造成致命损害.本文重点对曲轴故障件裂纹产生机理进行分析,并提出改进建议.     

车用发动机机体渗漏故障的排除方法

车用发动机机体渗漏故障的排除方法东风汽车公司上饶技术服务站吉国光国产、进口汽车发动机机体在铸造、使用过程中，有时会出现砂眼、裂纹现象。这对用户来说，是件令人烦恼的事。为解决该问题，我们对机体渗漏进行了多次堵漏试验，试验结果表明，用以下方法解决上述故障...     

GH2132三齿二级涡轮盘榫齿裂纹分析

对GH2132三齿二级涡轮盘在外场使用过程中第一榫齿产生的裂纹进行了光学金相和扫描电镜分析，该裂纹属于高周疲劳裂纹，疲劳源区无发现冶金缺陷及加工刀痕。对故障件的材质的化学成分、性能以及晶粒完整性进行了测试其结果材质均符合技术条件要求。疲劳裂纹产生的原因，是由于二级涡轮盘与二级涡轮叶片榫齿配匹不均匀，在发动机工作时，由于热应力作用，两种材料的线膨胀系数不一样(GH2132合金线膨胀系数大，而GH4037合金线膨胀系数小)，使之对盘的榫齿产生相当大的压应力，这样，在榫齿配合面上就产生了压陷，在交变载荷作用下，在离压陷边缘0．5mm处产生了疲劳裂纹和断裂。     

基于多模型估计的转子裂纹故障诊断方法

转子裂纹故障的早期诊断与预示是当前转子动力学领域的一个难点。针对这个问题,提出了基于多模型估计(MMAE)的转子裂纹故障诊断方法。针对Jeffcott转子建立了正常、裂纹转子模型和基于卡尔曼滤波器的多模型自适应估计器,通过裂纹故障的仿真分析和故障多模型估计表明,该方法对早期诊断和预示转子裂纹故障有良好的效果。     

基于HHT的转子横向裂纹故障诊断

希尔伯特黄变换(Hilbert—Huang Transformation，HHT)，是先把一列时间序列数据通过经验模态分解(Emprical Mode Decomposition，EMD)。然后经过希尔伯特变换获得频谱的信号处理新方法。把HHT时频分析方法引入了转子裂纹故障诊断领域。详细地介绍了HHT方法的理论和算法。通过对模拟横向深裂纹故障转子的实验研究表明。基于HHT的时频分析方法能把横向裂纹转子的扭振所形成的相位调制现象在时频谱图中明确地表征出来。为裂纹故障的预报和诊断提供了较好的手段，说明用HHT方法对旋转机械的转子横向裂纹进行故障分析是有效的。图3参6     

基于全谱分析的转子裂纹-碰摩复合故障特征实验研究

在转子实验台上模拟了不同转速下的碰摩故障、裂纹故障及相应的裂纹-碰摩复合故障,并采用全谱分析方法对其故障特征进行了分析。结果表明:相对于传统傅里叶频谱分析,全谱分析方法能准确识别3类故障,利用全谱图中-2 X、-3 X和-4 X倍频分量表征了碰摩-裂纹复合故障的耦合特性,为转子复合故障诊断提供了参考。     

齿根裂纹对风电齿轮箱高速级动态特性影响分析及其故障模式识别

针对风电齿轮箱高速级齿轮传动系统齿根裂纹扩展程度识别难题,该文提出基于广义BP神经网络（GBPNN）的齿轮传动系统齿根裂纹故障模式识别方法。构建计及齿根裂纹扩展方向与路径的齿轮副时变啮合刚度解析模型及风电齿轮箱高速级齿轮-轴-轴承耦合的多自由度动力学模型,分析不同齿根裂纹扩展程度对系统振动特征的影响规律,并利用GBPNN对齿根裂纹故障模式进行识别。研究结果表明：齿轮故障振动周期冲击信号将沿着传动轴进行传递,但传动轴柔性会使其幅值产生明显的衰减;利用GBPNN并结合各轴段节点处振动加速度的峰值、峭度、统计矩阵参数以及方差,可有效实现对齿轮齿根裂纹故障模式的识别。     

汽轮发电机组故障特征分析与仿真

从汽轮发电机组的主要故障出发，查阅了大量相关文献，通过收集整理转子裂纹故障、支座松动引起的故障、转子碰摩故障、油膜涡动和油膜振荡、转子不对中故障和转子不平衡故障等汽轮发电机组常见故障的机理，从中选取了支座松动引起的故障、油膜涡动和油膜振荡作为重点讨论。对两种故障进行分析，由此对各种不同的故障表现形式建立其特征数学模型，用Matlab语言对各种数学模型进行模拟仿真求争，并与不同文献上的描述进行了对比分析，最终整理出了可供诊断识别的故障特征。     

基于深度卷积网络的裂纹转子耦合故障检测方法

针对传统裂纹转子故障检测方法精度低、适应能力差、严重依赖人工经验的缺点,提出了一种基于深度卷积神经网络的耦合故障检测方法,实现对转子多种耦合故障的自动端到端检测;结合准确的裂纹转子数值模型对方法进行验证,在算例中同时考虑了裂纹位置、裂纹深度和不平衡量3种故障检测任务,检测精度分别为0.899、0.923、0.997,显著高于其它机器学习方法。同时讨论了转速工况和学习样本对神经网络检测性能的影响。建立的方法摆脱了传统机理方法对信号处理技巧的依赖,可以实现可测振动信号到多种故障特征的直接映射,同时检测精度高,具备自动适应变工况的能力。     

基于全谱分析的转子非线性动力学研究

为研究刚性支承下故障转子系统的进动问题,建立了转子系统非线性动力学模型,通过数值仿真得到裂纹故障、碰摩故障以及裂纹-碰摩故障的进动信号,并基于全谱图分析了其变化规律和特点,最后利用Bently转子实验台对裂纹-碰摩故障下转子系统的全谱图进行了实验验证。结果表明:全谱图不仅反映了转子振动幅值的变化,而且包含了转子进动方向的信息;碰摩故障和裂纹-碰摩故障下转子的响应中出现-nX高倍频成分,转速比为0.55时-2X成分幅值高于2X成分幅值,呈现2阶反进动特征;碰摩故障和裂纹-碰摩故障时转子系统在高转速下的非线性特征更复杂,全谱图中出现±1/2X成分,此时转子系统处于周期2运动状态。     

Development of methods for evaluating hydrogen compatibility and suitability

The embrittlement of metals exposed to hydrogen environments is well documented. With the deployment of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the consumer sector, there is a need to improve the engineering basis for the selection of materials of construction for equipment that stores and distributes high-pressure gaseous hydrogen. This brief overview summarizes publicly available guidance for evaluating materials compatibility with high-pressure gaseous hydrogen. Additionally, a new standard for measuring engineering data in gaseous hydrogen and evaluating materials suitability for service in gaseous hydrogen is introduced: the CHMC1 standard provides a general framework for qualifying materials for hydrogen service. The CHCM1 standard is unique in its broad scope and performance-based strategy for quantitatively assessing materials in their service environment and for the intended structural requirements.     

A panel cointegration analysis of the demand for oil in the Middle East

This article applies recently developed panel unit root and panel cointegration techniques to estimate the long-run income and price elasticities for oil in the Middle East. The results for the panel indicate that demand for oil is highly price inelastic and slightly income elastic in the Middle East. There is considerable variation in the results for the income variable across countries, with the coefficient on the income variable statistically insignificant for several countries. The coefficient on the price variable is statistically significant in all cases with the expected sign and the price elasticity is uniformly low. While the results for the income variable differ across countries, the results for the panel as a whole suggest that the demand for oil in the Middle East is being driven largely by strong economic growth, while consumers are largely insensitive to price changes.     

A mixture fraction framework for the theory and modeling of droplets and sprays

A mixture fraction is carefully defined for evaporation and combustion of droplets and sprays. The definition is valid at points in either the liquid or gas phases and care is taken to distinguish between definitions based on conserved scalars appropriate for heat transfer and those for mass transfer. Results are presented for Spalding B numbers and values of the mixture fraction at the droplet surface for the fast chemistry case and for the case where the droplet cannot sustain an envelope flame. The classical theory for an isolated droplet with spherical symmetry yields simple formulae when expressed in mixture fraction terms. New results are then readily obtained for several quantities of interest in spray modeling. The formulation provides a seamless unification of droplet evaporation processes with gas-phase mixing and reaction. Mixing in a turbulent spray jet is identified as a model problem that clarifies the role of large scale structures in the overall mixing process. Important constraints on the parameter space for sprays are shown to be greatly clarified when expressed in the mixture fraction framework. It is shown how the classical approach for segregated flow with Eulerian/Lagrangian modeling of dispersion and transfer processes in turbulent sprays can be upgraded to include fluctuations in the temperature and composition surrounding the droplets on top of those coming from the turbulent velocity fluctuations. Such preliminary calculations that assume a simple chemically reacting system can readily be upgraded using flamelet functions derived from counterflow experiments or computations: these can then form the starting point for full chemistry calculations using such approaches as conditional moment closure.     

Alternative energy facilities based on site matching and generation unit sizing for remote area power supply

This paper presents the decision support technique and influencing factors in the design of an integrated solar-wind power system for stand-alone applications. Results of investigations on application of alternative energy facility like wind, photovoltaic (PV), and Integration of wind–PV power generating systems for Remote Area Power Supply have been presented. A weather model-based site matching of equipment and a simple numerical algorithm for generation unit sizing have been presented. The program has been used to determine the optimum generation capacity and storage needs for a stand-alone Wind, PV, and integrated wind–PV system for a remote site in India (Sukhalai situated near Suktawa in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh) that satisfies a typical load. Generation and storage units for each system are properly sized in order to meet the annual load demand for the above three scenarios. Annual average hourly values for load, wind speed, and insolation have been used for analysis. The results are used to justify the use of renewable energy source as a reliable option for remote areas.     

A spectral model for transient heat flow in a double U-tube geothermal heat pump system

This paper introduces a semi-analytical model based on the spectral analysis method for the simulation of transient conductive-convective heat flow in an axisymmetric shallow geothermal system consisting of a double U-tube borehole heat exchanger embedded in a soil mass. The proposed model combines the exactness of the analytical methods with an important extent of generality in describing the geometry and boundary conditions of the numerical methods. It calculates the temperature distribution in all involved borehole heat exchanger components and the surrounding soil mass using the fast Fourier transform, for the time domain; and the complex Fourier and Fourier-Bessel series, for the spatial domain. Numerical examples illustrating the model capability to reconstruct thermal response test data together with parametric analysis are given. The CPU time for calculating temperature distributions in all involved components, pipe-in, pipe-out, grout, and soil, using 16,384 FFT samples, for the time domain, and 100 Fourier-Bessel series samples, for the spatial domain, was in the order of 3 s in a normal PC. The model can be utilized for forward calculations of heat flow in a double U-tube geothermal heat pump system, and can be included in inverse calculations for parameter identification of shallow geothermal systems.     

Forecasting production of fossil fuel sources in Turkey using a comparative regression and ARIMA model

This study aims at forecasting the most possible curve for domestic fossil fuel production of Turkey to help policy makers to develop policy implications for rapidly growing dependency problem on imported fossil fuels. The fossil fuel dependency problem is international in scope and context and Turkey is a typical example for emerging energy markets of the developing world. We developed a decision support system for forecasting fossil fuel production by applying a regression, ARIMA and SARIMA method to the historical data from 1950 to 2003 in a comparative manner. The method integrates each model by using some decision parameters related to goodness-of-fit and confidence interval, behavior of the curve, and reserves. Different forecasting models are proposed for different fossil fuel types. The best result is obtained for oil since the reserve classifications used it is much better defined them for the others. Our findings show that the fossil fuel production peak has already been reached; indicating the total fossil fuel production of the country will diminish and theoretically will end in 2038. However, production is expected to end in 2019 for hard coal, in 2024 for natural gas, in 2029 for oil and 2031 for asphaltite. The gap between the fossil fuel consumption and production is growing enormously and it reaches in 2030 to approximately twice of what it is in 2000.     

Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2010 worldwide review

This paper presents a review of the worldwide application of geothermal energy for direct utilization, and updates the previous survey carried out in 2005. We also compare data from 1995 and 2000 presented at World Geothermal Congresses in Italy and Japan, respectively (WGC95 and WGC2000). As in previous reports, an effort is made to quantify ground-source (geothermal) heat pump data. The present report is based on country update papers prepared for WGC2010 and other sources of data available to the authors. Final update papers were received from 70 countries of which 66 reported some direct utilization of geothermal energy. Twelve additional countries were added to the list based on other sources of information. Direct utilization of geothermal energy in 78 countries is a significant increase from the 72 reported in 2005, the 58 reported in 2000, and the 28 reported in 1995. An estimate of the installed thermal power for direct utilization at the end of 2009 is used in this paper and equals 48,493 MWt, almost a 72% increase over the 2005 data, growing at a compound rate of 11.4% annually with a capacity factor of 0.28. The thermal energy used is 423,830 TJ/year (117,740 GWh/yr), about a 55% increase over 2005, growing at a compound rate of 9.2% annually. The distribution of thermal energy used by category is approximately 47.2% for ground-source heat pumps, 25.8% for bathing and swimming (including balneology), 14.9% for space heating (of which 85% is for district heating), 5.5% for greenhouses and open ground heating, 2.8% for industrial process heating, 2.7% for aquaculture pond and raceway heating, 0.4% for agricultural drying, 0.5% for snow melting and cooling, and 0.2% for other uses. Energy savings amounted to 250 million barrels (38 million tonnes) of equivalent oil annually, preventing 33 million tonnes of carbon and 107 million tonnes of CO₂ being release to the atmosphere, this includes savings for geothermal heat pumps in the cooling mode (compared to using fuel oil to generate electricity).     

关于电厂凝汽器胶球清洗装置技术改造的探讨

针对火力发电厂所用凝汽器胶球清洗装置系统使用多年来所存在的问题,提出切实可行的技术改造方案。尤其对系统中的二次滤网、收球网和系统管路的安装这几个关键部套进行了深刻的剖析,结合多年来对此类设备进行过技术改造之后所取得的实践经验,综合提出本改造方案与同行和专家商确。     

Forest biomass and Armington elasticities in Europe

The purpose of this paper is to provide estimated Armington elasticities for selected European countries and for three forest biomass commodities of main interest in many energy models: roundwood, chips & particles and wood residues. The Armington elasticity is based on the assumption that a specific forest biomass commodity is differentiated by its origin. The statistically significant estimated Armington elasticities range from 0.52 for roundwood in Hungary to approximately 4.53 for roundwood in Estonia. On average, the statistically significant Armington elasticity for chips & particles over all countries is 1.7 and for wood residues and roundwood 1.3 and 1.5, respectively. These elasticities can provide benchmark values for simulation models trying to assess trade patterns of forest biomass commodities and energy policy effects for European countries or for the EU as a whole.