页岩气渗流特征及压裂井产能

依据分子运动学理论,对含纳米孔隙页岩储层气体渗流规律进行理论分析,建立适用于多尺度介质的气体运动方程和页岩气输运数学模型,得到径向流条件下的压力分布公式,形成页岩气井控制区域计算方法,建立了压裂井三区耦合非线性渗流产能方程.采用牛顿迭代法进行数值计算,研究分析了生产压差、裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、扩散系数等参数对页岩气井产量的影响.计算结果表明:气井产量随扩散系数的增大而增大,对于含纳米孔隙的页岩储层中扩散效应对气井的产量贡献不容忽视;在一定的储层和生产条件下,气井产量随裂缝半长的增大而先快速增大后趋于平缓,因此存在一个最佳范围,各参数应进行定量的、合理的优化配置.      

不同压裂参数下水力压裂效果分析

为提升水力压裂在坚硬顶板问题治理过程中的应用效果,利用数值模拟软件对不同压裂参数下的裂缝扩展情况进行研究。对水力压裂过程进行模拟,发现随着注浆压力的增大,在预制裂缝角位置出现应力集中,当应力值超过单元的抗拉强度时裂缝起裂,并向着最大主应力方向偏转扩展;对不同应力差及压裂液黏度下的裂缝宽度及压裂液流速进行分析,发现裂缝宽度及液体流速随着应力差的增大均呈现逐步减小的趋势,而裂缝宽度及液体流速随着压裂液黏度的增大均呈增大趋势。此研究结果为水力压裂技术应用、参数设计提供了一定的参考。     

与有色金属矿山共生的气油田水力压裂优化设计的研究

由于传统水力压裂技术在应用上具有一定难度,对具有自然裂缝的低渗透率金属矿层气藏需要进行水力压裂设计优化。本文对特定气田水力压裂设计优化进行讨论,实现油层气产量最大化。通过对之前水力压裂优化设计方案进行分析,发现有以下几点不足之处:很难发现有文献记录的控制摩擦因子获得最佳水力裂缝的案例;很难发现有文献记录的对水力压裂设计进行风险分析的案例;很难发现有文献记录的基于应力分析在水力压裂时调整裂缝方向的案例。因此,在本研究中需要对水力裂缝设计进行改进,考虑额外的风险分析,实现产量最大化,减少各种不确定性。本设计分为四个部分,包括预压裂数据分析、水力压裂优化、压后地质建模以及生产动态建模。通过对不同工况不同因素的测试,获得最优的水力压裂施工方案。     

低、特低渗透油藏压裂水平井产能计算方法

考虑低、特低渗透油藏裸眼压裂水平井流体从基质-裂缝-水平井筒及基质-水平井筒的耦合流动,以等值渗流阻力法及叠加原理为基础,将裸眼压裂水平井渗流区域划分为三个流动区域:流体在水平井压裂裂缝内的达西线性流动区域、水力压裂裂缝泄流引起的非达西椭圆渗流区域和流体在地层中的径向渗流区域.建立裸眼水平井水力压裂多条横向裂缝相互干扰的非达西产能预测模型,分析水力裂缝参数对产能影响,揭示裸眼压裂水平井开采变化规律.模拟结果表明:裂缝条数越多,裂缝干扰越强,水平井压裂存在一最优裂缝条数;裂缝沿水平井筒排布靠近两端、中间相对较稀,且两端长、中间短的开发效果最好.      

中牟区块过渡相页岩气藏产能分析及压裂参数优选

南华北盆地中牟区块页岩气是海陆过渡相页岩气的典型代表,以地质模型为基础,结合理论分析和数值模拟手段,研究了不同储层参数对水平井开采页岩气的采收率、日产气量以及累计产气量的影响规律,通过正交设计与多指标分析方法确定了影响页岩气产能的主控因素,考虑各主控因素与页岩气产能的关系,建立了水平井压裂条件下的累计产气量和页岩气采收率方程。针对目标压裂层段,对比分析了不同压裂参数条件下的页岩气产能变化,指出水平井段长度和动用程度是决定产能大小的主要参数。在一定的压裂级数条件下,裂缝长度的增加可以有效沟通裂缝,从而提高产能。以净现值大于0和收益率达到8%～12%作为经济评价指标,优选了3类海陆过渡相页岩气压裂参数。      

裂缝网络支撑剂非均匀分布对开采动态规律的影响

水力压裂过程中支撑剂的注入是为了防止地应力将已压裂出的裂缝重新闭合。为了研究复杂裂缝网络中支撑剂的运移分布规律,及支撑剂非均匀分布对开采动态规律的影响,基于作者之前提出的数个数学模型,建立了致密储层压裂注砂开发耦合计算模型。通过计算结果可以得知:裂缝网络中,支撑剂会在裂缝交汇处大量堆积,砂堤高度高于缝网其他部分。次级裂缝中的支撑剂更多的处于悬浮状态,且支撑剂沉降堆积高度相较于主裂缝小25%～50%,相互沟通的次级缝具有更高的支撑剂沉降程度。缝网中支撑剂非均匀分布对模拟计算结果具有较大影响,当储层渗透率为0.05 mD时,忽略支撑剂非均匀分布计算出的产量高出实际值41.7%,因此在进行低渗透率储层模拟时,支撑剂非均匀分布状态不可忽略;当基质渗透率为5 mD时,产量计算差异在5%以内,此时不考虑支撑剂非均匀分布相对合理。      

含微裂缝页岩储层渗流模型及压裂井产能

根据页岩气储层纳微米孔隙和微裂缝结构特征,建立含微裂缝表面层基质-裂缝双重介质球形模型.综合考虑扩散和滑移对页岩气产能的影响,利用Langmuir等温吸附方程描述页岩气的解吸吸附,通过Laplace变换和Stehfest数值反演,得到页岩气藏压裂井定产和定压条件下的井底流压和产量的解析解,并进行页岩气藏压裂井产能预测及影响因素分析.结果表明:微裂缝是页岩气基质微观孔隙和宏观裂缝运移的主要渗流通道;微裂缝的渗透率越大和长度越长,页岩气井产量越大.      

复杂压裂缝网页岩气储层压力传播动边界研究

页岩气储层中存在大量的纳微米孔隙,且孔隙裂缝结构复杂,气体渗流阻力大,存在多尺度渗流的问题;页岩气储层压力扰动随时间向外传播并非瞬时到达无穷远,其渗流规律就是一个压力扰动边缘动边界的问题。基于对以上问题的研究,本文建立了渗透率分形分布和高斯分布的渗透率表征模型,对不同形态缝网压裂特征就渗流规律进行了描述,并利用稳态依次替换法,考虑页岩储层中扩散、滑移及解吸作用,进一步研究了多级压裂水平井不稳定渗流压力扰动的传播模型,得到不同压裂条件下压力扰动边界随时间变化的关系,并结合我国南方海相龙马溪组页岩气藏储层参数,应用MATLAB编程。研究表明:压力传播动边界随时间增加逐渐向外扩展,渗透率越小,压力传播越慢;未压裂储层压力传播速度<渗透率分形分布压裂储层传播速度<渗透率高斯分布压裂储层传播速度。对于渗透率极低的页岩气储层,压力传播慢,气井自然产能低,必须对页岩气储层进行大规模的储层压裂改造,并控制压裂程度,以提高页岩气开发效果;基于压力传播动边界的扩展优化页岩储层压裂井段间距90 m,优化渗透率分形分布压裂井井间距318 m,渗透率高斯分布压裂井井间距252 m。因此应合理控制页岩储层压裂改造规模,实现优产高产。模型模拟结果与实际生产数据拟合较好,验证了本研究理论模型的适用性。      

基于最小应变能密度因子断裂准则的岩石裂纹水力压裂研究

建立了考虑裂纹尖端非奇异项T应力的最小应变能密度因子断裂准则, 研究了不同裂纹类型条件下T应力和泊松比对起裂角的影响, 结果表明裂纹起裂角不仅与奇异项应力强度因子有关, 而且还需要考虑非奇异项T应力和泊松比的影响作用.同时计算了含井筒对称双裂纹水力压裂模型的起裂角和临界水压, 表明依据本文断裂准则计算得到理论解与实验结果吻合良好.在此基础上, 利用该准则从理论上分析了临界裂纹区尺寸、T应力、比奥系数、侧压系数、泊松比等因素对水力压裂裂纹起裂特性的影响.参数分析表明: 临界裂纹区尺寸、T应力和侧压系数对临界水压和临界起裂角有显著影响.临界水压随着泊松比增大而减小, 而临界起裂角呈现相反变化趋势.比奥系数对临界起裂角没有影响, 但是在高水压条件下对起裂角具有显著影响.      

天然气气井腐蚀与防腐技术研究

在研究区的气井进行生产开发时,由于产出来的天然气中有腐蚀介质,这些介质能够腐蚀气井油管发生很严重的腐蚀,从而破坏油管影响生产。针对目前的研究区的腐蚀情况,对气井产生的腐蚀因素进行分析,经过生产过程和实验室研究,加注适量的缓蚀剂是最有效最省开支的防腐材料。然后通过监测技术形成监测网络,对气井进行实时监控,可以及时有效的调整加注方案,为气井防腐、气田稳产的提供一定的指导。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.