考虑土塞效应的大直径 ＰＨＣ管桩竖向承载特性

大直径ＰＨＣ管桩贯入土体时,桩端土体进入管桩内形成土塞,产生土塞效应。为了研究土塞效应对大直径ＰＨＣ管桩竖向承载特性的影响,对大直径管桩静载试验进行数值模拟,得到不同因素下桩顶荷载－沉降及桩身轴力变化曲线。研究结果表明:桩径、土塞高度对桩顶沉降和桩身轴力影响最大,相同荷载作用下,桩径越大,土塞高度越高,桩顶沉降越小,桩身轴力减小速度越快;桩－土塞摩擦系数与土塞弹性模量的影响效果类似,其值较小时,桩顶沉降变化明显,增大到一定值后,沉降变化速率基本为零;土塞黏聚力与内摩擦角变化不会对桩顶沉降产生明显影响。     

考虑土体非线性时大直径端承桩竖向振动研究

为了研究层状地基中大直径桩的竖向振动特性,首先修正了经典土体振动模型,进一步研究了塑性指数及桩周土体应变对土体的动剪切应力、动剪切模量和滞回阻尼比的影响,并在此基础上将桩周土体分成不同区域,求解了考虑非线性情况下土体动阻抗,通过传递矩阵法得到了大直径端承桩在分层土体中的桩-土振动模型,最后给出了桩底动阻抗的影响因素和变化规律。结果表明:考虑土体非线性时,塑性指数、桩周土体应变、桩土相对刚度、桩的长细比对大直径桩动阻抗的影响较大,在工程设计中应重点考虑。     

饱和土中管桩的纵向振动特性

受饱和土中孔隙水的流动特性和桩基与土体渗透率不同的影响,饱和土中土与管桩的相互作用与单相土-桩相互作用的动力学行为差异较大。本文将土体视为液固饱和两相介质,利用多孔介质理论描述饱和土的宏观力学行为,假定饱和土符合Novak平面假定,将Novak的平面应变模型推广应用到饱和土中管桩的振动问题中,求解了饱和土层的纵向振动,并通过数值算例分析讨论了桩周土和桩芯土力学参数对饱和土中管桩纵向振动的影响。研究结果表明：管桩桩顶复刚度和导纳随频率的变化规律与实心桩不同,桩周土较桩芯土提供的摩擦力要大,且桩周土对管桩纵向振动的影响较桩芯土大。     

深圳软土地基管桩施工中挤土与土塞效应的数值模拟分析

挤土效应和土塞效应是软土地基基坑管桩施工中常见的问题,其对桩的承载力和桩周土体均有重大影响.以深圳市大空港新城区截流河综合治理工程为工程背景,选取典型施工断面,通过PFC软件建立数值模型,对闭口管桩和开口管桩沉桩过程中桩周土体的运动模式、位移变化、土体细观结构变化以及桩端阻力变化进行了计算分析.结果表明,闭口管桩沉桩过...     

台风环境中海上风电管桩基础动响应特性研究述评

我国海上环境恶劣，极端天气容易导致风机倒塌。现有研究表明，台风环境下，“土塞 －管桩 － 桩侧土”的相互作用和动力响应特征，是决定风电支撑体系服役寿命的关键因素。为深入研究海上风电 基础的动力响应，对土塞的形成机理及其与管桩的相互作用做了基本论述，介绍了水平荷载下桩土相互 作用的研究现状，探讨了海洋环境下单桩支撑体系固有频率演变和土体循环弱化特性的联系。最后，总 结得出台风环境下敞口桩动力响应研究现状的不足之处，为今后的研究方向提供了参考。     

桩靴对饱和粉土中锤击管桩沉贯阻力的影响

带桩靴管桩有利于提高打入桩的贯入效率,并且会改变桩身荷载传递规律减小桩身破损。为探究饱和粉土中开口管桩锤击沉贯机理,对双壁开口模型桩进行了室内贯入试验。锤击沉桩下考虑不同桩靴形式的影响,采集沉桩过程中桩身应变和土塞变化。研究发现,沉桩进入硬质砂土层后沉桩阻力明显增大,桩端阻力占比较大,桩靴能有效减小沉桩阻力;在同一土层位置处,外侧摩阻力会出现衰退现象,内倾30°桩靴桩内单位侧摩阻最大;桩端形式对土塞影响显著,沉桩结束时土塞率内倾30°桩靴试桩、外倾30°桩靴试桩、无桩靴试桩分别为41％、35％和31％。桩靴可有效降低穿越硬质土层的贯入阻力,研究结论可用于指导打入桩施工,为预制管桩打入过程选用合适的桩靴形式提供参考。     

粘弹性地基中管桩的纵向振动特性研究

基于经典的平面应变假定,推导出了管桩动力响应的频域解析表达式。分析了土体剪切模量、阻尼系数、桩芯土、桩径等对振动特性的影响。计算结果表明：土体剪切模量越大,速度导纳曲线和复动刚度曲线振荡幅值越小;土体阻尼系数越大,速度导纳曲线振荡幅值越小;桩周土对桩壁的摩阻力要比桩芯土大;桩径越小,桩芯土对桩的作用力越小。     

土塞效应对PCC桩振动特性影响的数值模拟

采用ABAQUS建立土塞效应作用下PCC桩的三维有限元模型,对土塞效应下PCC桩的低应变瞬态动测响应进行模拟,得出不同土塞率、不同土塞与桩壁摩擦系数下的桩顶速度时域和频域响应。结果表明:(1)随着土塞率的增大,速度时域曲线中的第一阶反射波峰的幅值减小,且幅值减小依然受三维效应的影响。(2)随着摩擦系数的增大,速度时域曲线中的第一阶反射波峰与第二阶反射波峰的幅值逐渐减小,且第一阶反射波峰幅值的减小程度较为微弱、呈线性变化,第二阶反射波峰幅值的减小程度更为显著、呈非线性变化,波形在第二个反射波峰之前才开始出现分离现象。(3)土塞效应导致波动在土塞段传播的速度减小,土塞效应越强,削减作用越强。(4)土塞效应削弱了纵向振动,横向振动与弯曲振动的耦合,从而导致PCC桩导纳曲线共振峰幅值下降。     

管桩施工中常见的质量问题及防治对策

对管桩施工中常见的露桩和短桩、斜桩、挤土影响和振动影响，沉桩时遇到“硬层”沉不下去，沉桩达不到设计要求等质量问题，分析其产生的原因，提出了防治和处理办法。     

不同桩体温度下能量管桩承载力特性模型试验研究

能量管桩是在传统ＰＣＣ桩或预应力管桩基础上研发的一种新型的桩埋管形式能量桩技术,埋管方便、热传导效率高;然而,针对不同温度下该新型能量桩承载力特性的研究相对较少。基于模型试验方法,在桩内预埋导热管、利用导热管中的循环导热液体对桩体施加温度,续而开展温度影响下能量管桩的静载荷试验,测得不同温度影响下能量管桩的荷载－位移关系曲线、桩身应力－应变关系曲线等变化规律,并对能量管桩在实际运行过程中的承载特性与受力机理进行了初步讨论与分析。试验结果表明,能量管桩在饱和砂土中的竖向承载力随着桩体温度的升高而增大,反之,则减小;桩体温度每升高１℃,能量管桩桩基极限承载力近似提高１．５％。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。