国内钢铁业信息化建设中的存在问题及建议

在介绍我国钢铁业发展现状的基础上,针对钢铁企业制造流程复杂、规模庞大等特点,采用了理论分析与案例研究相结合的方法,指出了国内钢铁业信息化建设中存在的几个主要问题,并详细加以分析,提出相关建议.虽然国内钢铁业信息化起步较晚,但只要实施正确,完全可以在短时间内,利用信息化显著提升企业的国际竞争力.     

Variance Component Calculations: Common Methods and Misapplications in the Semiconductor Industry

Calculating variance components is of utmost importance in the semiconductor industry. Often, estimates of product and process variation are needed for both qualification and improvement. Once estimates are obtained, process and product improvement efforts can proceed. In this paper, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method is used to show how variance components are calculated correctly from a fully nested, random effects model. Due to lack of understanding and tools, other common “variance-like” calculations are often used in practice/industry, based on variances of averages, to estimate variance components. It will be shown that these calculations are misapplications of known variance formulas and provide incorrect variance component estimations. The ANOVA method will be compared to these common calculations often used in industry. The potential pitfalls often encountered with these methods will be highlighted. The adjustment factors, which correct these commonly calculated variance components to match the ANOVA method variance components, will be given and then explored. And finally, the relationships of the methods discussed herein to other nested model types will be presented. A case study will be referenced throughout the paper to show the applications of such methods.     

A Mathematical Framework for the Key Characteristic Process

To maximize product quality, a product design team selects concepts and dimensions to minimize a product’s sensitivity to variation. However, even for the most robust products, it is rarely possible to transition a product into production without encountering any variation-related problems. In a complex product, it is not economically or logistically feasible to control and/or monitor the thousands of tolerances specified in a product’s drawing set. To address this problem, many organizations are using Key Characteristic (KCs) methods to identify where excess variation will most significantly affect product quality, and what product features and tolerances require special attention from manufacturing. As simple as this principle seems, most companies struggle to effectively implement KC methods because no quantitative methods to prioritize KCs exist. This paper develops a mathematical definition of a KC based on a variation propagation model. In addition, it develops a quantitative effectiveness measure used to prioritize where verification, variation reduction, and on-going monitoring should be applied. The effectiveness measure incorporates the cost of control, the benefit of control, and the expected change in process capability. The methods are illustrated using an automotive door assembly.     

冶金备件装配作业流程优化分析

结合某冶金集团机械厂装配车间生产作业实际,运用流程优化的理论技术,针对冶金备件装配作业流程进行分析研究,进而对齿辊破碎机装配作业进行流程程序分析和工组联合作业分析,并提出新的优化方案.     

Exploitation of Computer Modeling for Quality Assurance and Quality Control during the Production of Heavy Plates of Steel

Increasing demand for high‐quality steel plates requires the use of modern computer‐aided methods of quality assurance and quality control. In the Plate Department of Thyssen Krupp Stahl AG production efficiency has been enhanced by the use of methods for the pre‐calculation of plate properties using information from large databases of plate production experience. These methods support quality assurance and quality control, and facilitate more effective work flow with production time savings. To achieve further improvements in the quality of the heavy steel plates with sufficient homogeneity and reproducibility will require consistent use of the pre‐calculation method and database development. The structure and function of these new tools are described.     

流程工业在制品库存的分段控制方法

从分析流程工业生产特点和ERP系统的在制品库存管理方法着手,结合准时生产制(JIT)和大规模定制思想,从稳定生产过程的角度探讨流程工业在制品库存控制的改善和优化问题.提出采用计划下达点和定制点作为过程分离点和关键控制点来对整个生产过程进行分段控制的两点控制方法,从而简化了控制过程,在很大程度上克服了流程工业难以精确控制的矛盾,使生产过程更顺畅,在制品库存量更合理.     

我国特殊钢行业发展成就与特点

概述了我国特殊钢发展的历程和各个时期的特征,通过对比分析国内外特钢发展尤其是技术发展的趋势及特点,总结出我国特殊钢发展的成就与不足,并提出现阶段我国应该加大力度发展特殊钢,在政策上、资金上和技术上予以重点的扶持,将优化特殊钢质量,规范特殊钢生产工艺和规模以及提高资源能源的利用效率作为特殊钢今后发展的重要目标和方向。     

A Method for Determining Equivalence in Industrial Settings: Defining and Testing the Equivalence of Two Methods or Two Laboratories

A common practice in industrial settings is to determine the equivalence between two methods or two laboratories. Average equivalence is the preferred method. Average equivalence focuses only on the comparison of the means. However, it may be also of interest to compare the variabilities. We propose an equivalence method that considers the means and the variabilities when comparing two methods or two laboratories. We develop bounds for conducting statistical tests using the proposed equivalence criterion. Simulation is conducted to study the performance of the bounds. The criteria are the ability to maintain the stated confidence level, as well as the stated test size, and the simulated power of the tests using these bounds. Bounds that perform well for small sample size are also desirable.     

关于钢铁企业的结构与钢铁工业的发展模式

基于对钢铁工业发展历史的回顾和对中国钢铁企业结构调整的现状分析, 阐述了钢铁制造流程的解析与集成以及技术进步的方向,探讨了不同类型钢材的生产工艺,分析和展望了未来钢厂结构的发展模式以及投资决策问题。指出钢铁工业的时代命题是:市场竞争力和可持续发展;21世纪钢铁生产流程的功能将朝着冶金功能--低能耗、低物耗、高效率地生产新一代钢铁产品,并降低单位产品的投资额; 能源转换功能--形成工业生态链甚至转换出新能源;社会废弃物处理功能--实现环境友好。钢厂将逐渐向都市周边型钢厂或生态工业钢厂的模式发展。     

钢板性能研究中常用统计方法及Origin软件实现

介绍了钢板性能研究过程中常用的统计方法,包括描述性统计方法、频数统计方法及质量控制图方法,详细介绍了这些统计方法在Origin软件中的实现过程.     

A Study on Formation and Growth Mechanism of Nitride Layers During Plasma Nitriding Process of Plastic Injection Mold Steel

Ion nitriding modifies composition of surface layer in steel used in plastic mold application and this consequently improves their lifecycle. In this study, pulsed plasma nitriding technique was used to produce a protecting hard layer on AISI P20 steel at three process temperatures of 450°C, 500°C, and 550°C for durations of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 h at a constant gas mixture of 75% N₂–25% H₂. Surface morphology was studied by optical and scanning electron microscope and the phases formed on the surface layer were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Elemental depth profile was measured by techniques including energy dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive spectrometer, and glow discharge spectroscopy and for identifying hardness profile, microhardness variations from surface to core of samples were recorded. Results showed that, thickness of compound layer of plastic mold steel AISI P20 was negligible. Moreover in ion nitriding of AISI P20, nitride were formed and grown in some preferred directions and upward diffusion of carbon and downward diffusion of nitrogen occurred during ion nitriding of AISI P20. XRD results showed that, ?-nitride is the dominant phase after plasma nitriding in all strategies. Furthermore, ion nitriding improved hardness of AISI P20 up to three times and as time and temperature increased, hardness and hardness depth of diffusion zone increased considerably.     

冷轧钢基复合材料的实验研究

在实验的基础上，讨论了冷轧钢基复合材料工艺中关于轧前表面处理、相对压下量与结合牢度及复合机理等问题。     

供应链网链模型在汽车行业的应用及改进

从分析供应链网链模型的原则入手,将其应用于汽车业供应链中,并从资金流、物流（或服务流）和信息流的角度,分析了汽车业供应链网链模型的特点。根据行业的实际情况,对汽车业网链模型提出了改进建议,详细研究了信贷资金流A、B和逆向物流的运作。这种改进对于提高汽车业供应链的管理效率有一定借鉴意义。     

欧洲平衡流量计在钢铁行业中的应用

平衡流量计作为一种节能型的差压式流量仪表,凭借其特殊定制的传感器结构,对流体进行平衡整流,涡流最小化,形成近似理想的流体。并且它与孔板具有相同的使用方法和外形,在当今节能减排的社会形势下,很适合在能源计量中使用平衡流量计。     

Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence for Green Manufacturing in the Process Industry

Smart manufacturing is critical in improving the quality of the process industry. In smart manufacturing, there is a trend to incorporate different kinds of new-generation information technologies into process-safety analysis. At present, green manufacturing is facing major obstacles related to safety management, due to the usage of large amounts of hazardous chemicals, resulting in spatial inhomogeneity of chemical industrial processes and increasingly stringent safety and environmental regulations. Emerging information technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) are quite promising as a means of overcoming these difficulties. Based on state-of-the-art AI methods and the complex safety relations in the process industry, we identify and discuss several technical challenges associated with process safety: ① knowledge acquisition with scarce labels for process safety; ② knowledge-based reasoning for process safety; ③ accurate fusion of heterogeneous data from various sources; and ④ effective learning for dynamic risk assessment and aided decision-making. Current and future works are also discussed in this context.     

10CrNiMo结构钢弹性模量在低周疲劳过程中的变化规律

采用横截面为圆形的光滑试样,在六级轴向系列不同恒应变幅(0.3%~1.0%)控制下,研究10CrNiMo结构钢弹性模量在低周疲劳过程中的变化规律.结果显示:在不同级别应变幅控制下,随着应变幅值的增加,稳定循环下的弹性模量并不是恒量,而是以负幂指数函数规律减小,且最小与最大应变幅下的弹性模量相差超过15%;而在某一恒应变幅控制下的稳定循环区间内,弹性模量随着循环次数的增加而缓慢下降,但在疲劳失稳时,弹性模量迅速大幅降低.分析认为,出现上述现象的原因,与不同应变幅对材料造成不同程度的疲劳损伤及恒定应变幅控制下材料固有的持续疲劳抗力有关.     

流程工业综合自动化的探讨与思考

工业自动化的快速发展给化工企业实施综合自动化创造了良好的基础条件,章提出了流程工业企业综合自动化的三层框架式结构,并在概念上对其进行了描述,对实施综合自动化过程中必须重视的关键问题进行了讨论。根据在实际化工企业实施综合自动化过程中的体会,简介了一项工程实例。     

基于层次分析法的外商直接投资中主导产业分析

运用系统演化理论中状态变量的确定方法和AHP法对FDI产业系统进行分析,以便找出其中的主导子系统。利用此方法对天津市FDI产业系统77个子系统进行实证分析,找出对整个FDI产业系统状态变量影响较大的主导子系统产业为4个,它们的综合指数均超过了2个单位。