磷－溴双元素阻燃涤纶切片的研制

分析了磷－溴（Ｐ－Ｂｒ）阻燃剂的特性及阻燃机理。应用Ｐ－Ｂｒ阻燃剂进行了阻燃涤纶切片的开发研制试验，结果表明：Ｐ－Ｂｒ阻燃剂阻燃效果好、能高度分散并有良好的热稳定性，其所制阻燃涤纶切片有良好的可纺性。     

磷－溴双元素阻燃涤纶切片的研制

分析了磷－溴（Ｐ－Ｂｒ）阻燃剂的特性及阻燃机理。应用Ｐ－Ｂｒ阻燃剂进行了阻燃涤纶切片的开发研制试验，结果表明：Ｐ－Ｂｒ阻燃剂阻燃效果好、能高度分散并有良好的热稳定性，其所制阻燃涤纶切片有良好的可纺性。     

阻燃涤纶织物的现状及发展

概述了国内外涤纶阻燃改性的研究情况,综述了涤纶阻燃处理方法,分析了卤系和磷系阻燃剂及其对涤纶的阻燃改性的优缺点,介绍了涤纶的燃烧机制、阻燃机制、阻燃方法以及阻燃性能的测试方法。涤纶阻燃改性中所用的阻燃剂主要是通过吸热、覆盖和稀释等机制发挥阻燃作用的。分析了涤纶阻燃整理存在的问题,讨论了阻燃涤纶的发展趋势。     

磷系涤纶共聚阻燃剂的性能探析

对自制的磷系涤纶共聚阻燃剂的热性能、阻燃性能进行了测定,并初步考察了该阻燃剂对聚酯切片质量指标及热性能的影响。结果表明：该阻燃剂分解温度为２５８℃,在聚酯中的添加量为３．２％时,氧指数为２９。用该阻燃剂研制的阻燃聚酯切片与普通切片的特性粘数、端羧基含量、二甘醇含量、加工流变性能等指标相同     

热分析用于阻燃聚丙烯热特性参数的研究

用热分析法研究了阻燃剂及阻燃聚丙烯热特性参数,把结晶和熔融温度、熔融热、热分解温度等表征参数所提供的信息,作为指导阻燃聚丙烯研制工艺、注塑成型加工与应用、阻燃剂及阻燃协效体系的评选依据。     

二苯砜磺酸钾阻燃PC的热降解行为及老化寿命估算

采用氧指数法测试了二苯砜磺酸钾(KSS)的阻燃性能,并运用热重(TG)分析结合Kissinger和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa处理方法对KSS阻燃聚碳酸酯(PC)的非等温降解动力学和热老化寿命进行了研究.结果表明,阻燃剂的加入可大幅度提高PC的阻燃性能,当KSS的质量分数为0.7%时,阻燃PC的氧指数可从纯PC的26.3%增加到34.4%,阻燃等级由FV-2级提高到FV-0级;KSS的加入改变了PC的热降解活化能,相对于纯PC的活化能为186.54 kJ/mol,阻燃PC的降解活化能只有171.41 kJ/mol,表明KSS的加入促进了热降解,有利于在材料的燃烧表面快速地形成炭层,起到阻燃作用;阻燃荆的加入使同一温度下PC的不同失重率所对应的时间缩短,即热稳定性降低,这一点与阻燃剂能够降低PC的初始降解温度、提前分解成炭有密切关系.     

复配阻燃剂阻燃纯棉织物的工艺研究

采用聚磷酸铵(APP),季戊四醇(PER),聚磷酸蜜胺(MPP)复配作为阻燃纯棉织物的阻燃剂,以乙二醛(GLY)为交联剂,研究APP的最佳溶解温度及织物的焙烘条件,并在此条件下以APP/MPP/PER/GLY(10/7/1/2)为复配阻燃剂整理纯棉织物。通过氧指数、垂直燃烧、热降解等表征其阻燃性能。研究结果表明:APP的最佳溶解温度为85℃,复配阻燃剂整理纯棉织物的烘焙条件140℃×150s,阻燃纯棉织物的阻燃性能较好。     

硅-磷阻燃剂对涤纶织物的阻燃研究

采用极限氧指数法（LOI）、垂直燃烧法等手段研究甲基三甲氧基硅烷包覆聚磷酸铵的协同阻燃剂,与水性聚氨酯组成阻燃涂层剂,对涤纶织物的阻燃效果。结果表明：甲基三甲氧基硅烷和聚磷酸铵配比为2：1,阻燃剂与水性聚氨酯配比为1：2,阻燃剂质量浓度为160g／L,烘焙温度为180℃,烘焙时间为120s,阻燃涤纶织物的极限氧指数为44．3％,损毁长度为29mm,阴燃时间和续燃时间均为0,达到GB20286-2006标准中的阻燃1级。     

不同磷含量阻燃共聚酯热性能研究

选用含磷阻燃剂2-羧乙基苯基次膦酸(CEPPA)合成了不同磷含量的阻燃改性共聚酯。利用DSC、TGA对其热性能进行了分析,并对切片干燥后的特性粘度降进行了测试。结果表明,随着阻燃剂含量的添加,阻燃共聚酯的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)、冷结晶峰(T_c)、熔点(T_m)下降,熔融结晶峰(T_(mc))增大,样品的结晶能力下降;阻燃共聚酯的热失重活化能低于纯PET的热失重活化能;随着磷含量增大、干燥温度的升高,样品的特性粘度降增大。阻燃聚酯干燥过程应避免空气同时适当降低干燥温度。     

生物质阻燃涂层在涤纶纺织品上的研究进展

涤纶纺织品易燃并伴有熔滴现象,易产生二次危害,这极大地限制了其广泛应用.因此,开发阻燃涤纶纺织品意义重大.生物质阻燃剂以其绿色环保、可持续发展等优势成为近年来阻燃剂领域的新秀,具有很好的发展前景.对国内外生物质阻燃剂在涤纶纺织品中的阻燃研究现状进行了综述,主要介绍了植酸、壳聚糖、海藻酸盐、蛋白质和其他生物质大分子在涤纶...     

WATER VAPOR STANDARD EMISSIVITY BY MIXED GRAY-GASES MODEL

Conventional fossil fuels are of carbon-hydrogen composition. A number of alternative fuels, e.g., coal, lignite, are carbon-based fuels. The high temperature combustion of such fuels would generate carbon dioxide, and if hydrogen is present, water vapor. The knowledge of the emissivities of carbon dioxide and water vapor is very important in burner design and thermal efficiency calculations.

The present work utilizes a mixed gray-gas model to approximate the water vapor emissivities at zero partial pressure of water vapor and 1 atm total pressure. Two models are developed. The first model is a mixture of four gray-gases and can be used in the range T = 350-900 K, pL = 0.1-200 cm atm with an error range of—8.2 to 6.2%. The second model is a piece-wise one in which one gray-gas was used to cover the pL range 50-200 cm atm and a second gray-gas covered the range of 5-50 cm atm. The model can be used in ihe range of 700-1500 K and has an error range of —2.3 to 3.7%. Comparison with Leckner's model shows the superiority of the present models.     

WATER VAPOR STANDARD EMISSIVITY BY MIXED GRAY-GASES MODEL

Conventional fossil fuels are of carbon-hydrogen composition. A number of alternative fuels, e.g., coal, lignite, are carbon-based fuels. The high temperature combustion of such fuels would generate carbon dioxide, and if hydrogen is present, water vapor. The knowledge of the emissivities of carbon dioxide and water vapor is very important in burner design and thermal efficiency calculations.

The present work utilizes a mixed gray-gas model to approximate the water vapor emissivities at zero partial pressure of water vapor and 1 atm total pressure. Two models are developed. The first model is a mixture of four gray-gases and can be used in the range T = 350-900 K, pL = 0.1-200 cm atm with an error range of—8.2 to 6.2%. The second model is a piece-wise one in which one gray-gas was used to cover the pL range 50-200 cm atm and a second gray-gas covered the range of 5-50 cm atm. The model can be used in ihe range of 700-1500 K and has an error range of —2.3 to 3.7%. Comparison with Leckner's model shows the superiority of the present models.     

MOISTURE MEASUREMENT BY FT-IR-SPECTROSCOPY

This contribution reports on the use of a FT-IR-spectrometer for measuring concentrations during the drying of thin films of Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and Methanol. Calibration was carried out by differential weighing. The spectra were taken in transmission mode while dried air was blown over the liquid films. The obtained accuracy was +/- (5% + 0,8 g/m²) for small contents of Methanol and +/- (10 % 2 g/m²) for higher Methanol contents. The content of PVAc could be measured with 5% accuracy. The experiments were carried out at room temperature; the examined films had a thickness of about 30 to 60 microns when completely dry.     

采用粒数衡算模型研究沉淀过程中粒子的聚结和破裂

通过采用MSMPR反应沉淀器,研究了普鲁卡因青霉素反应沉淀过程中粒子的聚结和破裂对过程的影响机理,并对用生死函数表征聚结和破裂的粒数衡算模型采用新的分析方法。结果表明,将二元破裂模型应用于该粒数衡算模型是可行的。     

HYDROFLUORIC ACID EXTRACTION BY TBP AND BY AMINES: MECHANISM,SPECIES FORMED AND UNIQUE PROPERTIES AT HIGH ACID TO AMINE MOLAR RATIOS

Analysis of data concerning HF extraction by amines reveals a change in extraction mechanism when HF/amine molar ratio in organic phase (Z) reaches 2. Up to this point extraction is by ion-pair formation and after it by H-bonding. As a result, the two HF molecules initially extracted differ in nature from subsequent ones. The change in mechanism explains why seemingly unrelated properties such as water co-extraction dilution and diluent effects, selectivity and viscosity - all change when amine bifluoride composition is attained. Similar change in extraction of other mono-basic acids occurs at Z=1. The system with Z>2 for HF is equivalent to that with Z>1 for other mono-basic acids and to that of extraction by TBP. It therefore provides a model for extraction from concentrated aqueous solutions.     

采用粒数衡算模型研究沉淀过程中粒子的聚结和破裂

通过采用MSMPR反应沉淀器,研究了普鲁卡因青霉素反应沉淀过程中粒子的聚结和破裂对过程的影响机理,并对用生死函数表征聚结和破裂的粒数衡算模型采用新的分析方法。结果表明,将二元破裂模型应用于该粒数衡算模型是可行的。     

均相沉淀法制备纳米Al2O3先驱体

以分析纯硫酸铝铵和碳酸氢铵为原料，采用均相沉淀法制备纳米Al23先驱体。结果表明，溶液的混合方式，超声振动，陈化时间对粉体的尺寸和形貌有很大的影响。采用先缓慢滴加，然后喷雾混合的方式可获得平均粒径为10mm的NH4Al(OH)2CO3粉体，并对粉体进行了扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），比表面积（BET），X射线衍射（XRD），红外光谱分析（IR），热重／差热（TG／DTA）等表征。     

电解电渗析法制备硅溶胶

以RuO_x／Ti为阳极、铁镀镍为阴极与Nafion901阳离子交换膜组装成两室的电解电渗析槽,探讨了电解电渗析法制备硅溶胶过程中槽电压和pH值变化的基本规律,证实了增大电流密度和阳极液的进料液流速率可减少二氧化硅在阳极上的吸附沉积,增大二氧化硅的收率．在滴加操作中,通过实验找到了制备浓硅溶胶的较佳的初始组成和操作条件,基本上解决了二氧化硅在阳极上的沉积问题,最高槽电压不超过10V,最高电流密度可达150mA·cm~(-2),膜的平均电流效率在93％左右．     

EXTRACTION OF METAL-OXALATE COMPLEXES BY DICATIONIC ANION-EXCHANGE EXTRACTANTS

The extraction of oxalate complexes of divalent metal ions (Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ ) by dicationic anion-exchange extractants, polymethylenebis(trioctylphosphonium)s (abbreviated as C_nBP), was studied. The shorter the length of methylene-chain connecting two cationic centers within an extractant molecule, the higher was the extractant capability, i. e., the extraction ability of extractants decreased in the order: C₂- > C₃- > C₄- > C₅- > C₆- > C₈- > C₁₀- > C₁₂BP. The entirely inverse order was obtained in the extraction of metal-halide complexes (M^IICl₄ ²-) and metal-cyanide complexes (M II(CN) ₄ ²-). The extraction abilities of monocationic extractants were inferior to even that of the least efficient one among the dicationic extractants. The extraction equilibrium was also studied.