氟盐冷却球床堆与HTR-10和MSRE的定量相似性分析

氟盐冷却球床堆是当前国际上一种新的研究堆型,尚无已经建造完成的反应堆,因此,选择相似且具有运行经验的反应堆作为基准题有助于堆芯核设计软件适用性分析。利用国际上常采用的相似性分析软件,可对熔盐实验堆(Molten Salt Reactor Experiment,MSRE)及10 MW高温气冷堆(10 MW high-temperature gas-cooled test reactor,HTR-10)与氟盐冷却球床堆的相似性进行分析,定量判断它们作为基准题的合理性。分析结果表明,MSRE和氟盐冷却球床堆的能谱峰位能量接近且堆内元素种类相近,二者相似程度较高;常温临界HTR-10和氟盐冷却球床堆冷却剂不同,且能谱峰位能量差异较大,二者相似程度较低。因此,MSRE是氟盐冷却球床堆中子物理设计软件较理想的基准题。     

Radionuclides in primary coolant of a fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor during normal operation

The release of fission products from coated particle fuel to primary coolant,as well as the activation of coolant and impurities,were analysed for a fluoride saltcooled high-temperature reactor (FHR) system,and the activity of radionuclides accumulated in the coolant during normal operation was calculated.The release rate (release fraction per unit time) of fission products was calculated with STACY code,which is modelled mainly based on the Fick's law,while the activation of coolant and impurities was calculated with SCALE code.The accumulation of radionuclides in the coolant has been calculated with a simplified model,which is generally a time integration considering the generation and decay of radionuclides.The results show that activation products are the dominant gamma source in the primary coolant system during normal operation of the FHR while fission products become the dominant source after shutdown.In operation condition,health-impacts related nuclides such as 3H,and 14C originate from the activation of lithium and coolant impurities including carbon,nitrogen,and oxygen.According to the calculated effective cross sections of neutron activation,6Li and 14N are the dominant 3H production source and 14C production source,respectively.Considering the high production rate,3H and 14C should be treated before being released to the environment.     

Radionuclides in primary coolant of a fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor during normal operation

The release of fission products from coated particle fuel to primary coolant,as well as the activation of coolant and impurities,were analysed for a fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR) system,and the activity of radionuclides accumulated in the coolant during normal operation was calculated.The release rate (release fraction per unit time) of fission products was calculated with STACY code,which is modelled mainly based on the Fick's law,while the activation of coolant and impurities was calculated with SCALE code.The accumulation of radionuclides in the coolant has been calculated with a simplified model,which is generally a time integration considering the generation and decay of radionuclides.The results show that activation products are the dominant gamma source in the primary coolant system during normal operation of the FHR while fission products become the dominant source after shutdown.In operation condition,health-impacts related nuclides such as 3H,and 14C originate from the activation of lithium and coolant impurities including carbon,nitrogen,and oxygen.According to the calculated effective cross sections of neutron activation,6Li and 14N are the dominant 3H production source and 14C production source,respectively.Considering the high production rate,3H and 14C should be treated before being released to the environment.     

一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆瞬态特性分析

根据下一代核能系统的发展目标,提出了采用自然循环的一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆的概念。利用修改后的RELAR5-MS系统分析程序,建立了一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆模型,并得到其稳态特性参数。在此基础上,对其在满功率运行状态下的反应性引入事故和失热阱事故进行了分析。分析计算表明,在反应性事故工况下,由于自然循环的存在,堆芯冷却剂流量随着堆芯温度发生动态变化,最终达到新的稳态,燃料棒和冷却剂温度均处于安全限值范围内。在失热阱事故下,反应堆负反馈的特性使得堆芯功率逐渐降低并实现自动停堆,即使不考虑余热排出系统的作用,燃料组件和冷却剂温度上升缓慢,在140 h内,燃料棒和冷却剂温度均处于全限值范围内。结果表明,一回路采用自然循环冷却的一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆具有良好的固有安全性。     

Uncertainty in probabilistic safety assessment

The basic philosophical framework for the analysis and presentation of uncertainties in probabilistic safety assessments is presented. State-of-knowledge and stochastic uncertainties are discussed, as well as the analysis of new evidence. Model uncertainties are investigated and alternative methods for their analysis are reviewed. Finally, the potential role of non-probabilistic theories of uncertainty in safety assessments and risk management is examined in a preliminary way.     

Advances in probabilistic safety assessment

This paper reviews the evolution of Probabilistic Safety Assessment in the last twenty years, the basic methodology, lessons learned, as well as several current issues. These include the formal use of expert opinions, model uncertainties, the notion of a living PSA, and source-term uncertainties.     

Requirements for high temperature reactor fuel particle design assessment

In the framework of a large Research and Development programme devoted to High Temperature Reactors (HTR) and set up in the CEA from 2000 on, we will address ourselves to the issue of coated fuel performance and design. Although HTR fuel main features have been established for a long time, we need today to reassess the fuel design to make sure that it meets the requirements linked to the most recent projects of High Temperature Reactors. Thus, in collaboration with Framatome and in connection with the Gas Turbine - Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) international project, we are planning to perform parametric thermal and mechanical studies, regarding different particle design options (kernel diameter, layers composition and thickness) and seeking optima concerning particle leak tightness and fission product retention. But to initiate such studies, we have first of all to define the design bases and the requirements for HTR fuel, in terms of kernel composition (fissile element, oxide stoechiometry, enrichment), particle and compact geometry (dimensions, particle volume fraction in the graphite matrix), power density, cooling gas temperature and irradiation conditions (burnup, fast fluence).     

FHR在全厂断电事故下对RVACS散热能力的要求

氟盐冷却高温堆(Fluoride salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor,FHR)是一种采用包覆颗粒燃料、高温熔融氟盐冷却剂的先进反应堆。部分FHR概念采用了反应堆容器辅助冷却系统(Reactor Vessel Auxiliary Cooling System,RVACS)导出事故下的堆芯余热。RVACS通过导热、对流换热、辐射换热等非能动过程,在事故发生时将堆芯余热排出至大气中。本文采用中国科学院上海应用物理研究所设计的10 MW FHR作为基准,利用RELAP5-MS程序,对其在全厂断电事故下的瞬态过程进行了模拟,验证了RVACS的余热导出能力。本文进一步研究了高反应堆功率情况下的全厂断电事故的瞬态过程,探讨了不同反应堆功率的FHR对RVACS散热能力的要求。     

UPM共因失效分析方法在概率安全评价中的适用性

对整合部分法(UPM)这个共因失效(CCF)分析方法作了简要介绍,结合30万千瓦核电厂高压安注系统故障树分析,对UPM和另一常用的CCF分析方法作了比较分析,确定了在概率安全评价及系统故障树分析中采用UPM进行CCF分析的有效性、适用性。     

大型集成概率安全分析软件系统的研究与发展

FDS团队在广泛调研和深入分析国际现有概率安全分析软件及其关键技术的基础上,研发了具有自主知识产权的大型概率安全分析软件系统RiskA.该软件提供了系统建模、故障树分析、事件树分析、不确定性分析、可靠性数据管理与分析、敏感性分析和重要度分析等概率安伞分析所需的基本功能.介绍RiskA的设计思想、总体结构、主要功能、技术特点和相关测试与应用等.     

A specialized code for operation transient analysis and its application in fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactors

Fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactors (FHRs) include many attractive features,such as high temperature,large heat capacity,low pressure and strong inherent safety.Transient characteristics of FHR are particularly important for evaluating its operation performance.Thus,a specialized code OCFHR (operation and control analysis code of FHR) issued to study an experimental FHR's operation behaviors.The geometric modeling of OCFHR is based on one-dimensional lumped parameter method,and some simplifications are taken into consideration during simulation due to the existence of complex structures such as pebble bed,intermediate heat exchanger (IHX),air radiator (AR) and multiply channels.A point neutron kinetics model is developed,and neutron physics calculation is needed to provide some key inputs including axial power density distribution,reactivity coefficients and parameters about delayed neutron precursors.For analyzing the operational performance,five disturbed transients are simulated,involving reactivity step insertion,variations of coolant mass flow rate of primary loop and intermediate loop,adjustment of air inlet temperature and mass flow rate of air cooling system.Simulation results indicate that inherent self-stability of FHR restrains severe consequences under above transients,and some dynamic features are observed,such as large negative temperature feedbacks,remarkable thermal inertia and high response delay.     

Applied probabilistic methods in the field of reactor safety in Germany

Some aspects of applied reliability and risk analysis methods in nuclear safety and the present role of both in Germany, are discussed. First, some comments on the status and application of reliability analysis are given. Second, some conclusions that can be drawn from previous work on the German Risk Study are summarized.     

Thermal hydraulic design of a liquid salt-cooled flexible conversion ratio fast reactor

A 2400 MWth liquid-salt cooled flexible conversion ratio reactor was designed, utilizing the ternary chloride salt NaCl-KCl-MgCl₂ (30-20-50%) as coolant. The reference design uses a wire-wrapped, hexagonal lattice core, and is able to achieve a core power density of 130 kW/l with a core pressure drop of 700 kPa and a maximum cladding temperature under 650 °C. Four kidney-shaped conventional tube-in-shell heat exchangers are used to connect the primary system to a 545 °C supercritical CO₂ power conversion system. The core, intermediate heat exchangers, and reactor coolant pumps fit in a vessel approximately 10 m in diameter and less than 20 m high. Lithium expansion modules (LEMs) were used to reconcile conflicting thermal hydraulic and reactor physics requirements in the liquid salt core. Use of LEMs allowed the design of a very favorable reactivity response which greatly benefits transient mitigation. A reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system (RVACS) and four redundant passive secondary auxiliary cooling systems (PSACSs) are used to provide passive heat removal, and are able to successfully mitigate both the unprotected station blackout transient as well as protected transients in which a scram occurs. Additionally, it was determined that the power conversion system can be used to mitigate both a loss of flow accident and an unprotected transient overpower.     

Level 1 probabilistic safety assessment to support the design of the CEA 2400 MWth gas-cooled fast reactor

As part of the design of a 4th generation reactor, the integration of safety in the early phase of the concepts is expected. To date, probabilistic insights are increasingly employed in the safety demonstration in combination with the deterministic approach (e.g. to identify the sequences of complex failures, to justify the categorization of situations) and used, even at an early stage of design, to identify the reliability of systems and equipment to handle the safety objectives (expressed in terms of core damage frequency targets). Within this frame, the CEA has undertaken to assess the benefit of developing a probabilistic model to support the design of the 2400 MWth gas-cooled fast reactor.In the building process of this level 1 probabilistic safety assessment, a first phase consisted in making a preliminary model that took only into account families of initiating events that were defined for the design of the decay heat removal dedicated loops, namely the loss of coolant accidents (representative of medium pressure situations) and loss of off-site power/station black-out transients (representative of high pressure situations). Owing to the results obtained with this preliminary L1PSA model, it emerged that an increased reliability of the DHR function in high pressure conditions (i.e. characterized by IEs not associated to the loss of integrity of the helium pressure boundary) is suitable to reduce the overall core damage frequency. The track was therefore chosen to require the use of normal loops as first line of provision of the DHR function, possibly including components or particular operating modes related to the secondary and tertiary circuits. In addition, this final L1PSA model is characterized by success criteria based on transient calculations performed with the CATHARE2 code and to a perimeter extended to all representative internal IEs at full operating power.This paper presents the building process and the main results related to these two successive L1PSA models. Finally, useful insights are translated into GFR design improvements that are leading to an overall CDF at full operating power that satisfies nowadays with the probabilistic target defined for 3rd generation reactors, being at least the objective for 4th generation reactors.     

Integrity assessment of the high temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR) control rod at very high temperatures

The high temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR) is the first high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) in Japan with a reactor outlet coolant temperature of 950°C at high temperature test operation. The HTTR contains 16 pairs of control rods for which Alloy 800H is chosen of the metallic parts. Because the maximum temperature of the control rods reaches about 900°C at reactor scrams, structural design guideline and design material data on Alloy 800H are needed for the high temperature design. The design guideline for the HTTR control rod is based on ASME Code Case N-47-21. Design material data is also determined and shown in this paper. Under the guideline, temperature and stress analysis was conducted, and it is confirmed that the target life of the control rods of 5 years can be achieved.     

The high temperature gas-cooled reactor as a source of high temperature process heat

The nuclear reactor has established itself as a future major supplier of electrical energy. The industrial market for other forms of energy, however, is almost as large and represents a new potential for the use of nuclear reactors. The high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) has been developed for commercial application in the electric power generation field. Since the HTGR is capable of delivering process heat in the temperature range of 1000–1500°F, it has many applications that would not be possible at the lower operating temperatures of water-cooled reactors. This paper briefly summarizes the development of the HTGR and outlines its salient technical features. Modifications to the reactor that enable it to be used as a process heat source are discussed. Specific applications are developed for coal gasification, steelmaking, and hydrogen production.     

Multiaxial loading tests of high temperature reactor components

This paper provides background information on the theory and tests to develop stress and strain analysis procedures employed in the high temperature component design of the helium cooled reactor prototype plant THTR.     

概率安全分析软件的自主化研究与设计

随着核电技术和核电工程的快速发展,组织力量进行适用于Living PSA分析和应用开发要求的PSA计算分析软件的自主开发变得十分必要和迫切。核电站快速风险分析软件NFRisk的研究和开发着眼于研究Living PSA的管理和技术要求,基于这些要求开发PSA模型开发和维护的计算机程序,实现故障树建立和分析、不可用度分析、重要度分析、敏感性分析和时间相关性分析,以及事件树建立和分析等功能,并具备能够对大型PSA故障树进行快速分析和定量化的能力;同时NFRisk软件还将包括数据库分析和管理程序包,与目前商用PSA软件的数据接口程序等,最终构建成一个可进行多种应用开发的NFRisk软件。本文主要介绍NFRisk软件的开发设想、方案设计以及主要功能。