The characterisation and measurement of Hbr-reacting acids in Mucuna pruriens and Urena lobata seed oils

Seed oils of Mucuna pruriens (Leguminosae) and Urena lobata (Malvaceae) were found to contain HBr-reacting acids to the extent of 1.3 and 10.8% respectively. Acetylation of the M. pruriens seed oil, followed by saponification and separation of the acids, gave 12,13-dihydroxyoleic acid. From this and other evidence it is concluded that 12,13-epoxyoleic (vernolic) acid is present as a constituent of the glycerides. On the other hand, the cyclopropenoid material in U. lobata oil was characterised as a mixture of malvalic (4.8%) and sterculic (6%) acids by the gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) of the silver nitrate-methanol treated methyl esters. Seed oils of Vernonia anthelmintica and Sterculia foetida were used as reference standards.     

The nature of the oxygenated fatty acids present in Malva parviflora seed oil

The seed oil of Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae) is known to contain glycerides of cyclopropene (malvalic and sterculic), cyclopropane (dihydromalvalic and dihydrosterculic), epoxy, and conjugated dienol acids. By preparative thin layer chromatography, the epoxy and conjugated dienol acids were isolated as their methyl esters. These were characterised as cis-12, 13-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic (vernolic) acid, and 13-hydroxy-cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic (coriolic) acid.     

Fatty acid composition of Hibiscus ficulneus seed oil

The fatty acid composition of seed oil from Hibiscus ficulneus (Malvaceae) was analysed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. In addition to normal saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, three hydrogen bromide-reactive fatty acids were also identified. These were shown to be epoxyoleic (4.9%), malvalic (4.2%), and sterculic (1.0%) acids. Seed oils of Vernonia anthelmintica and Sterculia foetida were used as reference standards.     

Essential oil,fatty acid and sterol composition of Tunisian coriander fruit different parts

BACKGROUND: Seed and pericarp of coriander fruit were compared in terms of essential oil, fatty acids and sterols. RESULTS: Essential oil yield of coriander samples ranged from 0.30 to 0.68% (w/w) in fruit and seed, respectively. However, in pericarp, the essential oil yield was only of 0.04% (w/w). Linalool was the major compound in the whole fruit, seed and pericarp, with 86.1%, 91.1% and 24.6% of the oils, respectively. Fatty acid composition of pericarp and seed lipids were investigated by gas chromatography. Petroselinic acid was the main compound of fruit and seed, followed by linoleic and oleic acids. Palmitic and linoleic acids were estimated in higher amounts in pericarp lipids. Total sterol contents were 36.93 g kg^?1 oil in seed, 6.29 g kg^?1 oil in fruit and 4.30 g kg^?1 oil in pericarp. Fruit and pericarp oils were characterized by a high proportion of β‐sitosterol, with 36.7% and 49.4% of total sterols, respectively. However, stigmasterol (29.5%) was found to be the sterol marker in seed oils. CONCLUSION: Coriander oil is a rich source of many compounds such as essential oils, fatty acids and sterols. This compound distribution presented significant differences between whole fruit, seed and pericarp. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Composition and antioxidative activities of supercritical CO2-extracted oils from seeds and soft parts of northern berries

The present study investigated the composition and the antioxidative activities of oils from the seeds and the soft parts of a range of northern berries extracted by supercritical CO₂. The seed oils of the species of Rubus, Vaccinium, Empetrum, Fragaria and Hippophaë were rich in linoleic (18:2n-6, 34-55% of total fatty acids) and ??-linolenic (18:3n-3, 29-45% of total) acids with n-6:n-3 ratios of 1:1-1:2. The seed oils of the species Ribes contained, in addition to linoleic and ??-linolenic acids, ??-linolenic (18:3n-6) and stearidonic (18:3n-4) acids. In seed oils from European rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and snowball berry (Viburnum opulus L.), linoleic and oleic (18:1n-9) acids together exceeded 90% of the total fatty acids. The sea buckthorn (SB) pulp oil had palmitoleic (16:1n-7), palmitic (16:0) and oleic acids as the major fatty acids. The SB pulp oil and snowball berry seed oil were rich in ??-tocopherol (120 and 110 mg/100 g oil, respectively), whereas raspberry seed oil contained a high level of ??-tocopherol (320 mg/100 g oil). Seed oils of cranberry (180 mg/100 g oil), Arctic cranberry (190 mg/100 g oil) and lingonberry (120 mg/100 g oil) are rich sources of ??-tocotrienol. The berry seed oils and the SB pulp oil showed varying peroxyl radical scavenging efficacies (300-2300 ??mol ??-tocopherol equivalent per 100 g oil) and inhibitory effects on perioxidation of microsomal lipids (250-1200 ??mol trolox equivalent per 100 g oil) in vitro. The peroxyl radical scavenging activity positively correlated with the total content of tocopherols and tocotrienols of the oils (r = 0.875, P = 0.001). The SB seed oil and pulp oil were active in scavenging superoxide anions produced by xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and inhibited Cu²⁺-induced LDL oxidation in vitro. The SB oils also protected purified DNA and rat liver homogenate from UV-induced DNA oxidation in vitro. The current research suggests potential of supercritical CO₂-extracted oils from northern berries as nutraceuticals and ingredients of functional foods.     

The fatty acid composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oil

Analysis of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oil from different seed collections (or cultivars), representing different growing areas, showed differences in the fatty acid pattern, especially with respect to linoleic (30.1-37.45%) and epoxyoleic (trace to 5.3%). The results showed different values from those previously reported for the cyclopropenoid fatty acid, found to be malvalic acid (0.4-2.0%), responsible for the positive Halphen response of the oil. It is now also established that the oil contains dihydrosterculic acid (1.0-1.6%) which has been reported previously in other species of the genus Hibiscus. The results of the rest of fatty acids showed ranges for myristic 0.2-0.5%, palmitic 17.4-22.6%, stearic 3.9-5.2% and oleic acid 34.6-39.8%.     

Total lipids content and fatty acid composition of seed oils from six pomegranate cultivars

The fatty acid composition of the seed oils of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L) cultivars was qualitatively and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. The seeds contained oil in the range 51-152 mg kg^?1 dry matter. Intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were demonstrated (fatty acid esters as % (w/w) total fatty acid esters. Sour varieties had the highest while sour-sweet varieties had the lowest oil content. Eleven fatty acids were identified. In all varieties, the predominant fatty acids were linoleic (25.2-38.6%) and oleic acid (24.8-35.5%) followed by palmitic (18.2-22.6%), stearic (6.9-10.4%) and linolenic acid (0.6-9.9%). To a lesser extent arachidic (1.1-3.4%) and palmitoleic acid (0.2-2.7%) were also found in all varieties. Lauric, myristic, behenic and lignoceric acids were rarely detected. As far as we know linolenic (18:3), arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0) or lignoceric (24:0) acids have not been previously reported in the seed oils of edible pomegranate varieties. Lignoceric acid has not previously been found in pomegranate seed oil.     

Variation in oil content and fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Acacia species collected from the northwest zone of India

BACKGROUND: The oil content and fatty acid composition of the mature seeds of Acacia species collected from natural habitat of the northwest zone of the Indian subcontinent (Rajasthan) were analyzed in order to determine their potential for human or animal consumption. RESULTS: Oil content varied between 40 and 102 g kg^?1. The highest oil content was obtained in Acacia bivenosa DC. (102 g kg^?1) among the nine Acacia species. The fatty acid composition showed higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (～757.7 g kg^?1 in A. bivenosa), oleic acid (～525.0 g kg^?1 in A. nubica) and dominant saturated fatty acids were found to be 192.5 g kg^?1 palmitic acid and 275.6 g kg^?1 stearic acid in A. leucophloea and A. nubica respectively. Seed oils of Acacia species can thus be classified in the linoleic–oleic acid group. Significant variations were observed in oil content and fatty acid composition of Acacia species. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of high linoleic–oleic acid‐rich edible oil and its full potential should be exploited. The use of oil from Acacia seed is of potential economic benefit to the poor native population of the areas where it is cultivated. The fatty acid composition of Acacia seed oils is very similar to that reported for commercially available edible vegetable oils like soybean, mustard, sunflower, groundnut and olive. Hence the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of edible vegetable oil after toxicological studies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Changes of bioactive components in berry seed oils during supercritical CO2 extraction

The objective of the work was to elucidate the chemical composition of fractions of oil extracts obtained during the supercritical extraction on a semi‐industrial scale from strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), chokeberry [Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.)], and raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seeds from industrial press cake. The oil extracts differed in terms of their content of bioactive components: carotenoids, tocopherols, chlorophylls, and fatty acids. Raspberry seed oil was the richest source of tocopherols (620.1–2166.7 mg kg^?1) and α‐linolenic acid (above 37%). Chokeberry seed oil had the highest content of linoleic acid (above 70%), and α‐tocopherol (166.0–1104.8 mg kg^?1). Strawberry oil was characterized by the highest content of chlorophylls and α‐linolenic acid (above 30%). It was showed that the oil fraction collected at the beginning of extraction is characterized by a high acid value, which requires purification steps to be used for food purposes.

Practical applications

Strawberry, raspberry, and chokeberry by‐products left over from the production of concentrated juice are a valuable source of oils rich in n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids. The research showed that the fractionation of extracts in the course of supercritical extraction leads to oils with varying amounts of different bioactive compounds, and thus to products with potentially wide applications. Seeds oils have high potential utility as a source of unconventional oil for cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors and biodiesel. Their targeted utilization may be exploited for economic, environmental and health benefits.     

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Oils Extracted from Noni,Spinach, Lady’s Finger,Bitter Gourd and Mustard Seeds,and Copra

The physico-chemical properties of solvent-extracted oil from the seeds of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch), and the dried kernel (copra) of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) were characterized. Among these sources, spinach seed had the lowest oil content (4.5 ± 0.4%) while coconut kernel had the highest oil content (63.1 ± 2.8%). Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids for spinach, lady’s finger and noni seed oils, while erucic, eleostearic, and lauric acids were the major fatty acids for mustard seed oil, bitter gourd seed oil, and coconut kernel oil, respectively. All of the oils possessed at least three major peaks in their triacylglycerol profiles except for bitter gourd seed oil which had only one major peak (1-stearoyl, 2,3-dieleostearoyl). The last endothermic peaks were –12.4, –6.0, 6.8, 57.7, 2.7, and 24.3ºC for noni, spinach, lady’s finger, bitter gourd and mustard seed oils, and coconut oil, respectively. Initially, the solid fat content of bitter gourd seed oil decreased gradually, but became rapidly after 50 until 60ºC. Coconut oil had its solid fat content reduced rapidly around 14 to 28ºC.     

Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Profiles of Cold-Pressed Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim Seed Oils

The physicochemical properties and volatile profiles of cold-pressed Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim (T. kirilowii) seed oils from four regions in China were determined in this study. The total oil content and cold-pressed oil yield of the four different sourced seeds were 38.06–44.33% and 15.17–30.97%, respectively. All the cold-pressed oil samples were found to be rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with content ranging from 45.41 to 75.32% of the total fatty acids. Punicic, α-eleostearic and catalpic acids were the main conjugated linolenic acid isomers in the cold-pressed T. kirilowii seed oils. The results of melting and crystallization profiles indicated that each oil sample exhibited different transitions steps due to its triacylglycerol composition, crystal structure and total unsaturation. Analysis of volatile profiles showed that 2,4-nonadienal was one of the most important aldehydes in the cold-pressed T. kirilowii seed oils, and less short chain acids (0.20%) but more esters (5.48%) were found in the sample with high content of punicic acid (Hebei sample). Results of oil quality indices indicated that cold-pressed T. kirilowii seed oils were liable to be oxidized, and their stabilities reduced with the increase of acid values. In general, more attention should be paid to improve the oxidative stability of cold-pressed T. kirilowii seed oils in their further application in food industry.     

The distribution of fatty acids in the seed oils of the compositae,liliaceae, ranunculaceae and sapindaceae families

The oil content and fatty acid composition of the seed oils of Compositae (five species), Goodeniaceae (three species), Liliaceae (three species), Ranunculaceae (three species) and Sapindaceae (three species) were determined. The fatty acid composition of the seed oils were analysed by gas chromatography. In the 17 species studied the seed oil fatty acids were dominated by linoleic acid (50.1–70–5%) followed by oleic (11.1–20–4%) and palmitic acids (9.0–13–3%), except in one species, Diplopeltis huegelii, in which oleic acid (35.1%) predominated.     

Fatty Acid Composition of ‘Cerrado’ Seed Oils

The seeds of 28 species from ‘cerrado’, a typical savanna ecosystem of Brazil, were analysed for total lipid contents and fatty acid distribution. The seeds of 10 species presented contents above 150 g kg⁻¹, the highest yield reaching 335 g kg⁻¹. Distribution of fatty acids based on polyunsaturated compounds seems to be rare in seed oils from ‘cerrado’: only three seed oils were found to be based on linoleic acid and none on linolenic acid. Eight seed oils, four of them Fabales, presented palmitic acid as a dominant constituent. Half of the species presented oleic acid based seed oils. Two species stand out for unusual fatty acid distribution: Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae) with 171 g kg⁻¹ of seed oil presenting 723 g kg⁻¹ of lauric acid and Serjania erecta (Sapindaceae) with 256 g kg⁻¹ of seed oil presenting 623 g kg⁻¹ of eicosenoic acid.     

Fatty acid composition of 20 lesser-known Western Australian seed oils

The fatty acid composition of the seed oils of Compositae (eight species), Proteaceae (four species), Begoniaceae (one), Boraginaceae (one), Euphorbiaceae (one), Liliaceae (one), Meliaceae (one), Rhamnaceae (one), Sapindaceae (one) and Stylidaceae (one) were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by a combination of thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography. The seeds contained oil in the range 1.6-37.7% (on a dry basis). Unusual fatty acids were not found. The major fatty acids were oleic and linoleic in all the species of seed oils except one (Phyllanthus calycinus) in which linolenic acid was the major component.     

Essential fatty acids and trans contents of some oils,margarine and other food fats

Levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cis, cis-methylene interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e. essential fatty acids—EFA) and isolated trans double bonds in six crude vegetable oils, seven commercial oils, eighteen margarines, two butter fats and fats from two types each of crisps and butter biscuits have been determined. The ratios between the PUFA or EFA and the saturated fatty acids of various samples have been tabulated. Normal (i.e. high linoleic) safflower seed oil gave the highest ratio. Margarines which were estimated to contain partially hydrogenated fish oils (45–90%, on fat basis) gave high values of trans double bonds. Butter fat having a similar EFA level to that present in a ‘hydrogenated fish oil’ margarine contained a much lower level of trans isomers. Almost all the PUFA in the oils of crips, and about half the PUFA content of butter biscuits, existed as ‘true’ essential fatty acids.     

Composition,characterisation and analysis of seed oil of Suaeda salsa L

Awareness of vegetable oils being beneficial for health has attracted researchers in exploring different vegetable oils. In this study, Suaeda salsa L. seed oil was extracted and characterised. The yield of S. salsa L. seed oil was 25.99%. Acidity, iodine number, saponification number, peroxide value and unsaponifiable matter were used to assess seed oil quality. Melting point and melting enthalpy were found to be ?35.75 °C and 26.39 J g^?1, respectively, from differential scanning calorimeter‐melting curves. Fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of this oil was analysed by GC‐MS and HPLC‐MS, respectively. The main fatty acid in S. salsa L. seed oil is Linoleic (65.03%), and the dominant triacylglycerols (TAGs) were LLL and OLL. The oil was found to have high amounts of α‐tocopherol (36.72 mg 100 g^?1) and β‐tocopherol (34.76 mg 100 g^?1). All the results suggest that S. salsa L. seed oil may have potential applications in relating industries.     

Component acids of Bauhinia seed oils

Seed oils of Bauhinia monandra and B. purpurea were examined for their component acids by reversed-phase partition column chromatography. the following results (wt. %) were obtained for B. monandra: myristic 1.4, palmitic 15.1, stearic 9.4, arachidic 0.9, behenic 0.9, oleic 11.5, linoleic 60.8 and for B. purpurea: lauric 0.5, myristic 0.5, palmitic 18.5, stearic 17.8, arachidic 1.3, behenic 1.3, oleic 11.1, linoleic 49.0. Epoxy oleic acid reported to be present in the seed oil of B. purpurea was not detected in the sample investigated.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Cucurbita ficifolia</Emphasis> seed oil

Pumpkin, Cucurbita ficifolia, seed oil was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) in the temperature range of 308–318 K and in the pressure range of 18–20 MPa. In addition, the influence of the superficial velocity within a tubular extractor was studied. The oil content determined by a Soxhlet apparatus was 43.5%. Physical and chemical characteristics of the oil were obtained. The results in terms of free fatty acids contents were compared with those obtained when n-hexane was used as the solvent, and no significant differences between the oils extracted by both methods were found. The main fatty acid was 6-linoleic acid (about 60%), followed by palmitic acid (about 15%) and oleic acid (about 14%). Oxidative stability was studied by using the induction time determined by the Rancimat method. The oil obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was less protected against oxidation (4.2 h for SFE-extracted oil and 8.3 h for the pumpkin seed oil extracted with n-hexane). The oil extracted by SC-CO₂ was clearer than that extracted by n-hexane, showing some refining. The acidity index was 5.5 for the n-hexane extracted oil. For the oils extracted by SC-CO₂, two analyses were made: for the oils obtained at 15 min of extraction time, for which the acidity indices varied from about 15 to 20, and for the remaining oils (extracted until 150 min), for which the acidity indices varied from about 2 to 2.6. The central composite nonfactorial design was used to optimise the extraction conditions, using the Statistica, version 5, software (Statsoft). The best results, in terms of oil recovered by SC-CO₂, were found at 19 MPa, 308 K and a superficial velocity of 6.0×10^–4 ms^–1.     

基于近红外光谱技术的沙棘籽油鉴伪方法研究

针对市场上沙棘籽油质量参差不齐的情况,结合近红外光谱技术研究沙棘籽油快速鉴伪的方法。采用234份沙棘籽油、其他植物油、掺假沙棘籽油的近红外透反射光谱,结合簇类独立软模式法(SIMCA)、偏最小二乘判别法(PLS-DA)、支持向量机法(SVM)3种化学计量学方法,在4 000~6 000 cm-1波段范围内分别建立这3类油的判别模型,并用117份独立样品对模型进行验证。结果表明:3种建模方法均得到了满意的结果,其中SVM在训练和验证过程中均得到100%的正确率,判别效果最好;近红外光谱技术应用于识别纯沙棘籽油和区分沙棘籽油掺假类别具有实用性,近红外光谱技术应用于沙棘籽油鉴伪是可行的。