材料组分对UHTCC力学性能的影响研究

通过立方体抗压试验和薄板四点弯曲试验,研究了水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、石英砂粒径对超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)力学性能的影响,并结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了UHTCC薄板试件断面的微观结构.试验结果表明,UHTCC薄板最大跨中挠度可达46.3 mm,最大极限抗弯强度可达9.6 MPa,均出现了应变硬化与多缝开裂现象.随着水胶比的增大,UHTCC抗压强度降低,四点弯曲强度降低,但水胶比过低或过高都不利于提高材料的延性.大掺量的粉煤灰会显著降低UHTCC抗压强度和四点弯曲的初裂强度,但能极大的提高材料的延性.粒径小的石英砂能改善UHTCC材料的弯曲强度和延性.SEM微观结构表明,纤维与基体之间通过桥联作用抑制微裂缝的发展,水胶比过低,断面纤维易被拉断,水胶比过高,断面纤维大量拔出,两者都不利于提高UHTCC的延性.     

三元纤维混掺增强高性能混凝土弯曲韧性及评价方法

选用端钩型钢纤维、单丝聚丙烯纤维和纤维素植物纤维,进行了共28组普通素混凝土、单掺、二元及三元纤维混掺增强高性能混凝土的梁三分点加载弯曲韧性试验.绘制了梁受弯荷载-挠度全曲线和底部弯拉应力-应变曲线,结合规范法和文献法分别计算了各纤维混凝土梁的弯曲韧性指标,分析了纤维掺量及混掺方式对混凝土弯曲韧性的影响.结果显示,所有方法计算混凝土弯曲韧性指标结果相近;相较普通素混凝土,纤维的掺入可显著提升混凝土的弯曲韧性,随着纤维掺量增加,三种单掺纤维混凝土试件弯曲韧性指标分别大致呈"先增后减"、"递增"及"递减"趋势;纤维增强混凝土弯曲韧性由强到弱依次为钢纤维,聚丙烯纤维,纤维素纤维;二元纤维混掺时,混凝土弯曲韧性大幅优于素混凝土,而与其对应单掺试件互有增减,当纤维组合为钢纤维1.92％和聚丙烯纤维0.4％时,二元纤维混凝土弯曲韧性指标相较单掺纤维混凝土提升最明显;三元纤维混掺时,混凝土弯曲韧性优于所对应单掺、二元混掺试件,其中PCSm值相较普通素混凝土、单掺纤维和二元纤维混掺试件提升1335倍、6.71倍、1.89倍;三种纤维最佳体积掺量组合分别为1.92％,0.31％和0.24％.     

高掺量粉煤灰PVA-ECC的力学性能研究及粉煤灰作用机理分析

主要研究了高掺量粉煤灰对PVA-ECC力学性能的影响,对粉煤灰掺量分别为40%、50%、60%情况下PVA-ECC的抗压强度、薄板四点弯曲性能等进行试验研究,并分析了粉煤灰在ECC中的作用机理.结果表明:随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,ECC的抗压强度呈降低趋势,四点弯曲试验中ECC试件的初裂荷载和峰值荷载降低,跨中挠度增加,且裂缝宽度减小;高掺量粉煤灰下,纤维长度对ECC抗压强度和延性有较大的影响,掺12 mm纤维的PVA-ECC在保证强度的同时,可获得较高的延性和韧性.     

平直型钢纤维掺量与长径比对超高性能混凝土性能的影响

为研究平直型钢纤维体积掺量及长径比对超高性能混凝土(U HPC)施工及力学性能的影响,选用四种镀铜平直型钢纤维,设计并制备了12组不同钢纤维体积掺量(0 ～4％,长径比均为65)及长径比(65、80、90、100,对应钢纤维体积掺量均为2.5％)的UHPC试件.通过扩展度、抗压强度和四点弯曲试验,得到了各组UHPC的扩展度、抗压强度、抗折强度及弯曲应力-挠度曲线;基于UHPC弯曲应力-挠度曲线,并结合CECS13:2009计算了UHPC的弯曲韧性指数.结果 表明:随着钢纤维体积掺量的增加,UHPC的扩展度呈下降趋势,UHPC抗压、抗折强度、弯曲韧性指数基本呈增加趋势,对应最佳钢纤维体积掺量分别为4％(平均值174.4 MPa)、3.5％(平均值46.18 MPa)和4％;随着钢纤维长径比的增大(钢纤维体积掺杂量2.5％不变),UHPC扩展度呈下降趋势,抗压、抗折强度平均值及弯曲韧性指数呈增加趋势;其中,抗压、抗折强度最大值分别为173.53 MPa和44.9 MPa.     

塑钢纤维掺量对钢筋与轻骨料混凝土粘结作用的影响

通过对钢筋与轻骨料混凝土进行拔出试验,探究塑钢纤维掺量对钢筋与轻骨料混凝土粘结作用的影响.以τ-s曲线描述试件粘结滑移的过程,用相对粘结强度衡量塑钢纤维掺量的影响作用,引入粘结韧性来分析塑钢纤维在试件粘结滑移过程中约束与耗能作用.结果表明:试件的破坏形态随纤维掺量的增加由劈裂破坏变为拔出破坏;钢筋的平均极限粘结强度τu、峰值滑移量su随纤维掺量的增加而增大;根据试验数据拟合出了相对粘结强度与塑钢纤维掺量的经验公式,可为工程设计提供参考;粘结韧性随纤维掺量的增加而提高,约束与耗能作用明显增强,但本试验塑钢纤维掺量超过6 kg/m3后,韧性虽继续增长,但韧性增幅却呈下降趋势.     

基于孔结构分形的混杂纤维混凝土抗冻性能研究

为研究粉煤灰掺量对钢-聚丙烯纤维混凝土抗冻性能的影响,设计并制备6种粉煤灰替代率的混杂纤维混凝土,对其进行冻融循环及盐冻循环试验,测试其质量损失、相对动弹模量及弯曲韧性。基于热力学模型计算冻融前后混凝土孔结构分形维数,建立分形维数与混凝土弯曲韧性之间的关系。结果表明:当粉煤灰质量掺量为5%~15%时,随粉煤灰掺量增多,混杂纤维混凝土的抗冻性能明显提升;继续增加粉煤灰掺量至20%,混杂纤维混凝土的弯曲韧性开始降低。混杂纤维混凝土内部孔具有明显的分形特征,分形维数与无害、少害孔总孔隙占比及多害孔孔隙占比均有良好的线性相关性。同时,混杂纤维混凝土孔分形维数与峰值荷载、能量吸收值呈正相关,分形维数越大,混凝土所能承受的峰值荷载越高、能量吸收值越大。     

钢-聚丙烯混杂纤维再生混凝土弯曲韧性研究

为了研究纤维对再生混凝土(RAC)的增韧效果,取体积掺量为0.5％、1.0％、1.5％的钢纤维和0.6％、0.9％、1.2％的聚丙烯纤维以单掺和混掺的方式掺入RAC中,采用四点弯曲试验对其弯曲性能进行研究,并分析了其微观增韧机理.结果表明:钢纤维和聚丙烯纤维的掺入对RAC弯曲破坏时承受的最大荷载、初裂挠度及韧性指数均有很大的改善,且混杂纤维改善效果优于单掺纤维.当钢纤维体积掺量为1.0％聚丙烯体积掺量为0.9％时,混杂纤维再生混凝土表现出良好的混杂效应,对弯曲性能的改善最为理想.     

高性能PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料的弯曲行为

高韧性的PVA-HPFRCC具有很高的能量吸收能力,但强度通常较低。本文采用工业废料(粉煤灰、硅灰等)替代部分水泥来制备高强度的PVA-HPFRCC,并研究粉煤灰、硅灰掺量以及PVA纤维体积掺量对高强度HPFRCC的弯曲行为的影响。研究结果表明:大掺量粉煤灰替代水泥可有效改善HPFRCC的应变-硬化特性,当粉煤灰掺量达到胶凝材料重量的60%时,其应变-硬化特性发挥的最为明显;增加PVA纤维体积掺量可提高HPFRCC的抗弯承载力和达到极限荷载时的变形能力,硅灰则降低了HPFRCC的韧性。     

钢-PVA混杂纤维增强工程水泥基复合材料弯曲性能研究

为了弥补现有钢-聚乙烯醇(PVA)混杂纤维增强工程水泥基复合材料造价过高、工程应用面狭窄的缺陷,本文通过使用廉价的国产PVA纤维部分替代日产PVA纤维制备出一种新型的多元混杂纤维增强工程水泥基复合材料(MFECC)。研究MFECC材料薄板试件的弯曲性能和破坏形态,对试件的弯曲韧性和性价比进行评价,并通过SPSS软件的多元非线性回归法建立极限弯曲性能预测模型。结果表明,引入国产PVA纤维后MFECC薄板的应变硬化力学行为和多缝开裂现象相较于仅掺日产PVA纤维时有所降低,但仍具有较高的强度与延性。当钢纤维、日产PVA纤维和国产PVA纤维体积掺量分别为0.2%、0%和2.0%时,MFECC的极限拉伸应变为4.4%,抗压强度为46.39 MPa,极限抗弯挠度可达12.697 mm,性价比最高。建立的MFECC薄板试件的极限弯曲性能预测模型对试验值的拟合度良好。     

冻融环境下钢筋与粉煤灰混凝土的粘结承载力

通过对粉煤灰混凝土试件的直接拔出试验,分析粉煤灰掺量与冻融作用对粘结试件的初始滑移粘结强度、劈裂强度、极限粘结强度及粘结强度-滑移曲线下的面积作为粘结试件韧性评价指标的变化规律.试验结果表明:钢筋与粉煤灰混凝土的粘结强度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而降低;试件粘结韧性随粉煤灰掺量的增加先降低后增强,粉煤灰掺量较大的试件在加载过程中表现出良好的韧性;冻融作用对试件极限粘结强度的影响程度随粉煤灰掺量增大而减小,40%粉煤灰试件在冻融环境下表现出较好的粘结韧性.掺入较多粉煤灰可以在一定程度上减缓粘结试件的冻融损伤.     

Cleavage and Static Toughness

The cleavage of adhesive joints allows the experimental study of the process of fracture in the low speed range. The value of the fracture energy deduced from the fracture length is the static toughness of the adhesive. This value, which determines the endurance limit of the joint, is much larger than can be explained by the current theories. It depends on the surface treatment of the substrate and results from the damage of the adhesive bonds. To take into account these results, the equation describing the fracture of adhesive joints as it was proposed by A. N. Gent and J. Schultz has to be extended. When that is done, it applies to viscoelastic adhesives, whether pressure sensitive or hot melts, and probably also to cross-linked adhesives.

If G is the fracture energy of the joint, the equation G = G ₀ + α K ₂ ·v^a accounts for most experimental results and even for the fatigue of adhesive joints.     

Fracture Toughness of Metaphosphate Glasses

The fracture toughnesses and Young's elastic moduli of several metaphosphate glasses were measured by the indentation technique. The results show that the normal glasses lie along a K_Ic vs E line between (0.4, 40) and (0.7, 60) MPa-m¹¹² and GPa, respectively. The abnormal ZnO and MgO metaphosphates appear to be tougher and are above the line of the normal glasses.     

Fracture Toughness of Adhesive Joints

To define the influence of the processing variables on the resistance of epoxy joints to brittle crack extension during short loading times, the fracture toughness, g_ic, of the joints was measured as a function of the following variables:

1. Hardener type (TEPA vs. HHPA)

2. Ratio of hardener to resin content

3. Post-cure temperature

and 4. Joint geometry (thickness and width)

It was found that the toughness of the TEPA hardened system varied by a factor of four-to-one as the ratio of hardener to resin content and post-cure temperature varied within what might be considered reasonable limits for manufacturing. The toughness of the HHPA hardened system varied only over the middle half of this same range.

For both systems, toughness increased with joint thickness over the range of 2 to 50 mils.     

Determination of Short-Crack Toughness Curves

Measurements of indentation crack length vs applied bend stress were used to develop a new method of analysis for determining short-crack toughness curves. Three glass-ceramics and a polycrystalline alumina were used as prototype test materials. Crack-shape effects were incorporated into the analysis. The magnitude of the residual-stress factor can be determined independently from the experimental data using the methodology. In contrast to other test methods using indentation precracks, calibration constants or reference materials are not required for obtaining absolute values of the toughness. Good agreement with conventional toughness values reported for the long-crack limit was obtained for the different materials tested.     

High-Temperature Fracture Toughness of Sapphire

The fracture toughness of sapphire with crack propagation parallel to the basal plane was measured from 1200° to 1500°C. Fracture surfaces of near c -axis fibers tested in tension were used to determine the values. The toughness was constant and equal to 1.4 ± 0.1 Mpa^.m^1/2 over the entire temperature range.     

Mixed-Mode Fracture Toughness of Ceramic Materials

An experimental technique whereby pure mode I, mode II, and combined mode I-mode II fracture toughness values of ceramic materials can be determined using four-point bend specimens containing sharp, through-thickness precracks is discussed. In this method, notched and fatigue-precracked specimens of brittle solids are subjected to combined mode I-mode II and pure mode II fracture under asymmetric four-point bend loading and to pure mode I under symmetric bend loading. A detailed finite element analysis of the test specimen is performed to obtain stress intensity factor calibrations for a wide range of loading states. The effectiveness of this method to provide reproducible combined mode I-mode II fracture toughness values is demonstrated with experimental results obtained for a polycrystalline Al₂O₃. Multiaxial fracture mechanics of the Al₂O₃ ceramic in combined modes I, II, and III are also described in conjunction with the recent experimental study of Suresh and Tschegg (1987). While the mode II fracture toughness of the alumina ceramic is comparable to the mode I fracture toughness K _Ic, the mode III fracture initiation toughness is 2.3 times higher than K _Ic. The predictions of fracture toughness and crack path based on various mixed-mode fracture theories are critically examined in the context of experimental observations, and possible effects of fracture abrasion on the apparent mixed-mode fracture resistance are highlighted. The significance and implications of the experimental methods used in this study are evaluated in the light of available techniques for multiaxial fracture testing of brittle solids.     

The Fracture Toughness of Adhesive-Bonded Joints

Fracture mechanics is related to adhesion theory and the testing of adhesive-bonded joints in the lap-shear configuration. The complexity of the stress field necessitates the strain energy release rate approach, which is followed to derive the relation for a lap-shear sample: G_c = P_c²/4b (dC/da). G_c is the fracture toughness (critical strain energy release rate), P_c is the breaking or crack instability load, a and b are crack lengths and widths, respectively, and C is the sample compliance for the Tap-shear sample with a crack of these dimensions at each loading edge. It was found that G_c ranged from 1.18 to 1.42 with an average value of 1.34 in.-lb./in.² for epoxy bonded aluminum strips (EPON 934 and Alcald 2024-T3). Evidence, in the form of photoelastic stress patterns, suggesting that crack extension occurs in the opening mode in lap-shear samples is presented and discussed.     

Fracture Toughness of a Beta-SiC Whisker

Tensile fracture from an internal defect allowed measurement of the fracture toughness, K_Ic³ and fracture surface energy, y, for a single-crystal beta-SiC whisker with (111) crystallographic orientation in the tensile direction. Values of K_Ic=3.23 MPa.m^1/2 and γ=9.06 J/m² were obtained.